GSM Remote Sensing for Copper Cable Transmission Line Monitoring System Using FPGA

Transcription

1 GSM Remote Sensing or Copper Cable Transmission Line Monitoring System Using FPGA Mohd Natashah Norizan, Roslin Jamaludin, Ili Salwani Mohamad, Tan Chiang Li School o Microelectronic Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis Pauh Putra Main Campus, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia roslin@unimap.edu.my, mohdnatashah@unimap.edu.my, ilisalwani@unimap.edu.my, macesly@yahoo.com Mohd Shamian Zainal Department o Computer Engineering, Faculty o Electrical and Electronics Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Malaysia shamian@uthm.edu.my Abstract Copper cable is used as a medium o communication whether or a ixed telephone line or internet service. Currently, the price o copper increases due to a high demand o global trading market. As a consequence, telephone cable stealing activities in Malaysia are also increased due to the copper used inside the telephone cable. Thereore, this project presents the works in designing and developing an innovative apparatus that will be able to help the local telecommunication company to monitor and detect not only the area or location o loss signal occurred but also the distance o the telephone cable being cut. This system applies the FPGAbased monitoring system using GSM (Global System or Mobile) network. 555 timer is used as a capacitance detector to detect the requency value o the copper cable. The Altera DE2-70 board in the other hand is used to calculate the cable distance, which inluenced by the cable requency. Ater detecting an occurrence o a cable has been cut, this prototype will automatically activate an alarm signal and send an instant message (SMS) to alert the person in charge indicating the area and distance o the cable that has been cut. Keywords anti-thet, FPGA, copper cable, GSM, 555 timer, relectometer I. INTRODUCTION In Malaysia, copper cable is widely employed as a medium o communication network to link people around the world, whether as a secured telephone line or internet service. In order to oer a good communication service, the telecommunication provider must guarantee that the connectivity in all premises is in a sae condition without any problem. Currently, copper cables owned by telecommunication providers ace the problem o copper cable stealing activity. Any aulty occurred on transmission lines may disrupt both telephone and internet service. Many eedbacks and complaints received rom the end users that there is no service at their premises. Dissatisactions among customers arise when their telephone and internet service disrupted which caused by aulty occurred at the transmission lines. Cable thet cases have increased year by year in the country which leads to the high price o copper cables. The main reason o copper cables has been spotted or the stealing activity is because o the material quality and the high demand in the market. In 2011, Telekom Malaysia (TM) has reported a total o 11,539 cases o cable thet and 6,759 cable thet cases were reported in the irst eight months o In addition, the TM Chie Executive Oicer, Datuk Seri Zamzamzairani Mohd Isa claimed that the cable thet not only occurred outside the city but the cases also increased in the city due to cable thet occurrence in the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) in Cyberjaya increased by 71 cases compared to 52 cases in 2011, while cases increased by 58 cases rom 30 cases in Kuala Lumpur [1]. As to solve this problem, a remote sensing monitoring system can be created to monitor the stealing activities o the copper cable. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based monitoring system or a copper cable transmission line using Global System or Mobile (GSM) network is essential as it oers a low cost, powerul and user riendly way o 24 hours real-time remote monitoring system. The control system is using Verilog Hardware Description Language which is being implemented in FPGA board. The monitoring system will be connected to the Main Distribution Board (MDF) and is designed to monitor and detect the copper cable location o loss signal at the transmission line. A relectometer or a sensing circuit is used to detect the open circuit along the copper cable. In order to produce a practical and low cost system, this project is using low cost materials, components and processing ee or commercialization. Besides, this system is equipped with ast reporting response using Global System Mobile (GSM) modem. When the copper cable is in the ailing state, an error signal o 555 timer rom relectometer circuit will be sent to the Altera track DE2-70 board. Once the Altera track received the signal, it will automatically display the distance and area o the cable cut location on the LCD screen and at the same time will send an alert instant message through GSM wireless network to the user or security mobile phone.

