20/03/ Tectonic/atectonic -Tenebrism. Baroque Painting. Friday, March 20, 2015 Course Outline. Key Notions

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1 Baroque Painting Or, an Enlightened Darkness St. Lawrence, 3/20/2015 Friday, March 20, 2015 Course Outline Protestantism Caravaggio Velazquez Rubens Classical Vs. Baroque Key Notions -Tectonic/atectonic -Tenebrism 1

2 Emotionality Asymmetry Allegories Piety and Counter-Reformation Drama Movement Personal involvement Heavy chiaroscuro Invasion of viewer s space Saturated colors Word-stock Europe 17 th Century 2

3 Lucas (the Elder) Cranach, Portrait of Martin Luther 1543, Panel, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg Protestantism Rejection of traditional Church doctrine The papacy is the kingdom of the devil: the selling of indulgences Theological problem: only the rich could pay for these letters Art becomes the symbol of luxury, power and wealth Rejection of materialism On January 3, 1521, he was excommunicated = division of Church Vecellio Tiziano, Pope Paul III , Oil on canvas, 106 x 85 cm, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples Counter-Reformation Council of Trent is commanded by Paul III in 1545 (lasts till 1563) Defense against ideals of Luther Church reforms its own ideals Return to principles of simplicity and piety Jesuit Rule 13: I will believe that the white I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it. Art: focused on Redemption; clear and realist = for increasing religious fervor and piety Caravaggio Or, Religious revision 3

4 Bacchus c. 1596, Oil on canvas, 95 x 85 cm, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence David 1600, Oil on canvas, 110 x 91 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid The Calling of Saint Matthew , Oil on canvas, 322 x 340 cm, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi, Rome 4

5 The Incredulity of Saint Thomas , Oil on canvas, 107 x 146 cm, Sanssouci, Potsdam Diego Velazquez Or, Playing around with genres Waterseller of Seville 1623, Oil on canvas, 106,7 x 81 cm, Wellington Museum, Apsley House, London 5

6 , Oil on canvas, 318 x 276 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid Self-portrait, 1643 :Portrait?! (History?!; Genre scene?!) 6

7 7

8 Pieter Pauwel Rubens Or, a Discussion with the Masters of the past Self-Portrait , Oil on canvas, Rubens House, Antwerp Born in 1577, Germany A painter and a diplomat: sees many forms of art and knows 8 languages In Italy, he will copy masters In 1621, Marie de Medici, queenmother of France commissions Rubens He will settle his workshop in Antwerp, Belgium Knighted by Philip IV and Charles I He dies in 1640 of the gout 8

9 Raising of the Cross (detail) 1610, Oil on panel, 460 x 340 cm, O.-L. Vrouwekathedraal, Antwerp Heinrich Wölfflin ( ; Switzerland) Principles of Art History 1. Linear (emphasis on line) Vs. painterly (or pictorial; choice of mass) 2. Planes Vs. depth What makes a Baroque artist a Baroque artist 3. Tectonic (closed form) Vs. atectonic (open form) 4. Autonomous unity Vs. unification in overall unity 5. Absolute Vs. relative clarity Raphael, The Mond Crucifixion, , Oil on wood, 281 x 165 cm, National Gallery, London Rubens, Christ on the Cross between the Two Thieves, , Oil on panel, 429 x 311 cm, Koninklijk Museum, Antwerp 9

10 Raphael, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, 1515, Tempera on paper, mounted on canvas, 360 x 400 cm, Victoria and Albert Museum, London Rubens, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes (detail), 1619, 55x85, London, National Gallery Raphael, Julius II, , Oil on wood, 108 x 80,7 cm, National Gallery, London Velazquez, Portrait of Innocent X, c. 1650, Oil on canvas, 141 x 119 cm, Galleria Doria-Pamphilj, Rome Suggested readings -Gombrich, The Story of Art, p ; Adams, Exploring the Humanities, p Cleaver, Art, an Introduction, p Davies, Janson s Basic History of Western Art, p Fiero, The Humanistic Tradition, vol. 4, p. 1-39; Kleiner, Gardner s Art through the Ages, p ; ;

11 Bibliography and Sources 1. Adams, Exploring the Humanities 2. Cleaver, Art, an Introduction 3. Davies, Janson s Basic History of Western Art 4. Fiero, The Humanistic Tradition, vol Gombrich, The Story of Art 6. Kleiner, Gardner s Art through the Ages

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