A MATLAB Model of Hybrid Active Filter Based on SVPWM Technique

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1 International Journal o Electrical Engineering. ISSN olume 5, Number 5 (2012), pp International Research Publication House A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique Rajni Patel, Naresh Kumar and Amit Patel Arya College o Engineering and I.T., Jaipur, India amit.patel@mlids.org Abstract A method or active ilter having hybrid eature is discussed in this paper. The method uses space vector pulse width modulation (SPWM). In the proposed control method, the Active Power Filter (APF) reerence voltage vector is generated instead o the reerence current, and the desired APF output voltage is generated by SPWM. The whole power system block set model o the proposed scheme is developed in MATLAB environment. A MATLAB code is developed to generate the SPWM switching pulses ed to the two-level inverter topology. The developed control algorithm is simple. The APF based on the proposed method can eliminate harmonics, compensate reactive power and balance load asymmetry. Keyword: SPWM, Mathematical Modeling, Active Power Filter Introduction The growing use o non-linear and time-varying loads has led to distortion o voltage and current waveorms and increased reactive power demand in ac mains. Harmonic distortion is known to be source o several problems, such as increased power losses, excessive heating in rotating machinery, signiicant intererence with communication circuits, licker and audible noise, incorrect operation o sensitive loads [1-2]. Passive ilters are traditional method to eliminate harmonics, but with recent developments in power semiconductor switches and converters, coupled with developments in control techniques and analog and digital implementations, active ilters are becoming an eective and commercially viable alternative to passive ilters. [3]. The perormance o active power ilters depends on the adoptive control approaches. arious current detection methods, such as instantaneous reactive power theory [5], synchronous reerence rame method [6], supplying current regulation [7] and etc., are presented. The commonness o these methods is the request or generating reerence current o

2 558 Rajni Patel et al APF, either with the load current or the mains current. The second is that controls the SI to inject the compensating current into AC mains. The proposed method diers rom previously discussed approaches in the ollowing ways: a) To generate APF reerence voltage vector instead o reerence current; b) to generate desired APF output voltage by space vector modulation based on generated reerence voltage at step a). Mathematical Modelling o Svpwm Technique with APF This literature is briely discusses the theory and operation o Space ector Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) explains the implementation o SPWM or the two level inverter topology. Philosophy o SPWM Technique SPWM technique was originally developed as a vector approach to pulse width modulation or three-phase inverters. The SPWM method is requently used in vector controlled applications. In vector controlled applications this technique is used or reerence voltage generation when current control is exercised. The SPWM technique is more popular than conventional technique because o its excellent eatures. More eicient use o DC supply voltage. 15% more output voltage then conventional modulation. Lower Total Harmonic distortion (THD). Prevent un-necessary switching hence less commutation losses. Principle o SPWM Firstly model o a three-phase inverter is presented on the basis o space vector representation. The three-phase SI is reproduced in Fig.1. S 1, to S6, are the six power switches that shape the output, which are controlled by the switching variables,,, a, a,b, b,,, a, b, or c and, c When an upper transistor is switched on, i.e., the corresponding, c is 0. Thereore, the on and o states o the upper switches S 1, S 3, S 5, can be used to determine the output voltage. Figure 1: Power circuit o a three-phase SI

3 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 559 The relationship between the switching variable vector [ a b c ] t and line-to-line voltage vector [ ab, ab bc ca = dc bc, ca ] is given by (1) in the ollowing: 0 a b 1 c Also, the relationship between the switching variable vector [ a bc] t and the phase voltage vector [ ab, bc, ca ] t can be expressed below. an bn cn = 3 dc 2 2 a b 2 c As illustrated in Fig.1, there are eight possible combinations o on and o patterns or the three upper power switches. The on and o states o the lower power devices are opposite to the upper one and so are easily determined once the states o the upper power transistors are determined. Table 1 and shows the eight inverter voltage vectors ( 0 to 7 ). Table 1: Switching vectors, phase voltages and output line to line voltages oltage Switching vectors Line to neutral voltage Line to line voltage vectors a b c an bn cn ab bc ca o /3-1/3-1/ /3 1/3-2/ /3 2/3-1/ /3 1/3 1/ /3-1/3 2/ /3-2/3 1/ To implement SPWM, the voltage equations in the abc reerence rame can be transormed into the stationary d q reerence rame that consists o the horizontal (d) and vertical (q) axes as depicted in Fig.2. (1) (2)

