Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Architecture for OFDM Communication
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1 Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Achitectue fo OFDM Communication R. Achitha 1, S. Bhagyalakshmi 2, V. Jaya Suthi 3, D. T. Menakadevi 4 U.G. Students, Depatment of ECE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineeing, Hosu, Tamilnadu, India 1,2,3 Pofesso, Depatment of ECE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineeing, Hosu, Tamilnadu, India 4 ABSTRACT: In this pape, 4 - QAM (Quadatue Amplitude Modulation) is pefeed fo OFDM (Othogonal Fequency Division Multiplexing) based wieless communication system. Among vaious digital modulation schemes, the choice of QAM is to povide both phase and amplitude modulation. The use of 4 QAM in this poject ovecomes the dawbacks of highe ode QAM s like 16 QAM, 64 QAM, etc. It has highe data ate with lesse bandwidth and theeby educing the aea and powe consumption. The noise in 4 QAM could be ovecome by the use of OFDM. KEYWORDS: Quadatue Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Othogonal Fequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). I. INTRODUCTION Communication system uses seveal digital modulation techniques like PSK (Phase Shift Keying), ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and QAM (Quadatue Amplitude Modulation), etc. Above all these, the pesent digital communication system pefes QAM because it has the capability of modulating both the amplitude and phase of the caie signal [1]. Hence it is a combination of both ASK and PSK. QAM uses the same fequency band, whee each caie may be adjusted independently and tansmitted though the same fequency since the caie signals of QAM ae othogonal. QAM povides highe data ate fo tansmission. It is used in many applications such as adio communication, TV Boadcasting, Wi-MAX, OFDM (Othogonal Fequency Division Multiplexing) and satellite communication. The Inte Symbol Intefeence (ISI) caused by digital modulation technique can be eliminated by using OFDM[2]. It is a digital multi-caie modulation scheme that extends the concept of single subcaie modulation by using multiple subcaies within the same signal channel. It is less sensitive to fequency selective fading. The basic pinciple of OFDM is gaining a wide spead populaity within the wieless tansmission community. Futhemoe OFDM is one of the main techniques poposed to be employed in the 4th Geneation wieless system. QAM, Quadatue amplitude modulation is widely used in many digital data adio communications and data communications applications. A vaiety of foms of QAM ae available and some of the moe common foms include 16 QAM, 32 QAM, 64 QAM, 128 QAM, and 256 QAM. Hee the figues efe to the numbe of points on the constellation, i.e. the numbe of distinct states that can exist. [3] Poposed design fo a 16-QAM tansmitte and eceive based on the Vitex4 FPGA Kit. They focused on caie synchonization, time synchonization, and adaptive equalization. They designed a complete baseband IF 16-QAM system. In [4] the design and implementation of 4/8/16/32/64 Quadatue Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and demodulation in FPGA using Patial Re-configuation was caied out. Patial econfiguation is a technique o the ability of a econfiguable hadwae to modify logic blocks dynamically without inteupting the system by downloading smalle bit files. Contol egiste was intoduced to switch between diffeent QAM modulations. Vitex 6 was used to implement modem. But in this concept, powe optimization in implementation is not achieved. The 4-QAM educes the consumption of aea and when implemented in Copyight to IJIRSET 226
2 hadwae in FPGA boads, the numbe of egistes used will be less [5]. This is the most equied chaacteistic featue fom VLSI technology. Pape is oganized as follows. Section II descibes the methodology of designing the modulato and also the concept of constellation diagam. Algoithm concept fo the multiplie is descibed in Section III. Section IV pesents expeimental esults showing simulation. Finally, Section V pesents conclusion. II. RELATED WORK QAM is a method fo sending two sepaate (and uniquely diffeent) channels of infomation. The caie is shifted to ceate two caies i.e., sine and cosine. The seial to paallel convete accepts the data to be tansmitted assembles them in blocks of M-bits and then sepaates them into N-channels. In case of 4- QAM the fou bits ae sepaated into 2 bits each and then sent to the binay multiplexe which is shown in Fig.1. Fig.1.QAM modulato The caie waves ae modulated in amplitude by a multilevel signal which though a multilevel binay convete geneates the levels often a and b accoding to the numbe of binay input. The two modulated inputs ae applied to two sepaate balanced modulatos each of which ae supplied with the sine o cosine caies i.e., Modulato - 1 is supplied with a cosine caie and Modulato - 2 is supplied with sine caie. The esult of the sum of these signals is a signal modulated both in phase and quadatue. It is denoted by S(t) and expessed in Equation.1. S(t) = acos(ωt) bsin(ωt) (1) As this wok concentates on educing the powe consumption and delay, Booth multiplie is used. Booth multiplie is supeio in all the aspects like speed, delay, aea, complexity, powe consumption wheeas Aay multiplie and Wallace tee multiplie ae less efficient than the Booth multiplie. Some of the paametes ae tabulated in Table.1. Fo low powe equiement and less delay equiement, Booth is used. The output signals fom the modulato (multiplie) is summed up using the adde cicuit. Out of seveal addes, the Cay Incement Adde is pefeed since it compomises delay, aea and powe consumption. The coding is developed fo each of the blocks in QAM modulato and ae meged togethe. The simulated esult is intepeted in Xilinx Vivado. Copyight to IJIRSET 227
