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1 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING SQUARE ARRAY RAHUL GUPTA 1, BRIJESH DHAKKAR 2,GARIMA SHUKLA 3 1 M.Tech Student, IIMT Engineeing College affiliated to U.P.T.U 2 Associate Pofesso, Dept. of Electonics and Communication Engineeing, IIMT Engineeing College 3 Assistant Pofesso Dept. of Electonics and Communication Engineeing, Subhati Univesity Aticle Received: 11/12/2014 Aticle Revised on: 26/12/2014 Aticle Accepted on:02/01/2015 RAHUL GUPTA ABSTRACT Antenna is the most impotant element in wieless and communication technology both at the tansmitte o eceive. In pactice, antenna should be concise, pactical, inexpensive yet eliable. One type of antenna that has this kind of pefomance is micostip antenna. In this study will be caied out the design and simulation of micostip antenna aay (squae aay) two and fou elements designed in 1870 MHz fequency that can be applied in WiMAX technology. Based on the simulation esults of the design as well as the analysis of the paametes of the antenna, it can be shown that the dimensions of the antenna afte the optimization pocess is: L = 38.1 mm, W = 38.1 mm, and Y 01 = mm. Antenna etun loss is dB at GHz, dB at 1.8 GHz and -23dB at GHz fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 aay designs espectively. VSWR also shows the simila pefomance nea the same fequency. The value of gain also indicates that the pefomance of aay is also inceasing as we incease the numbe of patches in the aay. The gain of the aay is of majo concen. The value of gain is 0 dbi fo 1x1 aay, 1.5dBi fo 1x2 and 4.4dBi fo 1x4 aays. The details ae as shown in figue 5 and 6. Key Wods micostip antenna, FR4, Aay, Gain.IE3D KY Publications INTRODUCTION Cuently the advancement and development of infomation technology and telecommunications is gowing vey apidly with the development of moden society chaacteistics. As it happens today, compute netwok technology plays a vey impotant ole in data communications. An infomation systems and compute netwoks ae now widely connected using wieless communication technology (e.g., Wi - Max). By using the technology of adio fequency ( RF ), Wi - Max tansmit and eceive data ove the ai so as to minimize the use of cable connections. One impotant tool that should be consideed in this system is the antenna; due to eithe poo quality of infomation in a tansmission pocess is stongly influenced by the antennas used.in a communication system (Wi-MAX) thee ae many types of antennas that can be used. Antenna as communication devices cultivated made with elatively small dimensions, flexible, pactical, and at an affodable cost. Theefoe it is necessay to design a simple altenative antenna and at an 1 RAHUL GUPTA et al.,

2 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online affodable cost that can be applied to the Wi-MAX technology and othe use. In this study micostip antenna is designed using FR4 substate. The design of the initial stage is one by using the classical equations, and then simulated using the simulato IE3D TM. Futhemoe geometic shapes pinted on the substate and tested to detemine the actual pefomance including etun loss, eflection coefficient, VSWR, gain, adiation patten and polaization. II. Micostip Antenna Micostip antenna is an antenna that consists of adiation elements (conducto), dielectic mateial of height h and gound plane [ 4 ], the patch and the gound plane is sepaated by a dielectic mateial of elative pemittivity of. The value of anges between 2.2 <ε < 12. The thickness of coppe stip used as conducto is t. The basic constuction of micostip antenna is shown in Figue 1 Magnetic wall bounday x ñ Dielectic Substate Radiating Patch Figue 1. Stuctue of micostip antenna 2.1 Antenna Dimensions Calculations In this study the long side length of the adiating element squae adiating element can be obtained by using the fomula [1] c W L 2 f 2 1 ( m) 2 RAHUL GUPTA et al., h (1) Whee: W = L = The length of the side of a squae adiating element (m) c = popagation speed of light (3 x 10 8 m/s) f = Resonant fequency of MSA (Hz) = elative dielectic pemittivity substate (F/m) If the impedance of the tansmission line feed does not match the input impedance of the adiating element, the channel impedance should be inseted fo the adjustment of achieving the maximum eceived signal. This adjustment is done using impedance tansfomes ¼ λ by the equation [2]: with: Z Z. Z Z T Z 0 T tansmission line () o L (2) = impedance tansfomes () = the chaacteistic impedance of the Z L = impedance load () To calculate the dimensions of micostip tansmission line used in the equation below [5]: k h W0 x Z o (mm) (3) whee : W o = the width of the tansmission line (mm) k = Z 0 (fee space) (120π Ω = 377 Ω) h = substate thickness (mm) Z 0 = Chaacteistic Impedance (Ω) = elative dielectic pemittivity of substate (F/m) The distance between the adiating element is detemined by the following equation [ 3 ]: 0,6 d (mm) (4) whee: = the distance between the adiating element(mm) d = fo micostip tansmission line (mm) To detemine the dimensions of adiating elements, the efeence fequency ( f ) must fist be detemined which is used to seach fo fee space wavelength ( λ 0 ) (m). c 0 f (5) Once the value of λ 0 is obtained, the wavelength of the micostip tansmission line (λ d ) can be calculated by the equation: d o (m) (6)

