ENIGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE AGRICUL J,RAL AND

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1 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MANUAL HYDRAULIC PRESS :=OR DEWATERING OF TOFU CURD BY AKPE-IMEH, GODWIN FRIDAY EA BEING A FINAL PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENIGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE AGRICUL J,RAL AND BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STA1;E. \ FEBRUA~Y 2010

2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work reportoo in this thesis was dl)[le solely by me under the supervision of EnW' Halilu Adamu of the department of Agricultural and Biorcsource Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minml The \\ur\.. of other researchers are acknowledged and referred to accordingly. I also declare Ihat 110 part of ~his \\'or\.. has be';1 submitted elsewhere for a degree. Akpe-imeh Godwin d~-~?--~ ~-----_# Date ii

3 CERTIFICATION This project entitled "Design and Fabrication of a rv~anual Hydraulic Press for De-watering of Tofu Curd" by Akpc-imeh, Godwin Friday, meets the regulations governing the awarj of Degree of Bachelo~ of Engineering (B. ENG.) of the Federal University of Technology. Minna, and it is approved for its contribution to scientific knowledge and literar: presentation. Mr. Halilu Adamu Oatc Supervisor Engr. Dr. A.A. Balami Date HOD, Department of Agricultural and Bioresollrccs Enginl.:<.:ring External Examiner DatI.: iii '.

4 I>E()ICATION This work is absolutely dedicated my siblings Gladys. Damthy. Idam,lJl,1 Emmanuel. iv

5 AKN()\"LEl>GEI\1ENT I wish to acknowledge God almighty for wisdom direction. perseverance and focus. ~Uld the fullness of his grace for bringing this research work to completion mlli slic\:ess. I wish to thankfully and sincerely acknowledge my adorahle ~'JPcryisor. Mr. Halilu Admnu for his patience and guidance efforts in supervision. My special gratitude also goes to my loycly parcnts and my sihlings. for thclr immeasurable and tireless efforts in supporting my ulli\crslty Education from the '"Cry bcginnlllg to 1~1;; very ending. My special thanks also goes to 111)' fricnds Ternilola Oladiran. Gidcon lkpong. Akpo ~ I ;l1llri. Jude Akpan and others [or thcir support whcn working on this project I'm also very grateful to the acadcmic and non acadcmic staff of the Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering Department ('or thcir inspirational impact towards my acndemic pursuits through this great univcrsity - Fedcrnl University oftcchnology (FUn. t"lmna.. v

6 A BSTRACf To ease the drudgery involved in the dewatering of food in rural areas of Nigeria today, it was necessary to construct a simple machine to carry out this function. The manual hydraulic dewatering machine is driven manually by a lever arm which operates the reciprocating pump in the jack unit. This in tum lifts the load compression and dewatt::ing the food product The water collector systematically drains the water away so as to provide a hygienic environment during and after the dewatering process. Testing of the machine involved weighing of the sample of tofu, dewatering it for 20 minutes and then drying in order to determine its total initial water content. The water removed by dewatering was 37.33% which proved machi~~ proved to be 82% efficient in removing the required 45% of water from the Tofu curd. The Cost Benefit Ratio of the machine was calculated to be 1:4 The machine was fabricated primarily for the dewatering of tofu curd (Soy curd), but could also be\u~ed for other related food products. vi

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Certification Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents List of figures List of tables \1 \II IV V VI VI\ x XI CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Food Products from Soya Beans 1.2 Tofu 12.1 Production of Tofu 1.3 Objective of the Project l.4 Benefits of Hydraulic Dewatering Press 1.5 Project Justification CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of a Press 2.2 Types of Press Manual Press Hydraulic Press Arbour Press vii

8 2.3 Methods of Dewatering With a Press Stone Slab Method Wooden Plank Method Hydraulic Press Method Electric Press Method CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Project Design 3.1 Design Description The Frame 'nle Liquid Collector Hydraulic Jack Press l)lates Top and Bottom Fixed Plates I) 3.2 Mode of Operal:on Movement of Fulcrum Dewatering of Coagulated Soy Curd. \) Draining of Liquid Release of Pressure 3.3 Design Analysis Analysis in the 111ick Wall Cylinder under Internal Pressure Analysis for the Ulickness of the Ram Cylinder Determination of Reservoir diameter Pressure Developed Under Design Load Design For the Piston Displacement And EITort Applied 111 III II Design of Buckling vii

9 3.4 Design Calculations Pressure Developed Under Load Calculation for Ram Buckling Load 1 I} Calculation for 111ickness of Ram Cylilllh!f 2U Calculation for Piston Force Displacement.Uld the thickness urits C\dinder 2U. \ Mechanical Advantage ' Efficiency Jack Unit Project Construction Jack Base Jack Reservoir Hydraulic Cylinder Ram and Piston Jack Top-Cover Fulcrum 23 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Data Analysis And Discussion or Result Presentation of data Testing Procedure Result Result obtained afier dewatering Result obtained afier drying Analysis of data Discussion of result 28 viii

10 4.4 Economic analysis 2') Fixed cost Annuity Variable cost Material cost Cost of labour Income generated at commercial valuc or thc machine Cost Benefit Ratio Maintenance guide :n CHAPTER FIvE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendations REFERENCES APPENDICES ~J.J, 34 3) 37 ix

11 LIST OF FIGlJRES Figure 3.1 Thickness of ram cylinder Figure 3.3 Simple hydraulic jack Figure 3.3 Stresses on cylinder head Figure 5.1 Graph of the qwullily of water released with lime. II x

12 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Result after the dewatering the tolll sample. fable 4.2 Fixed cost 29 Table 4.3 Components, quantity, unit price and total price orthe materials used in Fabricatioll. 30 Table 4.4 Production activities, time and cost. 31 Table 4.4 Maintenance guide xi