Study of Microstrip Feed Line Patch Antenna
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1 Study of Micostip Feed Line Patch Antenna Ahmed H. Reja * Received on:16/7/2008 Accepted on:31/12/2008 Abstact This pape contains design micostip patch antenna with feed line connecto. The antenna is mainly intended to be used fo eception of a signal tansmitted fom an unmanned aicaft, and can be used in many applications in communication systems such as satellite technology and militay applications. A micostip feed line patch antenna is designed fo 2.5GHz cente fequency have successfully been built. Measuement show that the half powe beam width (HPBW) is 60 o with VSWR lowe than 1.5, and etun losses equal to -33.6dB at cente fequency. Next, the esults of micostip feed line patch antenna is designed by using CAD (Micowave office 2000 vesion 3.22). Finally, the esults obtained fom the simulations ae demonstated. Keywods: Micostip feed line patch antenna, half powe beam width (HPBW), voltage standing wave atio (VSWR), and etun losses. دراسة لهواي ي رقعة الشريحة الدقيقة بخط تغذية الخلاصة هذا البحث يتضمن تصميم هواي ي رقعة الشريحة الدقيقة بوجود خط توصيل مغذي. الهواي ي معد ليستعمل لاستقبال الاشارة المرسلة من طاي رة مسيرة بدون طيار وتستعمل في عدة تطبيقات في انظمة الاتصالات مثل تكنولوجيا الاقمار الصناعية والتطبيقات العسكرية. هواي ي الشريحة الدقيقة بوجود خط النقل صمم على 2.5 كيكاهيرتز كتردد وسيط وهو بناء ناجح. القياس يبين عرض الحزمة لمنتصف القدرة هو 60 o نسبة فولتية الموجة الواقفة (VSWR) اقل من 1.5 وخساي ر الارتداد مساوية الى -33.6dB عند التردد الوسيط. وبالتالي نتاي ج هواي ي الشريحة الدقيقة ذو خط التغذية صمم باستخدام برنامج حاسوبي تصميمي (المايكرويف اوفس). واخيرا النتاي ج المستحصلة من المحاكاة تم عرضها. Notations Symbol Meanning Symbol Meanning AR Axial Ratio L eff Effective Length CAD Compute Aided Design L f, L g feed Line Length, Gound Plane Length c Speed of Light ( m/s) mm millimete db decibel Q Quality facto, eff Relative Pemittivity, Effective S-Band Band of Fequencies (2-4)GHz Relative Pemittivity f 0 Resonant Fequency s Thickness of Gap GHz Giga Hetz (10 9 Hz) VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio h Height of Dielectic Substate W Width of the Patch Element HPBW Half Powe Beamwidth W f, W g Feed Line Width, Gound Plane Width L Actual length L Length Extension * Electomechanical Engineeing Depatment, Univesity of Technology / Baghdad 355
2 Intoduction The tansmitting antenna used to adiate electomagnetic waves into fee space. The powe is supplied by a feede which is often a length of tansmission line o waveguide having that is chaacteistic impedance. One can egad an antenna as a kind of tansduce to tun geneated electical enegy into adiating enegy. Antennas ae also used in eceive to collect adiation fom fee space and delive the enegy contained in the popagating to the feede and eceive. Thee ae many types of antennas used in sensitive applications such as ada, mobile [1, 2]. One of these is micostip o patch antennas these ae becoming inceasingly popula fo micowave application as they ae small and easily fabicated. An aea (almost any shape is possible) of conducto is excited on the suface of a dielectic substate having a backplane conducto. The excitation can be by means of micostip tansmission line. Diffeent feeding techniques and polaization types have been intoduced in [3]. This epot then coves the esults fom the design of a ectangula boadband antenna, a tiangula boadband antenna and esults fom a compaison between these two designs and a commecial antenna. A novel method to develop boadband micostip (patch) antennas using substates containing photonic cystals has been investigated in [4]. In addition, it is also poposed that the behavio of the photonic cystals will lead to a eduction in patten sidelobes esulting in impovements in adiation patten font-to-back atio and oveall antenna efficiency. A feasibility study on optically tanspaent patch antennas with micostip line and pobe feeds has been pesented in [5]. The two antennas opeate at 2.3GHz and 19.5GHz espectively. They ae constucted fom a thin sheet of clea polyeste with an AgHT-8 optically tanspaent conductive coating. In this pape a design of a micostip patch antenna with feed line connecto fo use in militay applications has been pesented. It is supposed that the pesented antenna will opeate at esonant fequency of 2.5GHz with a band of 400MHz. Thee essential paametes fo design of a feed line micostip Patch Antenna ae; Fist, the esonant fequency (fo) of the antenna must be selected appopiately. The fequency ange is used fom ( ) GHz. Hence the antenna design must be able to opeate in this fequency ange. The esonant fequency selected fo this design is 2.5GHz with band width 400MHz. Second, the dielectic mateial of the substate () selected fo