THE ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN KUANTAN USING DIFFERENT METHODS NUR AIN BINTI MOHAMMAH FUZIA B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING

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1 THE ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN KUANTAN USING DIFFERENT METHODS NUR AIN BINTI MOHAMMAH FUZIA B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

2 THE ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN KUANTAN USING DIFFERENT METHODS NUR AIN BINTI MOHAMMAH FUZIA Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B. Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JANUARY 2017

3 ii SUPERVISOR s DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of the Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering with Hons. Signature : Full Name : SHAIRUL ROHAZIAWATI BINTI SAMAT Position : LECTURER Date : 12 th JANUARY 2017

4 iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions. Signature : Full Name : NUR AIN BINTI MOHAMMAH FUZIA ID Number : AA13020 Date : 12 th JANUARY 2017

5 Exclusively dedicated to my beloved family, friends, and lecturers for their endless support and encouragement throughout my years as a student at University Malaysia Pahang

6 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Allah S.W.T by the name of Allah, the most Gracious and Merciful for giving me the opportunity, strength and good health to go through this study with successfully. In preparing this research, I would to express with my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my respected supervisor, Pn Shairul Rohaziawati Binti Samat whom support me and always convince me to finish my research. Thanks for her guidance, advices and motivation that leads me to finish this present research. Thanks also for the time that had already spent. I would like to take this opportunity to convey my deepest gratitude to staff of Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) for providing the data to complete my study research. I am thankful to my fellow friend for their support and encouragement upon completion this research. My sincere appreciations extend to my beloved parents and family whom always support me and gives motivation. Their advices always accompany me while finishing this research. I would also like to recognize my fellow undergraduates here for their support and also motivation. Their views and tips are useful indeed. I m really grateful to who had helped me a lot.

7 vii TABLE OF CONTENT Page SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv v vi vii vii ix x xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem Statement Objective Scope of Study Significant of Study 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Hydrologic cycle Evaporation and Transpiration Concept Evapotranspiration Factor Affecting Evapotranspiration Impact to Environment Importance of Evapotranspiration 12

8 vii 2.5 Method of Evapotranspiration s Calculation Penman-Monteith Blaney-Criddle Thornthwaite Method Hargreaves Method Priestly-Taylor Turc Method Relationship between Evapotranspiration with Climate Change Relationship between Evapotranspiration with Environment Method Use in Malaysia Method of Measurement Pan Evaporation Pan Coefficient Transpiration Existing Software of Estimate Evapotranspiration 25 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction Flow Chart Study Area Data Collection Solar Radiation Temperature Relative Humidity Wind Speed Method of ET Calculation Penman-Monteith Method Blaney-Criddle Method Turc Method Comparison Result between Method Program Development Python Software 35

9 vii CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction Evapotranspiration Parameter in Kuantan Mean Daily Percentage of Annual Day Time Monthly Sunshine Extra-terrestrial Radiation, Ra Data Analysis Penman-Monteith Method Blaney-Criddle Method Turc Method Comparison between Three Method Correlation between Three Methods Summary 51 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION Introduction Conclusion Recommendation 54 REFERENCES 56

10 viii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page 4.1 Mean Daily Percentage of Annual Daytime hours for Kuantan (3 46' 20" N) Monthly sunshine conversion coefficient 'a' & 'b' and correlation coefficient R, for meteorological stations Mean monthly extraterrestrial radiation, Ra The correlation value between each method 51

11 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page 2.1 Hydrologic cycle Process of evaporation and transpiration Process of ET Process of pan on grass Process of pan on fallow soil Flow chart of study Map of Kuantan The monthly total of sunshine hours Evapotranspiration of Penman-Monteith method The Python software command The Python software output The result data determine after programming process Evapotranspiration of Blaney Criddle method The Python software command The Python software output The result data determine after programming process Evapotranspiration of Turc method The Python software command The result data determine after programming process Comparison ET value in yearly The comparison ET value in monthly 50

12 x LIST OF SYMBOLS Rn G T u2 es ea γ p Tmean KC H n Ra R rs ETosc N dm Tmed slope vapor curve (kpa C 1) net radiation of the crop surface (MJm 2 day 1) soil heat flux density (MJm 2 day 1) air temperature at 2m height ( C) wind speed at 2m height (ms 1) saturation vapor (kpa) actual vapor pressure (kpa) psychrometric constant (kpa C 1) mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours mean daily temperature (ºC) Specific Coefficient Energy Budget Radiation Extra-Terrestrial Radiation (MMJ m 2 day-1) Correlative Coefficient Stomata-Resistance the gross evapotranspiration the maximum number of sunny hours in function of the month latitude the number of day per month mean temperature ( )

13 x I the monthly heat index

14 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BC ET ETc ETo MMD PET PM RH Blaney Criddle Evapotranspiration Crop Evapotranspiration Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Malaysian Meteorological Department Potential Evapotranspiration Penman Monteith Relative Humidity