2 II. METHODOLOGY A. GSM Remote Sensing or Transmission Line Monitoring System Using FPGA The development o anti-cable thet monitoring system will be described in this section. Figure 1 shows the block diagram o the system. It involves FPGA Altera DE2-70 Board as the main controller which receives the input rom the sensing circuit once detected the cut rom the twisted pair cable and produce the location display o cable cut at 7- segment and LCD display besides o sending the instant message to the user mobile phone through the GSM module. C. Relectometer/Sensing Circuit The relectometer sensing circuit will act as a sensor to detect the capacitance value o the copper cable and convert it into an equivalent requency value and send it as an input to the FPGA board. The output o the relectometer is an input to the FPGA board (Altera DE2-70), connected via EXT_CLK input. Figure 3 shows a 555 timer set up as an astable multivibrator to orm a relectometer circuit to sense and locate aults on the open-circuited wire. Equation 3 determines the requency o the voltage output. By changing the resistor value o the R A or R B, the relectometer will be able to detect the open circuit o twisted pair cable or a certain range o distance ( R + R )C ( Hz) = (3) A 2 B Fig. 1. Architecture diagram o GSM remote sensing monitoring system. B. Twisted Pair Copper Cable Twisted cable pair is used as an input to the relectometer sensing circuit. When the twisted pair copper cable is in open circuit ater being cut by the thet, the capacitance or ESD eect will occur [2]. Figure 2 shows the theory the copper cable relating the cable length to the capacitance eect. The capacitance value o a copper cable is proportional to the length o cable where the capacitance value increase as the length o the cable increases vice versa. Based on equation 1, equation 2 is ormed to calculate the distance or length o the copper cable which has been cut rom the origin point. Fig. 3. Relectometer circuit or open-circuited wire detection. D. System Processor The Altera DE2-70 FPGA project development board is used as a processor to convert the equivalent requency value received rom the relectometer sensing circuit into an equivalent distance or length o copper cable. The system works as a remote monitoring or the copper cable o the transmission line. The system will continuously monitor and send an SMS message to a user s mobile phone to update the status o copper cable. Figure 4 shows the Altera DE2-70 board. Fig. 2. Relation between capacitance values with the cable length. Cut Cable Length, L Original Cable Length Original Cable Frequency, 2 1 = (1), L1 Cut Cable Frequency, 2 Cut Cable Length, L = Original Cable Frequency, Cut Cable Frequency, (2) Original Cable Length, L 1 Fig. 4. Altera DE2-70 development board.

3 E. FPGA System Development The main unction o the system is to use the 555 timer to determine open circuit s capacitance value along the telephone line by sending current through the twisted pair cable and 555 timer s requency output is depends on the capacitance value [2]. Next, the FPGA (Altera DE2-70) will be used as a requency counter and convert the requency into a distance o the open circuit's location. Lastly, the FPGA board will compile the inormation and send an instant message or alert through GSM wireless network to the user mobile phone. F. Hardware Development This is the assembly process or the system hardware component, such as the GSM modem, FPGA board and 555 timer circuits. This process has been included in the procedure o circuit design, construct a circuit board, testing the circuit in real time and testing the circuit in electronic sotware simulation. Based on Figure 5, the coaxial cable (RG-58/U) in the original relectometer circuit is replaced by the twisted pair copper cable as it is the main purpose o this project. The output o the relectometer will be connected to FPGA board. Fig. 5. Hardware development. G. Sotware Development Figure 6 shows the Altera DE2-70 programming process low. The program is built using Quartus II sotware. The programming source code used is Verilog language. The irst stage starts with building a program or requency counter. This program is used to detect and process the requency received at its EXT_CLK input and convert it into the equivalent length using the ormula in Equation 2. At the same time, this program will display the inormation regarding the distance, the area and the requency value on LCD panel and 7-segment display. Next, a program through Nios II sotware using C language is built to control the GSM module. This program is used to send SMS to the user mobile phone through RS232 serial port. Final stage includes the coniguration o all input and output pins involved in the Altera DE2-70 board beore the program can be downloaded and run rom Quartus II and Nios II sotware. Fig. 6. Sotware development process low. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Testing and analysis are important in completing this project to achieve the objective. The comparison analysis between sotware simulation and hardware testing data is taken into account in determining the overall system perormance. Quartus II and Nios II sotware is used to build the program or the project. The hardware part consists o cable detection circuit using a 555 timer, Altera DE2-70 board and GSM module. Calculation and calibration in the circuit must be done to improve the system eiciency. The result will be compared with the theoretical calculation by inding the error percentage i there is any dierence