this design is RT- Duoid 5880 which has a dielectic constant of 2.2 and loss tangent equal to The dielectic constant of the substate mateial is an impotant design paamete. Low dielectic constant is used in the pototype design because it gives bette efficiency and highe bandwidth, and lowe quality facto Q. The low value of dielectic constant inceases the finging field at the patch peiphey and thus inceases the adiated powe. The poposed design has patch size independent of dielectic constant. So the way of eduction of patch size using highe dielectic constant. Theefoe, substates with dielectic constant less than 2.5 can be pefeed in the poposed dual band antenna. A small value of loss tangent is always pefeable in ode to educe dielectic loss. RT/Duoid 5880 is good in this egad. The small loss tangent was neglected in the simulation. Substate thickness is anothe impotant design paamete. Thick substate inceases the finging field at the patch peiphey like low dielectic constant and thus inceases the adiated powe. It also 356
3 gives lowe Q and so highe bandwidth [6]. Thid, the height of dielectic substate (h) of the micostip patch antenna with feed line to be used in S-band ange fequencies. Hence, the height of dielectic substate using in this design of antenna is h= 1.44mm. Theoetical analysis and calculations Fom figue (1) all dimensions will be obtained; The width of the patch element (W) is given by [7]: c W ( + 1) 2 f o 2.. (1) Substituting c = 3x108 m/s, = 2.2 and f o = 2.5 GHz, then W 47.4mm. The effective of the dielectic constant (eff) depending on the same geomety (W, h) but is suounded by a homogeneous dielectic of effective pemittivity eff, whose value is detemined by evaluating the capacitance of the finging field [7] h ab eff + ( ) 2 2 W. (2) W 4 1 W ( ) + ( ) 2 1 a 1 + ln h 52 h + 49 W ( ) h 1 W ln 1 + ( ) h (3) b = ( 0.9 ) (4) Substituting = 2.2, W 47.4 mm, and h =1.44 mm, then eff The effective length (L eff) is given by: c Leff 2 fo eff. (5) Substituting eff =2.114, c =3x108m/s, and fo = 2.5GHz, then get the value L eff 41.27mm. The length extension (ΔL) is given by: W ( eff + 0.3)( ) L 0.412h h W ( eff 0.258)( + 0.8) h..(6) Substituting eff = 2.114, W=47.4mm and h=1.44mm, then get the value ΔL 0.76mm. The actual length (L) of patch is obtained by: L Leff 2 L.. (7) Substituting Leff 41.27mm and ΔL= 0.76mm, then get L = 39.75mm. The gound plane dimensions in the lowe egion (Lg and Wg) ae given by: L g 6h + L 48.4mm. (8) W g 6h + W 56mm. (9) Detemination of feed line dimensions (Lf, Wf), that is the feeding line between input pot and patch, in this design that is appoximately equal to L f 3.96 W f. The thickness of the dielectic substate is usually kept to a small faction of a wavelength whee [1] h 0.3c 2π f o. (10) Common manufactue specifications include dielectic constant, dissipation facto (loss tangent), and thickness. The values fo dielectic constants fo opeation at fequencies anging fom 1 to 100 GHz [9,10]. Substates with highe dielectic constants allow size eduction of the element at the expense of antenna efficiency (due to inceased losses) [8]. So the thickness of the metallization is vey small (t «0 whee 0 is 357
4 defined as wavelength in fee space). The length of the metallic patch (L) is selected, so that the antenna esonates at a paticula opeating fequency ( 0/3 L 0/2). The length of the metallic patch needs to be tuned to account fo the finging fields at the edges of the patch. Finally, the width of the patch (W) is used to adjust the input impedance of the antenna [8]. Thee ae seveal techniques available to feed o tansmit electomagnetic enegy to a micostip antenna. The most popula methods ae the micostip tansmission line as shown in figue (2), coaxial pobe, apetue coupling, and poximity coupling [11, 12]. The new case in this design is adding laye between substate and the gound plate that s have thickness s equal to 1mm and equal to 1.06 (nea to ai gap), the gap thickness is (0 < s <0.14λ) expeience impedance bandwidth up to 13% of the cente fequency fo [13]. That is educing the insetion loss and VSWR. The new dimensions of feed line patch antenna ae Lg =60mm, Wg =68mm, L=45 mm, W =57.3mm, and the dimensions of feed line Lf =8.43mm, and Wf =2.125mm. The antenna is matched to a 50Ω system intefacing via a single coaxial SMA female connecto. The layout design of feed line micostip patch antenna shown in figue (3). Antenna Pefomance Evaluation The design of this wok gives the following esults: The etun losses in the esonance fequency 2.5GHz is equal to dB. The accuate value of etun losses with espect to band of fequencies ( ) GHz that is illustate in figue (4). The cente fequency is selected at the minimum etun loss. The bandwidth can be calculated fom the etun loss plot, whee the