Study Guide for the First Exam
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1 Study Guide or the First Exam Chemistry 838 Fall 27 T V Atkinson Department o Chemistry Michigan State Uniersity East Lansing, MI Table o Contents Table o Contents...1 Table o Tables...1 Table o Figures Data Domains Acquisition and Display o Data DC Circuit Analysis AC Circuit Analysis...3. Power Supplies Operational Ampliiers Digital Logic Circuits Analog Signal Processing Time and Frequency Measurement... Table o Tables Table 1 - Voltage Input OA Conigurations... Table 2 - Circuit Parameters or OA Conigurations in OA Practice Problems... 6 Table o Figures Figure 1 - Operational Ampliier Conigurations... 7 Figure 2 - Operational Ampliier Conigurations (cont.)... 8 Figure 3 - OA Practice Problems: Part a... 9 Figure 4 - OA Practice Problems: Part b... 1 Figure - OA Practice Problems: Part c The leel o knowledge and detail expected or the exam is that o the lectures. Items marked with * are beyond the scope o this exam but included or general interest. The exact scope o the exam will be deined the week o the exam in order to relect what was actually coered this term. October 9,
2 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall Data Domains 1.1. Be able to discuss the concepts o measurement and control as deined in class. What are the major components o an experiment? What is the low o inormation? 1.2. Be able to discuss in general: input transducers, output transducers, data domain conerters, and interaces Be able to discuss data domain maps. You will not be required to create the general map, but be prepared to draw such a map or a gien experimental setup i you are gien the general map and the descriptions o all transducers and data domain conerters inoled. 2. Acquisition and Display o Data 2.1. Lissajous igures are produced when two signals are displayed ersus each other with one signal as the x-ariable and one as the y-ariable. What is the basic prerequisite as to the nature o the two signals required to the produce a Lissajous igure? What inormation can be obtained rom the Lissajous igures? 2.2. What is the acquisition window and how does it relate to the typical acquisition o data? How should the acquisition window be optimized or a particular set o data? Does the horizontal axis o the acquisition window hae to be linear in time? 2.3. What is the duty cycle o a signal? How might the duty cycle o a signal impact acquisition strategies? 2.4. Oten, the experimenter desires to acquire multiple sets o data oer time. Typically, the acquisition should produce datasets with precise registration with respect to one another. What does this mean? I the acquisition mechanism only allows the experimenter to set the width o the acquisition window and a ixed time between acquisition windows, what problems can arise? 2.. What is triggering and how does it apply to the acquisition and display o data? What is the simple trigger mechanism that is oten ound in the acquisition and display o data? In the context o this simple trigger, what is the meaning o and the choices or the terms: leel, slope, source, mode, and coupling? 2.6. What is a buer in the context o the acquisition and display o data? What is a circular buer? How does a circular buer apply to triggering? What is meant by pre-, mid-, and post-triggers? 2.7. Be able to discuss the block diagrams or the generalized analog and digital acquisition systems. How do the terms multiplexing, chopped, and alternate apply to such systems? 2.8. Be able to discuss DC and AC coupling. October 9,
3 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall DC Circuit Analysis 3.1. Ohm s Law Be able to state and utilize Kircho s Current and Voltage Laws - Be able to state and utilize Simple Deices (symbol, transer unction, and applications; real and ideal): Voltage Sources, Resistors, Conductors, Capacitors, Voltage Sensing deice, 3.4. Be able to sole or the behaior o combinations o two, three or more resistors. 3.. Theenin s Theorem - Be able to state and discuss. You will NOT be asked to do a deriation o the Theenin Equialent circuit or a gien circuit such as done in class, but you might be asked to discuss that deriation Loading (Current and Voltage) - Be able to discuss the concept and apply to situations such as coered in class. 