PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM

Transcription

1 PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM FROM PARAFFIN wax USING ALOE VERA. By, i ESTHER MPSES UKPO i (2007/2/1:6176EH). DEPARTMENT OF CH1j:MICAL ENGINEERING I FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA NOVEMBER, 2011

2 PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM FROM PARAFFIN WAX USING ALOE VERA ~y ESTHER MIOSES UKPO i (2007/246176EH) A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE i, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, i SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, J FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA! NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE ~QUlREMENT FOR THE A WARD OF.L.O.~.LJ'JR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENGj DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NOVEMBER, 2011

3 DECLARATION I, -Esther Moses Ukpo (2007/ EH) hereby declare that the work in the project report (thesis) entitled 'PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM FROM PARAFFIN WAX USING ALOE VERA' has been performed by me under the supervision of Engr. AD. Mohammed no part of this project report was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge. Esther Moses Ukpo Student Name Signature I Date

4 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project report entitled 'PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM FROM PARAFFIN WAX USING ALOE VERA' by Esther Moses Ukpo (2007/2/26176EH) meets the requirements for the partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) degree in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Mimm. Engr. AD. Mohammed Date (Project Supervisor) Dr. M. O. Edoga Date (Head of Department) External Examiner Date ii

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty for His il1fmte mercy, love and protection. And to my Saviour Jesus Christ. Special acknowledgement to my humble, God fearing and dedicated supervisor Engr. A. D. Mohammed, who was so encouraging even in the most difficult situations, thanks. May Allah most merciful and gracious bless the works of your hand and enrich you the more. My profound graditude goes to my Head of Department (HOD) in the person of Dr. M. O. Edoga for his immersurable contributions both as my lecturer and HOD, my prayers is that God in His infmite mercy grant you better days ahead, enriched with every good things which comes from only God Himself. Gratitude to my lovely parents Mr. and Mrs Moses Ukpo, my elder brother Mr. Samuel Moses, elder sisters Mrs Caroline Amaizu and Mrs Vivian Ngele, my siblings Helen Moses and Joseph Moses. Special thanks to my guardian, Prof. M. A.T. Suleiman who never ceased to give a fatherly advice and assistance. I shall not forget my Rev. Father, Nelson Onuh for his prayers and words of encouragement Special thanks to my Professors, Doctors, Engineers and Technologists for your co-operation and indiscriminate assistance, especially in the most difficult academic work. In one way or the other you all have left an indelible impression in my mind. Thank you and may God bless you and your fanlilies. To all my coursemates and friends, you all were wonderful and God bless you. iii

6 ABSTRACT The research work is aimed at the production of petrolatum as a moisturizing cream using paraffin wax and aloe vera as ingredient for use in the protection of skin from the harsh effect of weather. The cream formulation was carried out by heating and mixing the oil phase ingredients at 80 DC until a homogeneous mixture was attained after which the heat was reduced, water phase ingredients were added and the mixture was allowed to cool prior to the addition of miscellaneous ingredients such as ph-value modifier and fragrance and then the product was packaged. The product was analyzed and compared with standards as established by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) stipulated by the NIS ISO 22716: 2007 (Nigerian Industrial Standard FDNIS XXX: 2009 CT). However, the results revealed a ph value of7.10, Viscosity (20 Pa.s), Non-volatile matter (75 wt%), Oil content (60 wt%), Specific gravity (0.92) and of good thermal stability. The produced moisturizing cream can serve medicinal purposes and provide long-lasting relief from severe dry skin. iv

7 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Certification Acknowledgement ii 111 IV Table of content List of tables/figures/plates/appendix Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Aim 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Scope of the research 1.4 Problem statement 1.5 Justification of study Chapter Two 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Definition of moisturizing cream Historical background of moisturizing cream Petrolatum Composition of petrolatum Characteristics of petrolatum Functions of moisturizing cream ingredients Major ingredients used in petrolatum Description and functions of each ingrdient Uses of petrolatum v x v

8 Petrolatum formulation Method of Production of Petrolatum Paraffin Wax Characteristics of wax Classification of waxes Natural waxes Mineral waxes Synthetic (man -made) wax Historical background of paraffin wax General properties of paraffin wax Uses of paraffin wax Aloe Vera Description of Aloe Vera Distribution of Aloe Vera Cultivation of Aloe Vera Uses of Aloe Vera Medicinal uses Chapter Three 3.0 Research methodology Materials/chemicals and the equipment used for moisturizing cream production List of raw materials/chemicals List of equipments Paraffin wax collection and characterization Paraffin wax collection Paraffin characterization Standard test method for specific gravity (ASTM D941-88) Standard test method for melting point (ASTM D87-87) Standard test method for needle penetration (ASTM DI321-86) 28 Standard test method for congealing point (ASTM D938-86) 28 vi

9 Standard test method for oil content (ASTM D721-87) 29 Petrolatum production Experimental procedure Method of formulation Petrolatum characterization Determination of the thermal stability Determination of the ph Determination of the viscosity Determination of the non-volatile matter Determination of the percentage oil content by mass Dermatological safety test..35 Chapter Four Results and discussions Experimental results Discussion of results Chflpter Five 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation References AI 42 vii

10 List of Tables Page Petrolatum Formulation 16 Properties of Refined Wax "A" and Wax "B" 20 List of equipments used 26 Petrolatum Formulation Used 32 Analysis Result of Paraffin Wax Grade "A" Used 36 Petrolactum Analysis Result before the Addition of PH-Value Modifier 36 Petrolactum analysis result after the addition of ph-value modifier "37 viii

11 List of Plates Page Aloe Vera Plant Plate II: Aloe Vera Farm (Field) ix