All of Catholic Europe was involved in the regenerative energy of the Baroque, called the Counter Reformation. It was led by Rome and the head of the

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1 Chapter 11

2 All of Catholic Europe was involved in the regenerative energy of the Baroque, called the Counter Reformation. It was led by Rome and the head of the Roman Catholic church, the Pope. This effort was a response by the church to regain the faithfull that were lost during the Protestant Reformation.

3 Began by Martin Luther in 1517, as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Many Catholics, including Luther, were opposed to what they perceived as false doctrines and malpractices of priests especially the teaching and the sale of indulgences or the abuses thereof, and the selling and buying of clerical offices that the reformers saw as evidence of the systemic corruption of the Church's Roman hierarchy, which included the Pope. Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church for sins committed. The indulgence is granted by the Catholic Church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. They are granted for specific good works and prayers. Abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major point of contention when Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation (1517). Martin Luther s 95 Thesis was a summary of all of these examples of the Church s malpratices.

King Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon of Spain. She did not provide a male heir to the throne. They had a daughter instead Princess Mary.

5 King Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon of Spain. She did not provide a male heir to the throne. They had a daughter instead Princess Mary. King Henry VIII demanded an annulment of the marriage from Catherine by the Pope in Rome. The Pope refused him this request. Being King of England, Henry VIII, was incensed that his kingdom was being dictated by The Pope in Rome. Henry VIII eventually split from the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself the Head of the Church of England. After which, he divorced Cathrine to marry Anne Boleyn in hopes she would produce a male heir to the throne...she did not! He had her beheaded.

6 The Catholic Church, as a response to upheaval caused by the Protestant Reformation, responded with a push back movement that intended to win back the faithfull. The Church, headed by the Pope, called upon artists and architects to design and decorate a new kind of church that would illustrate the joy, light, energy and vigour of the new power of the Church. Artists and architects would inspire and renew a passion in the faithful through dramatic and emotional paintings and sculptures, and awe them through spectaular inspiring new church designs.

7 Artists of the Period were highly skilled at drawing and painting the human figure from every angle. Baroque artists succeeded in combining the advanced techniques and the huge scale of the Renaissance with the emotion, intensity, and drama of Mannerism. Around 1600,artists came to Rome from all over Europe to study the masterpieces of Classical Rome and Greece, and the High Renaissance. These young artists received their commissions from the Pope and other high ranking church officials. Baroque differed from Renaissance in the emphasis of emotion instead of rationality, and dynamism rather than stasis.

13 Named after the town he was from, Caravaggio was the first giant of the Baroque. Rebellious against traditional society Met an early death at 37 running from the law. Focused solely on painting.

Specialized in religious works intended to provoke a strong emotional response in common everyday people that they too can achieve salvation through strong faith.

earthly settings in everyday events Used common ordinary town people as models for religious figures Religious figures often had dirty feet and finger nails His attention to every detail receive

14 Specialized in religious works intended to provoke a strong emotional response in common everyday people that they too can achieve salvation through strong faith. His work is characterised by: The climactic moment of an event, frozen in action The use of strong dramatic light, tenebrism with one light source The placement of religious figures in common, earthly settings in everyday events Used common ordinary town people as models for religious figures Religious figures often had dirty feet and finger nails His attention to every detail receive equal attention (still life objects) His compositions and use of foreshortening draw the viewer into the scene. Supper at Emmaus, 1597 His use of extreme naturalism, tenebrism and hard-edged painting to create intense drama strongly influenced other artists.

15 Martyrdom of St. Matthew, Conversion of St. Paul, 1597

16 The Deposition of Christ,

17 Self-portrait

It begins with a trapezoidal plaza in front of the basilica and opens up to two Doric collonades in a

18 Sculptor, painter, architect, stage designer, dramatist, and composer Bernini s largest and most impressive architectural project was the design for the piazza in front of St. Peter s Basilica in Rome. It begins with a trapezoidal plaza in front of the basilica and opens up to two Doric collonades in a Baroque curve representing the open arms of The Church welcoming the faithful. At its centre is an Egyption obelisk

situated beneath the central dome marking the burial site of St. Peter.

19 The focal point of St. Peter s interior was Bernini s bronze canopy altar known as a baldachin situated beneath the central dome marking the burial site of St. Peter. Taller than a 10 storey building 4 gigantic spiral, grooved columns cork-screw up to the canopy 4 colossal angels at the corners

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1645-1652, captures the Baroque spirit. The saint expresses pain and sweet pleasure as an angel pierces her with an arrow.