4. AC Circuit Analysis 4.1. Be able to state and discuss the concepts: periodic and aperiodic signals; the unctional and graphic description o a sine wae; the amplitude, requency, and phase o a sine wae Be able to discuss the response o the RC circuit to a step unction, including the graphical and unctional description o the charging and discharging cases Be able to discuss the steady state response o the RC circuit to a sine wae, including the unctional and graphical orms o the outputs across the resistor and the capacitor Be able to discuss high pass, low pass, band pass, and notch ilters. Be able to produce a Bode plot or a high pass or low pass irst order RC ilter. 4.. For what purposes are ilters used?. Power Supplies.1. Transormer - Be able to identiy, reproduce and/or utilize the name and schematic or simple, multiple secondary windings, and center tapped transormers. Be able to manipulate the oltage/turn ratio relationships and sketch the input and output waeorms..2. Rectiier - Be able to identiy, reproduce and/or utilize the name, schematic, and operating characteristics or the hal wae, ull wae/center tapped and ull wae/bridge rectiiers based on the use o "ideal" diodes..3. Filter - Be able to identiy, reproduce and/or utilize the name, schematic, transer unction, and operating characteristics o a simple irst order (RC) low pass ilter. October 9,
4 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall Regulator - Be able to identiy, reproduce and/or utilize the name, schematic, and operating characteristics o a series linear regulator and the shunt regulator... Diodes - Know the generalized characteristic cure (i s ) or a diode. Be able to identiy and discuss the signiicance o the three operating regions o a diode: aalanche, reerse bias, orward bias. Be able to discuss the common uses o diodes: switching, power, light sensitie, temperature sensitie, zener. 6. Operational Ampliiers 6.1. You will NOT be asked to do any o the deriations done in class Be able to identiy and/or reproduce the name, schematic, and transer unction (both algebraic and graphical orms) or each o the operational ampliier conigurations: comparator, ollower, ollower with gain, inerter, summing amp, integrator, dierentiator, dierence, and potentiostat. These conigurations are illustrated in Figure 1. For each o these conigurations, you should also be able to apply the transer unction to problems such as the next problems Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrates 12 dierent OA circuits. Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure illustrate 9 oltage signals as a unction o time. Table 1 contains the transer unctions or the 12 OA circuits. Table 2 contains alues or the arious parameters o these circuits to be used in this problem. This exercise consists o connecting a gien time arying oltage signal rom the set illustrated in Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure to the input o a gien circuit rom Figure 1 and Figure 2 and sketching the resultant signal,, that would appear at the output o that circuit. A blank plot is proided or your conenience right below each input signal. You might want to make copies o the three pages containing Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure, since you may want to apply the same signal to more than one coniguration. Alternatiely, the study guide is on the CEM 838 WEB site. For the conigurations with multiple inputs, try using one o the time arying signals or one input and a constant oltage or the other. Assume that the OA's ollow the irst order model, i.e. i + = i - = and e o = A(e + - e - ), and e o is bounded by V ol and V oh. Assume that V ol = -12 and V oh = +12. Assume that all capacitors are discharged at t =. [Note: The intention is not or you necessarily to do all 12*9 permutations. Rather, you should do seeral combinations o one OA coniguration and arious input signals. Then repeat the process or seeral dierent conigurations. Once you know the procedure and i you know the transer unctions o the circuits, you should be able to easily derie the behaior o any o the circuits to time arying signals.] October 9,