3 Paamete Aay Wallace Tee Speed Less High Time Delay Powe Consumpti on Booth Highest because the cycle length is small as possible Moe Less Lesse Highest High Low FPGA Implement ation Less Not Most Table.1. Compaison of s The achitectue diagam of a QAM modulato is mounted accoding to the discete levels poduced by the convete. Thus in a QAM modulato of two bits have only fou points in the constellation, so this modulato is called as 4 QAM. Thee ae seveal ways to implement the QAM constellation. The fomat of the constellation is detemined by the convesion of angle which is given in Fig.2. Fig.2.Constellation Diagam of 4 QAM The input of encoding a numbe of binay bits is that the output geneates two binay numbes one on phase and anothe on quadatue. III. ALGORITHM The Booth algoithm steps ae summaized as follows. Find 3 ( 4), with m = 3 and = 4, and x = 4 and y = 4 m = 0011, -m = 1101, = 1100 A = S = P = Pefom the loop fou times: Copyight to IJIRSET 228
4 P = The last two bits ae 00. P = Aithmetic ight shift. P = The last two bits ae 00. P = Aithmetic ight shift. P = The last two bits ae 10. P = P = P + S. P = Aithmetic ight shift. P = The last two bits ae 11. P = Aithmetic ight shift. The poduct is , which is 12. IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Figues shows the simulation esults which ae simulated in Xilinx softwae. Fig 3 (a) shows esult of seial to paallel convete (b) is the simulated esult of 2:1 multiplexe and (c) is the combined esult of seial to paallel convete and multiplexe. (a) (b) (c) Fig.3.Simulated Results (a) Seial to Paallel convete (b) 2:1 Multiplexe (c) Combined output of seial to paallel convete and 2:1 multiplexe. The final output in the Fig.4. is the modulated output which is obtained by combining all the blocks of the modulato which ae seial to paallel convete, 2 to 1 multiplexe, multiplie and adde. Copyight to IJIRSET 229
5 Fig.4.Simulation Result of 4-QAM Modulato V. CONCLUSION The VHDL coding is developed fo each block in the above shown block diagam. Then, the blocks ae combined one by one and the final modulated output is obtained. Thus 4 QAM VLSI achitectue is designed which is the most appopiate digital modulation scheme fo OFDM based wieless boadband communication system since it contains highe data ate with less bandwidth. Hence it educes the cicuit complexity, aea and powe in the econfiguable hadwae. Also the noise intefeence is minimized with OFDM technique, the 4th geneation wieless communication system. The implementation of this achitectue povided advantages of technology mapping in tems of time, aea and powe consumption. REFERENCES [1] Banela, M. D.U.,Rohtak, Digital Modulation Schemes Employed in Wieless Communication: A Liteatue eview, Intenational Jounal of Wied and Wieless Communications Vol.2, Issue 2, Apil, [2] Ravinda H. Shama, D. Kiitkuma R. Bhatt, A Review on Implementation of QAM on FPGA, Intenational Jounal of Innovative Reseach in Compute and Communication Engineeing, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Mach [3] Nehate Jigna, Pof. Ashwin Patani, Pefomance evaluation of M QAM-OFDM, Intenational jounal of Electonics and Communication Engineeing & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 3, Mach (2014), pp [4] Ane Svensson, An Intoduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes fo Known and Pedicted Channels. [5] D.Dayakaa Reddy, S.Kaunaka Reddy, FPGA Implementation of QAM Tansmitte and Receive, Intenational Jounal of Engineeing Reseach and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 1, Januay-Febuay [6] Patima Shama, Bhaska Singh and Pushpaj Singh Tanwa, A Review in Multiple ModulationTechniques 16 and 64 QAM MIMO-OFDM BPSK- QPSK-PSK system, Intenational Jounal of Electical, Electonics and Compute Engineeing 3(1): (2014). [7] Xiaolong Li, Simulink-based Simulation of Quadatue Amplitude Modulation (QAM) System. [8] Nitha V Panicke, Sukesh Kuma A, BER Pefomance Evaluation of Diffeent Digital Modulation Schemes fo Biomedical Signal Tansceives unde AWGN and Fading Channel Conditions, Intenational Jounal of Engineeing and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Volume-3 Issue-5, June [9] Alumona T.L, G.N Onoh, Mbanugo P.C, Ugwuoke O.O, 3572 Signal To Noise Ratio Estimation Of QAM and QPSK Modulation technique at 910MHz And MHz Using Measued Data, Intenational Jounal of Advanced Reseach in Compute Engineeing & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 3 Issue 10, Octobe [10] Manoj Banela, M. D.U.,Rohtak, Digital Modulation Schemes Employed in Wieless Communication:A Liteatue eview, Intenational Jounal of Wied and Wieless Communications Vol.2, Issue 2, Apil, Copyight to IJIRSET 230
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