3 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online Some foms of complementay design of micostip antenna stuctue ae planned in the fom of a tansmission line impedance adjustment channel. The distance between the adiating elements, the wavelength of the micostip tansmission line (λ d ) ae then computed, efeing to the classical souces [1] [2]. III. Design and Simulation of Squae Micostip Antenna Aay In this design, the substate mateial used has the following specifications: Dielectic: Fibe glass epoxy FR 4 Dielectic constant (ε ) = 4.5 Dielectic thickness (h)= m = 1.6 mm Loss tangent= The thickness of the conducto mateial (t) = m Conductivity of coppe (σ)= 5.80 x 10 7 mho m -1 Resonant fequency (f ) = 1.87 GHz Chaacteistics impedance = 50 Ω Gound plane= 1.5 times the patch dimension incease the numbe of aay. The shape adiating elements ae shown in Figue 6, 7 and 8. Simulation esults also show that the pefomance of the aay is in the good appoximation with etun loss, since both the tems can be used intechangeably as pe the following equation: 1 VSWR 1- (2) Optimum value of VSWR is also located aound the desied fequency of 1870 MHz with a slight vaiation as we incease the numbe of aay. Figue 5 Gain plot fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4. The gain of the aay is of majo concen. The value of gain is 0 dbi fo 1x1 aay, 1.5dBi fo 1x2 and 4.4dBi fo 1x4 aays. The details ae shown in figue 5. The detail of the gain impovement is as shown in the given table: TABLE I. Aay aangement 1x1 aay 1x2 Aay 1x4 Aay GAIN COMPARISON Maximum Gain 0 db 1.5 db 4.4 db The incease in the gain is as shown in the figue. 1x4 Aay Figue 2. Display of IE3D squae (L=W) Antenna Element Using equation (1), (5) and (6), the TM 10 mode popagation obtained lengths and width of the sides of quadilateal (squae) ae 38.1 mm x 38.1 mm. The tansmission line is designed using the diect ationing coaxial pobe feed, while the value of the tansmission line impedance is 50 Ω. 3.2 Simulation Results The simulation is pefomed using IE3D simulato, to a adiating element (single squae element). The gaphs of vaious etun losses, gain and VSWR fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 aay ae then compaed and it has been noticed that thee is a emakable incease in the pefomance of aay. The details of the pefomance ae as shown in the figues. TABLE I. indicates the compaasion of gain. Simulation esults show that the optimum value of S11 is located aound the desied fequency of 1870 MHz with a slight vaiation as we 1x2 Aay 1x1 Aay 0 dbi 1.5 dbi 4.4 dbi Gain vaiations fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 3 RAHUL GUPTA et al.,

4 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online Figue 3: Retun loss gaph fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 Figue 4: VSWR gaph fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 Figue 5 Gain plot fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 4 RAHUL GUPTA et al.,