5 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 Table 1 - Voltage Input OA Conigurations Coniguration Schematic Transer Function comparator Figure 1-a Is > 2? Yes: = V oh No: = V ol ollower Figure 1-b = in ollower with gain Figure 1-c inerter Figure 1-d summing amp Figure 1-e Integrator Figure 1- Integrator with Oset Figure 1-g out out out R1 + R = 1 R1 R = 1 R1 = n i= 1 2 R i R i 1 = dt R C out = 1dt R C 1 2 R R 2 dierentiator Figure 1-h dierence Figure 2-h potentiostat Figure 2-i potentiostat Figure 2-k potentiostat Figure 2-l a a out out = R C d 1 dt R = ( 2 1) R 1 = a re R1 + R2 out = re R2 R R = R1 R R R = R1 R October 9,
6 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 Table 2 - Circuit Parameters or OA Conigurations in OA Practice Problems Circuit a b c d e g h i j k l Parameters 2 = +2. olts none = 1KΩ, R 2 = 1KΩ = 1KΩ, R = 2KΩ = 1KΩ, R 2 = 1KΩ, R = 1KΩ, 2 = -2. R in = 1MΩ, C =.1μF = 1MΩ, R 2 = 1MΩ, C =.1μF R = 1MΩ, C 1 =.1μF = 1KΩ, R = 2KΩ = 1KΩ, R 2 = 1KΩ = 1KΩ, R 2 = 1KΩ, R 3 = 2KΩ, R 4 = KΩ = 1KΩ, R 2 = 1KΩ, R 3 = 2KΩ, R 4 = KΩ October 9,
7 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 OA1.cdr 11-October 11, 2 2 (a) (b) R 2 R (c) (d) R 2 2 R C (e) () 2 R 2 C C R (g) Figure 1 - Operational Ampliier Conigurations (h) October 9,
8 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 OA2.cdr 11-October 11, 2 R 2 re (i) R (j) a R 2 R 2 R R R R 3 R 3 (k) a R 4 a (l) R 4 Figure 2 - Operational Ampliier Conigurations (cont.) October 9,
9 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 OAProblemsorSGa.org 12-Oct-2 1 in1 1 in2 1 in3 1 Signal Leel (olts) Time (seconds) Figure 3 - OA Practice Problems: Part a October 9,
10 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 OAProblemsorSGb.org 12-Oct-2 1 in4 1 in 1 in6 1 Signal Leel (olts) Time (seconds) Figure 4 - OA Practice Problems: Part b October 9,
11 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall 27 OAProblemsorSGc.org 29-NOV in7 1 in8 1 in9 1 Signal Leel (olts) Time (seconds) Figure - OA Practice Problems: Part c October 9,
12 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall *The input,, o a ollower (Figure 1b) is connected directly to common. The output,, is measured to be 37. milliolts. The input,, is then connected to ground through a 2 MΩ resistor. The output is then measured to be 4. milliolts. What is the oset or the OA? What is i +? 6.. A ollower is to be used to buer a real oltage source rom a real oltage meter. R s is 3 KΩ. V s is 2. olts. i + or the ollower is 1-9 amps. R m or the meter is 1 KΩ. i ol or the ollower OA is 2 milliamp. What would the oltage be at the output o the OA i the meter was not connected? Can the OA drie the meter? Explain What are the primary characteristics o the basic operational ampliier? 6.7. What is the circuit symbol or the operational ampliier? 6.8. Why is one o the inputs called the inerting input? 6.9. What determines the output oltage limits o the OA? 6.1. What condition exists at the OA inputs when the output is not at limit? What is the circuit and what are the characteristics o the oltage ollower? Draw the circuit o a oltage ollower with a gain o 1? Assuming an output limit o ± 12V or the aboe ampliier, what are the input signal limits or linear operation? *I the raw gain o the OA in the aboe ampliier is 1 6, by what actor does the gain deiate rom the expected alue o 1? 6.. *I the resistors in the aboe ampliier hae an accuracy o.1%, how will this aect the gain accuracy? The gain precision? Deend the statement that the oltage ollower presents a nearly ideal load to a oltage source Design a current ollower that will produce a 1V output or an input current o 1-7 A Deend the statement that the current ollower presents a nearly ideal load to a current source How does an inerting ampliier with a gain o 1 dier rom a oltage ollower? 6.2. Design an inerting ampliier with a gain o What is input resistance o the aboe ampliier? October 9,