bandwidth of the antenna ove ange of fequencies which the etun loss is geate than -9.5dB coesponding to a VSWR of 2 which is an acceptable value. VSWR is a measue of how well matched an antenna is to the cable impedance. A pefectly matched antenna would have a VSWR of 1:1. This indicates how much powe is eflected back o tansfeed into a cable. If a cable with 50Ω impedance is used to connect to an antenna that has an impedance of 100Ω then the VSWR would be 2:1 which tanslates to about 0.5dB tansmission loss. An antenna with 50Ω impedance should be used with 50Ω cable [14]. Figue (5) shows the VSWR is equal to 1.04 at the fequency 2.5GHz. A micostip feed line patch antenna adiates nomal to its patch suface, the elevation patten fo ø = 0o and 90o. By using antenna plot chat, the electic adiation and powe adiation patten ae shown in figue (6). The scatteing paamete S11 fo this design at the ange of fequencies ( ) GHz on the smith chat is shown in figue (7). Discussion the Results The final esults of this design ae illustated in table (1). The antenna is a esonant cicuit theefoe; enegy will be stoed in the system. This enegy stoed is invesely popotional to the dielectic height, and also the enegy stoed by the paamete Q, Whee Losses in the antenna will allow enegy to leak away and such an antenna will have a lowe Q facto [9]. Conclusions Fom the esults of this pape, the following conclusions ae obtained; we show some diffeence between the mathematical and simulation design, so the esults in micowave fequencies (up to 1GHz) need some cut and paste that is applied on design layout to find accuate esults. In othe hand in manufactued of substate mateials the egion between the conducto 358
5 plate and the substate mateial that is have popeties diffe fom two egions. Finally, the soldeing between the pobe and feed line and gound plate adding factos due to the output esults because it is added stay capacitive and inductive. Refeences: [1]. Johan Lageqvist, "Design and Analysis of an Electically Steeable Micostip Antenna fo Gounded to Ai Use", Maste's thesis, Lulea, Univesity of Technology, May, [2]. Sunan Liu, M. Lee, C. Jung, G.- P. Li, and F. De Flaviis." A Fequency-Reconfiguable Ciculaly Polaized Patch Antenna by Integating MEMS Switches", Univesity of Califonia, United State, [3] Salman Haide, "Micostip Patch Antennas fo Boadband Indoo Wieless system", Poject Repot, Univesity of Auckland, [4] Keith C. Huie, "Micostip Antennas : Boadband Radiation Pattens Using Photonic Cystal Substates", Thesis fo the degee of Maste of Science, Viginian Polytechnic Institute and State Univesity, Januay 11, [5] Rainee N. Simons, Richad Q. Lee, Feasibility Study of Optically Tanspaent Micostip Patch Antenna, Intenational Symposium and Radio Science Meeting cosponsoed by IEEE, AP-S, and U.R.S.I.Monteal, Canada, July 13 18, [6] Mohammad T. Kawse, "Investig-ation of a Novel Dual Band Micostip/ Waveguide Hybid Antenna Element", Viginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univesity, Maste's thesis, [7] E.O.Hammestad and O.Jensen, "Accuate models fo micostip compute aided design", IEEE MIT- S. Micowave Symposium, page , [8] Punit S. Naka, "Design of a compact micostip patch antenna fo use in wieless/cellula device", The Floida State Univesity, [9] C.Balanis, Antenna Theoy Analysis and Design, 2nd ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [10] Stutzman and Thiele, Antenna Theoy and Design, 2nd ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [11] Poza and Schaubet, "Micostip Antenna: The Analysis and Design of Micostip Antennas and Aays", IEEE Pess, [12] Poza and Schaubet, "Micostip Antennas," Poceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, pp.79-91, Jan [13] Jellett, S. T., Bialkowski, M. E., Dimitios, A. P., "An Expeimental Investigation into Micostip Antenna Elements Suitable fo Mobilsat Applic-ations", Micowave and Optical Techn-ology Lettes, v.6, n.4, Mach [14] Keith C. Huie, " Micostip Antennas: Boadband Radiation Pattens Using Photonic Cystal Substates", Maste's Thesis, Viginia Polytechnic Institute And State Univesity, f o (GHz) Table (1) The equiements of design feed line micostip patch antenna 1 2 h s W L (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) W g L g W f L f (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
6 Figue (1) Thee dimensions of feed line patch antenna Figue (2) Two dimensions of feed line patch antenna Figue (3) Layout of feed line patch antenna 360
7 Figue (4) Retun loss vesus fequency of feed line patch antenna Figue (5) VSWR vesus fequency fo feed line patch antenna Figue (6) Electic field and powe adiation of feed line patch antenna Figue (7) Scatteing paamete S11 vesus fequency on the Smith chat 361
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