5 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online Design of Squae Aay Antenna Figue 6: 1x1 adiating element (IE3D) The basic element consists of the following dimensions: width, W = 38.1 mm; element length, L = 38.1 mm; inset feed, Yo = 11.3 mm.the width of the tansmission line, Wo = 2.8 mm; tansmission line length, Lo = 14.3 mm. 3.3 Design of Two- Element Aay Antenna Afte calculation and simulation so that the dimensions of a single adiating element best obtained maximum woking at a fequency of 3 GHz, then do the pepaation of adiating elements in the aay. Micostip aay antenna technology also has the same definition as the antenna aay in geneal, which is a combination of seveal elements adiating in the field including the tansmission line which acts as a feede (feed point) fo each of the adiating elements ae aanged. The shape of the antenna is planned as follows: Figue 7. 1x2 micostip antenna aay Figue 8. 1x4 micostip antenna aay Figue 7 and 8 shows the stuctues of 1x2 and 1x4 aay. CONCLUSION Based on the simulation esults of the design as well as the analysis of the paametes of the antenna, it can be concluded that the dimensions of the antenna afte the optimization pocess is to adiating element: L = 38.1 mm, W = 38.1 mm, and Y01 = 11, 3 mm. Antenna etun loss is dB at GHz, dB at 1.8 GHz and - 23dB at GHz fo 1x1, 1x2 and 1x4 aay design espectively. VSWR also shows the simila pefomance nea the same fequency. The value of gain also indicates that the pefomance of aay is also inceasing as we incease the numbe of patches in the aay. The gain of the aay is of majo concen. The value of gain is 0 dbi fo 1x1 aay, 1.5dBi fo 1x2 and 4.4dBi fo 1x4 aay. The details ae as shown in figue 5 and 6. REFERENCES [1]. Xu, H. X., G. M. Wang, and M. Q. Qi, Hilbet-shaped magnetic waveguided metamateials fo electomagnetic coupling eduction of micostip antenna aay, IEEE Tansaction on Magnetics, Vol. 49, No. 4, , [2]. Sami Dev Gupta, Effect of Mutual Coupling in E and H plane on Micostip Antenna Aay Confomal on Cylindical Suface, in /13/2013, IEEE,2013. [3]. Balanis, Constantine A Antena Theoy: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. [4]. Kaus, John Daniel Antennas. McGaw-Hill Intenational, New Yok. [5]. M. M. Olaimat and N. I. Dib, A Study of 15-75o-90o Angles Tiangula Patch Antenna, Pogess In Electomagnetics Reseach (PIER), Vol. 21, pp. 1-9, [6]. Wong, Kin-Lu Compact and Boadband Micostip Antennas. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yok. [7]. G. A. Deschamps, "Micostip micowave antennas", 3d USAF Symp. on Antennas, 1953 [8]. Giish Kuma and K. P. Ray, Boadband Micostip Antennas, Atech House, London, ISBN , [9]. D. D. Geig and H. F. Engleman, "Micostip - a new tansmission technique fo the kilomegacycle ange", Poc. IRE, vol. 40, pp , RAHUL GUPTA et al.,

6 A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online [10]. J. Bahl and P. Bhatia, Micostip Antennas, Atech House, Dedham, MA, [11]. IE3D Use's Manual, Release 14.1, Zeland Softwae Inc., May 2008 [1] RAHUL GUPTA: Cuently Pusuing his M.tech fom IIMT Engineeing College affiliated to U.P.T.U [2] BRIJESH DHAKAR: Cuently Woking as an Associate Pofesso in Electonics and Communication Engineeing Depatment in IIMT Engineeing College. He has completed his M.tech fom MITS Gwalio. [3] GARIMA SHUKLA: Cuently woking as an Assistant Pofesso in Electonics and Communication Engineeing Depatment in Subhati Univesity. She is pusuing PhD fom Vanasthali Vidyapeth. She has completed he M.tech fom ITM Gugaon. 6 RAHUL GUPTA et al.,