13 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall Design a summing ampliier with an output that is -( ) *What are the main considerations in choosing the resistor alues or the aboe ampliier? Draw the circuits or and describe the unction o the integrator and the dierentiator Design an integrator circuit that will produce a sweep signal with an output sweep rate o 1 V per second. 7. Digital Logic Circuits Make truth tables or the AND, OR, and NOT unctions Draw the symbols or the AND and OR gates and the NOT circuit and make their tables o states Deend the statement that all logic unctions can be accomplished with a combination o AND, OR, and NOT unctions Deine HI and LO or logic leel signals. 7.. What is the truth table, symbol, and sign or the exclusie-or (XOR) unction? 7.6. Why are AND and OR circuits called gates? 7.7. Describe the one unction o a data latch Be able to apply the generic lip lop described in class including symbol, input and output signals, operation, table o states, and timing diagrams Be able to couple an arbitrary number o the generic lip lops and generate the table o states and timing diagrams or the combinations Be able to identiy and/or reproduce the name, schematic, and table o states or the modulo, 6, and 7 counters based on three generic lip-lops What do digital counters really count? How does the behaior o a digital counter ary between periodic and aperiodic signals being input to the counter? When is the term diide by 2 or a one stage counter, diide by our or a two stage counter, diide by eight or a three stage counter, etc. appropriate? Why? Be able to identiy a binary counter with preload rom its schemat. How does this counter dier rom a simple binary counter? Be able to discuss two ways o implementing a ariable modulus counter.? October 9,
14 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall Be able to identiy a simple up/down counter rom its schemat. How does this counter dier rom a simple binary counter? 7.. Be able to identiy a shit register rom its generalized schemat. Be able to discus the operation o such a register including the role o the arious signals: DIRECTION, SHIFT, LEFT/OUT/RIGHT/IN, RIGHT OUT/LEFT IN, LOAD PARALLEL, IN i, and OUT i How can a simple shit register be used to multiply and diide? What are the constraints or such arithmetic operations? How does a circular shit register dier rom simple shit register? 8. Analog Signal Processing What are the characteristics o an ideal switch? 8.2. What are the characteristics o a real mechanical switch? What is bounce? "Bounce" is a concern in which contexts? Why? 8.3. What are the characteristics o a real solid-state switch? What is the time behaior o a real solid-state switch? 8.4. Describe the switching circuits inoled in making a sweep generator rom a constant oltage source and an OA integrator. 8.. *Design a circuit that will generate a true symmetrical triangular wae based on an OA integrator *Be able to assess the error caused by open and closed switch resistance in signal switching applications Understand the operation o the Monostable Multi-ibrator. You will not hae to reproduce the schematic diagram or the timing diagrams used in the deriation. Be able to reproduce and identiy the symbol used or the 1 Shot or monostable. Be able to describe the timing relationship o the input and output signals o the deice. Be able to qualitatiely describe the relationship o the timing o these signals with the alues o the resistance and capacitance used. Be able to derie the behaior o combinations o monostables to achiee a set o signals with arying timing relationships, i.e. delays, and pulse widths Be able to identiy and/or reproduce the name, schematic, and transer unction or the analog multiplexer. What are the operational constraints that dierentiate the analog multiplexer rom the summing amp? How is this circuit used? 8.9. Be able to discuss the phenomena called cross talk. October 9,
15 CEM 838 Study Guide or the First Exam Fall Time and Frequency Measurement 9.1. Asynchronous binary counters 9.2. Asynchronous counters o arbitrary modulus 9.3. Crystal stabilized clock, ariable output and *programmable clock 9.4. Time and Frequency measurement Understand, be able to reproduce, and apply the operation o the simple circuit used or time, period, requency, period ratio, and requency ratio measurement. October 9,
Study Guide for the First Exam
Study Guide or the First Exam Chemistry 838 Fall 005 T V Atkinson Department o Chemistry Michigan State Uniersity East Lansing, MI 4884 The leel o knowledge and detail expected or the exam is that o the
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