4 560 Rajni Patel et al Figure 2: oltage Space ector and its components in (d, q) From this igure, the relation between these two reerence rames is given as dq0 = [ d q 0 ] T, abc = [ T a b ], (3) c where, denotes either a voltage or a current variable. Thereore, space vector PWM can be implemented by the ollowing steps Step 1: Determination o d, q, re an angle(α) Step 2: Determination o time duration T 1, T 2, T 0 Step 3: Determination o the switching time o each switch (S 1 to S 6 ) Step 1: Determination o d, q, d 2 = 2 2 q re = d + q q α = tan 1 = ωt = 2πt, d where =undamental requency. re an bn cn and angle (α) Step 2: Determination o time duration T 1, T 2, T 0

5 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 561 From Fig.2, the switching time duration can be calculated as ollows: cosα ( ) ( ) = cosπ T 3 z re T1. dc T2 dc sinα sinπ 3 (Where, 0 α 60 ) sin( π 3 α ) T1 = Tz a sin( π 3) sin( α ) T2 = Tz a sin π 3 T 0 = T z ( T + T ) 1 2 ( ) wheretz = 1 z and a = 2 3 re dc Block Diagram o Control System The main section o the APF shown in Fig.3 is a orced-commutated SI connected to dc capacitor. Considering that the distortion o the voltage in public power network is usually very low, it can be assumed that the supply voltage is ideal sinusoidal and three-phase balanced as shown below It is known that the three-phase voltages [ sa, expressed as two-phase representation in d q is given by sa d s = sb = q sc 2 2 sb, ] in sc a b ccan be rame by Clark s transormation and it (4)

6 562 Rajni Patel et al Figure 3: Coniguration o a Hybrid APF using SPWM As shown in Fig. 3, the shunt APF takes a three-phase voltage source inverter as the main circuit and uses capacitor as the energy storage element on the dc side to maintain the dc bus voltag constant. Compensation Principle ge dc Figure 4: Equivalent circuit o a simple power system together with the Hybrid APF In the Fig.2.5, a1 and ah denote the output undamental and harmonic voltages o the inverter, respectively. These voltage sources are connected to a supply source sa, in parallel via a link inductor L and capacitor C.The supply current i, is orced to be ree o harmonics by appropriate voltages rom the APF and the sa

7 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 563 harmonic current emitted rom the load is then automatically compensated. It is known rom Fig.4, that only undamental component is taken into account, the voltages o the ac supply and the APF exist the ollowing relationship in the steady state d I 1 1 s = L + I 1dt 1 dt C + (5) Where s is the supply voltage, I 1is the undamental current o APF, 1 is the undamental voltage o APF, and above variables are expressed in orm o space vector. The APF is joined into the network through the inductor L and C the unction o these is to ilter higher harmonics nearly switching requency in the current and to link two ac voltage sources o the inverter and the network. So the required inductance and capacitance can just adopt a small value. Then the total reactance caused by inductor and capacitor or the requency o 50Hz, and the undamental voltages across the link inductors and capacitors are also very small, especially compared with the mains voltages. Thus the eect o the voltage o the link inductor and capacitor is neglected. So the ollowing simpliied voltage balanced equation can be obtained rom equation (5). s = 1 (6) The control object o APF is to make the supply current sinusoidal and in phase with the supply voltage. Thus the nonlinear load and the active power ilter equals to a pure resistance load R s, and the supply voltage and the supply current satisy the ollowing equation: s = R I (7) s s Where I s = ( isaa + isba + isca ) = I sd + ji sq = I s θi. Then the relationship 3 between I s and the supply voltage amplitude s is s 1 = I s (8) I s Equation (8) describes the relationship between the output undamental voltage o APF, the supply voltage and the supply current, which ensure that the APF operate normally. However, or making the APF normally achieving the required eect, the dc bus voltage dc has to be high enough and stable. In the steady state, the power supplied rom the supply must be equal to the real power demanded by the load, and no real power passes through the power converter or a lossless APF system. On the contrary, the average voltage o the dc capacitor rises, and the supply current must be decreased.