20 The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, , captures the Baroque spirit. The saint expresses pain and sweet pleasure as an angel pierces her with an arrow. It stresses the Counter Reformation value reliving Christ s passion. Through it, Bernini attempts to evoke an emotional response in worshippers. Designing the entire chapel including the light rays, Bernini created emotion, drama, and passion

21 Bernini: St. Teresa of Avila - detail

22 Expands into space Energetic Explosive energy Dramatic The climax of the event hurling the stone at Goliath Intense emotion expressed

23 The first standing nude since antiquity Recalls Greek and Roman sculpture Emphasizes the boyish qualities of David Expresses calm and control of his emotions Holds pent up energy and ready Man at his physical maturity Donatello: David, Michelangelo: David,

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 1665-67 An architect whose building facades

His buildings combine Classical, Renaissance and Baroque features into a

24 San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, An architect whose building facades move in and out in a pulsating movement. His buildings combine Classical, Renaissance and Baroque features into a unified design His designs often juxtaposed concave and convex surfaces A contemporary and fierce rival of Bernini

Judith and her maid servant have beheaded the Babylonian general Holofernes.

25 A follower of Caravaggio who used his dramatic staging of events set against plain dark background The candle serves a the single light source Strong tenebrism creates drama and lights the forms of the figures and the textures of the clothing Judith and her maid servant have beheaded the Babylonian general Holofernes. This scenes dramatizes the start of their escape Her work often depicted biblical stories involving the role of women Judith and Maidservant with the head of Holofernes, 1625

26 In the second half of the 17 th century, France became the most powerful nation in Europe. Rome had been the world capital of the arts for centuries but now Paris began to take over. During the age of King Louis XIV, French art, fashion and etiquette became the standard. French became the language of diplomacy. Art and architecture served the king

Georges de La Tour (1593-1652) Tenebrism, and realism unmistakably shows

demonstrate the Church s doctrine of forgiveness through penance and salvation

27 Georges de La Tour ( ) Tenebrism, and realism unmistakably shows Caravaggio s influence Often uses a candle a the single light source His figures demonstrate the Church s doctrine of forgiveness through penance and salvation through hard work and humility St. Joseph the Carpenter Magdelene with the smoking flame

28 French Classicism Art and architecture served the king as they had once served the Church The French were not comfortable with the extreme expression and enthusiasm of Caravaggio The French favoured a rational Classicism This taste was imposed on the whole nation through Academies set up to standardize all the arts.

Constructed model stages with wax figures to visualize the composition and movement in his paintings

29 The most important painter in France in the 17 th century Influenced by Titian s painting techniques and Raphael s sculptural figures Emphasized composition and balance Classical pyramidal design Constructed model stages with wax figures to visualize the composition and movement in his paintings His subjects were grand, heroic or divine His settings are always classical The Rape of the Sabine Women, 1634

distance Soft edges create dreamy moods Figures in his landscapes created a sense of

30 Influences are seen from living in Rome Composed landscapes as carefully as Poussin His trees in the foreground curve to other trees in the middle ground then to atmospheric distance Soft edges create dreamy moods Figures in his landscapes created a sense of scale His approach influenced future landscape artists The Marriage of Isaac and Rebecca, 1648

columns, arches, pediments, low lines all are Classic features The French added the

31 The ultimate expression of the French Classic Style is The Palace of Versailles The Louvre marks a distinct victory of French Classicism over Italian Baroque In it are seen Corinthian columns, arches, pediments, low lines all are Classic features The French added the protruding central entrance and corner sections called pavillions The Palace of Versailles The Louvre

During the 17 th century, Flanders (Belgium), was Catholic under Spanish control The Flemish (Dutch) in Holland were separated from their northern neighbours by religion and economic and social

32 During the 17 th century, Flanders (Belgium), was Catholic under Spanish control The Flemish (Dutch) in Holland were separated from their northern neighbours by religion and economic and social structure Holland had gained independence from Spain and had become Protestant and democratic Gone were the traditional patrons: the Church, Kings, and nobility Protestantism forbade the use of art in churches Artists were now thrust into the open market for work revolutionized the role of art and the artist in the community Holland became a wealthy country through trade and commerce. A middle-class emerged wanting art for their homes and businesses Artist were now in competition for work and their work began to be sold through galleries and traded as a commodity Subjects such as landscapes, cityscapes, country scenes, parties, still life, and portraits were in demand

his work Europeans loved scenes with exotic animals such as: lions, tigers, elephants and crocodiles The Lion Hunt, 1616 Boils with

33 The undisputed champion of Catholic Baroque painting outside Rome Studied the masterworks of Classic Rome, the Renaissance, Mannerism and the Baroque for 8 years After returning to Antwerp, he hired several assistants to help keep up with the demand for his work Europeans loved scenes with exotic animals such as: lions, tigers, elephants and crocodiles The Lion Hunt, 1616 Boils with violent movement turning, twisting bodies Straight lances and swords stabilize the composition and lead the viewer back to the central area

Curving rhythms leading the eye to the central figure

34 The Baroque style: Theatrical lighting Ominous dark sky creates mood Spot light on Christ as main figure Curving rhythms leading the eye to the central figure Christ A tragic theme eliciting a powerful emotional response

35 Jan Steen Frans Hals Jacob van Ruisdael

36 Characateristics: Carefully planned design map or painting in background used to frame a figure Foreground objects out of focus quiet interior lit by a window used for emphasis use of reflecting surfaces to illuminate objects Officer and laughing girl, Woman holding a balance, 1664 Allegory of the art of Painting,