4 between real measurement and the theory calculation. From the measurement and testing experiment that have been done, the result can be divided into three parts. The irst and second parts o the experiment is taken rom the 555 timer o the relectometer circuit by real time (practical) and simulation measurement to get the value o the requency generated by the relectometer circuit. Third part reers to the experiment which is conducted to test the unctionality o the GSM program as it also will summarize the perormance o the overall system. A. Practical Results The irst part o the practical experiment is done to measure the requency generated by the relectometer circuit. By taking 12 meter cable as a reerence, the output o the relectometer generated a requency based on the length o the cable which is connected to the oscilloscope input (channel) to view the reading. Figure 7 shows the experimental result viewed on the oscilloscope or 12 meter copper cable. Based on Figure 7, the measured requency o 12 meter cable is khz (13,840 Hz). This value is then will be used as part o the Frequency Counter. Fig. 7. Oscilloscope view o the relectometer output or 12 meter copper cable. Next part o the practical experiment testing is measuring the requency generated by the relectometer circuit by running the Frequency Counter program on the Altera DE2-70 board. This measurement is taken or a dierent length o twisted pair copper cable. The requency generated is connected to EXT_CLK at Altera DE2-70 board and the requency value is viewed on 7-segment display once the program is run. Figure 8 shows one o the measured value and result that display on the 7-segment and LCD on the Altera DE2-70 board while Table 1 shows the experimental result o dierent cable length tested using Frequency Counter program on Altera DE2-70 board. The data collected is recorded and compared or error percentage determination. TABLE I. ERROR PERCENTAGES OF THE COPPER CABLE FREQUENCY AND LENGTH. Input Output (Display) Error Copper Cable Frequency (Hz) Copper Cable Length Percentage (%) 2 58,260 2 ± ,312 5 ± ,989 6 ± ,629 8 ± , ± , ± Based on the results in Table 1, the maximum error percentages recorded o the copper cable length converted rom 2 meters to 12 meters is about ±1 meter. On the experimental measurement, the maximum length tested is 12 meters. From calculation, the maximum length to be tested can be more than 1 kilometre but the error percentage is undeined. It is hard to do an experimental measurement o the twisted pair copper cable with long distance due to the measurement value will not be accurate i the copper cable bent or roll together. The copper cable cannot be rolled together during measurement due to the capacitance value within the copper cable will not be accurate. B. Simulation Results The simulation experiment is done by simulating the relectometer circuit in the NI Multisim simulator. The measurement is taken or dierent length o copper cable. In this mode, note that the length is represented by the capacitance value. By taking the requency value o 12 meter cable measured in real time measurement which is 13,840 Hz, this value is converted into an equivalent capacitance value using Equation 3. This capacitance value is then used to convert into another capacitance value or dierent cable length by using cable length to the capacitance ratio method. Table 2 shows the converted capacitance value or dierent cable lengths. TABLE II. LENGTH TO CAPACITANCE VALUE CONVERSION. Cable Length Equivalent Capacitance Value (pf) Fig. 8. Results on 7-segment display and LCD. The capacitance value converted in Table 2 is then used to simulate the requency converted or dierent cable length represented by the capacitance value. Figure 9 shows the simulated relectometer circuit in the NI Multisim simulator. The circuit is simulated and the requency generated is

5 viewed on the oscilloscope generator. Figure 10 shows part o the simulation result viewed on the oscilloscope generator. From the output signal observed, the time interval (T2 T1) between one complete cycles o the signal is taken and this value is used to calculate the equivalent requency value. The overall simulation result is collected and recorded in Table 3. graph shows that the pattern o the requency generated either using simulation or running rom DE2-70 board is in the same pattern. 555_TIMER_RATED VCC 9V XSC1 Ext Trig + _ R1 56k VCC + A _ B + _ RST OUT R2 56k DIS THR U1 TRI CON R3 360 GND LED1 C2 621pF C1 0.1uF Fig. 11. Frequency comparison between Altera DE2-70 and simulation result. Fig. 9. Simulation circuit or Relectometer circuit in NI Multisim. C. Final Result The overall system developed is combined and tested or overall system perormance. When the relectometer detects an open cable at one end, it will generate requency and send it to the Altera DE2-70 board. The DE2-70 board will run the Frequency Counter program to convert the requency into equivalent cable length or distance and at the same time, the DE2-70 board will also run the GSM program to send the message or alert data to the user mobile phone. At the end, the system is able to send a data to the user mobile phone using the wireless GSM network. Figure 12 shows the data has been sent to receiver s mobile phone by using GSM module. Fig. 10. Output signal viewed using NI Multisim simulator. TABLE III. SIMULATION RESULT. Capacitance, C (pf) Equivalent Length Period, T (μs) Frequency, (Hz) , , , , , ,426 By comparing the result in Table 3 (simulation result) and result in Table 1 (real time measurement), the dierence between the requency values can be compared. Figure 11 shows the comparison between the requency generated by the Altera DE2-70 board and NI Multisim simulator. The Fig. 12. The SMS received at the user mobile phone. IV. CONCLUSION This research GSM Remote Sensing or Copper Cable Transmission Line Monitoring System Using FPGA is designed to help the telecommunication company to detect the area o loss signal and at the same time to overcome the copper cable stealing activities problem. When there is damage at the transmission line, the person in charge in the control room will be inormed directly and continuously. It

6 will also acilitate the responsible party where they do not need to make regular patrols to ensure that the cable is in good condition. I any loss o signal is detected in each line, this prototype will be able to detect the most eective and operates systematically. Based on the project results, the main goal o this project has been achieved successully. There are two main parts that need to be considered in this project, the idle and load conditions. In idle condition, the project will not send or display any data or inormation. When in load condition, it is controlled by the Altera DE2-70 board and the unction is to show the location and distance o the incident with notiication alert to GSM module or user mobile. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) or providing this research opportunity. 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