8 564 Rajni Patel et al Thereore, the average voltage o the dc capacitor can relect the real power low inormation. In order to maintain the dc bus voltage as constant, the detected dc bus voltage is compared with a setting voltage. The compared results are ed to a PI controller, and amplitude control o the supply current i s can be obtained by output o PI controller Figure 5: Control block diagram o proposed algorithm The ig.5 shows the block diagram o active ilter controller implemented or reducing the harmonics with hybrid active ilter system. In each switching cycle, the controller samples the supply currents isa, isc and the supply current i sc is calculated. These three-phase supply currents are measured and transormed into synchronous reerence rame (d-q axis). The generated switching actions are applied to the APF and power balancing o the ilter takes place. Simulation and Results The developed control method or three-phase hybrid APF is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Firstly, the three-phase supply currents are sensed and transormed into synchronous reerence rame (d-q) axis. The obtained d-q axis components generate voltage command signal. By using Fourier magnitude block, voltage magnitude and angle is calculated rom the obtained signal. These values are ed to the developed code and generated switching actions are applied to the hybrid APF. Thus, power balancing o the ilter takes place. The complete simulation model o APF with dierent type o loads is shown in urther diagrams. For an input supply voltage o 230 (rms) and switching requency o 5 khz, the simulation results beore and ater power balancing are shown.

9 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 565 Table 2: Parameter values System parameters alues o parameters Supply system 220 rms, 50 H z, three phase supply Balanced linear load Z 1 = 50 + j6.28ω, APF C = 450μ, = 900, C = 70μ, L dc = 25mH re Linear load Case 1: Balance RL load condition without APF Figure 6: Simulation model o three phase balance RL-load condition without APF. Figure (a): Phase-A load current harmonic spectrum

10 566 Rajni Patel et al Figure (b): Phase-A source current harmonic spectrum Figure 7: Harmonic spectrum o linear balance load without APF Case 2: SPWM Technique or Linear balance RL load condition with APF Figure 8: SPWM Technique or linear balance RL-load condition with APF.

11 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 567 Figure (a): Output load current harmonic spectrum Figure (b): Input source current harmonic spectrum Figure 9: Harmonic spectrum o SPWM Technique or linear balance RL-load condition with APF Result Analysis Table 3: Simulation o harmonic spectrum Types o load Without APF SPWM Technique with APF THD Load Side THD Source side THD Load THD Source side Side Linear Balance RL load 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 1.21% Nonlinear Rectiier with R load 30.28% 30.2% 30.28% 5.47% From Table 3 shows the simulation o harmonic spectrum o linear three phase balance load is the harmonic spectrum o the current beore compensation on the load side. When the APF is used the harmonic generate at the source side the value o

12 568 Rajni Patel et al supply current THD is 1.21% when SPWM Technique used. And the value o supply current THD is 1.21% when SPWM Technique used. When the APF is used or non linear loads, the harmonic generate at the source side, the value o supply current THD is 1.31% when SPWM Technique used. From Table 3 shows the simulation o harmonic spectrum o APF with SPWM Technique used or non linear load used. When the non-linear is a three-phase diode bridge rectiier with resistance load is very large. The harmonic spectrum o the source current shows that magnitude o the 5 th, 7 th, 11 th and 13 th harmonics are evidently reduced ater compensation. The load current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is 30.28%, while the supply current THD is 5.47%.when SPWM Technique is used. Conclusion The active power ilter controller has become the most important technique or reduction o current harmonics in electric power distribution system. In this thesis a model or three-phase active power ilter or balanced non-linear load is made and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink sotware package or the reduction harmonics in source current. The conclusions o the manuscript such as: During this paper work the perormance o the hybrid active power ilter is analyzed using SPWM technique or minimizing harmonics, and improving the power actor in the power system. The perormance o the hybrid active power ilter is veriied with the simulation results. Form the results; it clearly indicates that, the current ripple is less by using SPWM. In case o non linear load the THD response o the source current beore compensation is 30.28% The THD o the source current ater compensation is 5. 47% by using SPWM technique. Reerences [1] Singh, B., Al-Haddad, K., and Chandra, A., 1999, Review o active ilters or power quality improvement, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., (46), 5, pp [2] El-Habrouk, M., Darwish, M.K., and Mehta, P., 2000, Active power ilters A review, Proc. IEE Elect. Power Applicat., 147(5), pp [3] Akagi, H., 1996, New trends in active ilters or power conditioning, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 32(6), pp [4] Peng, F., 1998, Application issues o active power ilters, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 4(5), pp [5] Akagi, H., Kanazawa, Y., and Nabae, A., 1984, Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching device without energy storage components, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 20(3), pp

13 A MATLAB Model o Hybrid Active Filter Based on SPWM Technique 569 [6] Bhattacharya, S., and Divan, D.M., 1995, Synchronous rame based controller implementation or a hybrid series active ilter system, IEEE- Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 3, pp [7] Wu, J.C., 1996, Simpliied control method or the single phase active power ilter, Proc. IEE Elect. Power Applicat., 143(3), pp [8] David, M.E., and Round, S.D., 1999, Fully digital hysteresis current controller or an active power ilter, International Journal o Electronics, 86(10), pp

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