The greatest Dutch painter His early style 1622-42 was

breaks out of the frame Group of figures Physical action

37 The greatest Dutch painter His early style was characterized by: Dramatic light/dark contrast Composition breaks out of the frame Group of figures Physical action Melodramatic mood Highly finished, detailed technique The Night Watch, 1642

Simplified scenes with single subjects Psychological

38 Late style characterized by: Golden brown tones Subtle shading Static and still Brooding atmosphere Simplified scenes with single subjects Psychological Quiet, solemn Use of thick, broad brushstrokes The Mill, 1650

Spain s close contact with Italy and the Netherlands (Belgium) during the 16 th century, allowed Spanish painters to be

After 1600, Spain entered The Golden Age of Spanish art when artists came into their own.

IV of Spain At 24, he became Spain s most respected painter His work differed from most Baroque artist in the simplicity

39 Spain s close contact with Italy and the Netherlands (Belgium) during the 16 th century, allowed Spanish painters to be familiar with the trends and techniques in European art. After 1600, Spain entered The Golden Age of Spanish art when artists came into their own. Spain s major gift to the art world Declared a Master Painter at the age of 18 The only portrait painter for King Philip IV of Spain At 24, he became Spain s most respected painter His work differed from most Baroque artist in the simplicity and earthiness of his work. He never used allegorical symbols or Classical references in his painting. He only painted what he saw in nature and life. Every figure he painted was done with dignity and factuality - realism

An Informal portrait of the Royal family The painter represents himself in front of a large canvas What is he painting on the canvas? Whom is he looking at?

40 An Informal portrait of the Royal family The painter represents himself in front of a large canvas What is he painting on the canvas? Whom is he looking at? Is that the King and Queen reflected in a mirror in the background? Light seems to be the major theme reflected light, direct light, and indirect light are used to create contrast and emphasis

source Dramatic lighting, emphasizes simple, basic forms Tenebrism Strong

41 St. Francis in Meditation, 1639 Developed a style like Caravaggio and de La Tour Figures are placed against solid, dark background, then lit from a single light source Dramatic lighting, emphasizes simple, basic forms Tenebrism Strong diagonal movement, balanced by the lit landscape background, the skull, book and hand gesture

42 Rococo comes from the French rocaille, meaning fanciful designs derived from the twists and swirls of seashells and tiny pebbles. The powerful European aristocracy during the first half of the 18 th century continued to commission art that reflected their wealth and social status.

The Gamut of Love, 1717 Works capture the essence of the fete galante Elegant entertainment the wealthy aristocracy enjoyed Identify the different stages of

with mythological figures such as Venus, Diana, nymphs and Muses for one purpose painting of beautiful women This painting typifies the nobility s

43 The Gamut of Love, 1717 Works capture the essence of the fete galante Elegant entertainment the wealthy aristocracy enjoyed Identify the different stages of life He used soft feathery brushwork, lush textures in diffused light a strong break from the dramatic baroque His paintings of pinkfleshed figures dealt with mythological figures such as Venus, Diana, nymphs and Muses for one purpose painting of beautiful women This painting typifies the nobility s fascination with dreamy, ideal settings The setting is romantic and idealized The figures have pink skin and small hands and feet like porcelain dolls Pastoral Scene, 1748

Still life with plums, 1758 18 th century social critics warned the aristocracy that they

revolt by the lower class Chardin s subjects show the influence of his lower-middle class

The triangular compositions solidify and unify the paintings without being dramatic His works

44 Still life with plums, th century social critics warned the aristocracy that they would not continue spending tax money on increasingly extravagant pleasures without the revolt by the lower class Chardin s subjects show the influence of his lower-middle class upbringing His work shows the quiet dignity of genre subjects everyday objects and activities The triangular compositions solidify and unify the paintings without being dramatic His works symbolize the power in the common people who will take over from the aristocracy The Attentive Nurse, 1738

Painted decorative ceiling frescoes for the wealthy throughout Europe Germany, England, Spain Characteristics: light and airy not dark and dramatic figures

called view painting city views done with incredible accuracy They were the desire of wealthy travellers before the invention of photography or postcards So

45 Painted decorative ceiling frescoes for the wealthy throughout Europe Germany, England, Spain Characteristics: light and airy not dark and dramatic figures float freely in vast skies Swirling forms Colourful Unbelievable perspective create the illusion of an open ceiling to the sky Began a new style of painting called view painting city views done with incredible accuracy They were the desire of wealthy travellers before the invention of photography or postcards So accurate were his paintings that his painting of Warsaw, Poland was used as a reference in the rebuilding of the city after World War II for its historical accuracy

Baroque. From the Portuguese word barocca pearl of irregular shape. Implies strangeness, irregularity, extravagance

Baroque. From the Portuguese word barocca pearl of irregular shape. Implies strangeness, irregularity, extravagance Baroque 1600-1750 Baroque From the Portuguese word barocca pearl of irregular shape. Implies strangeness, irregularity, extravagance The term baroque was not a complement it originally meant overdone too