DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GENERATOR OUTPUT BOOSTER WITH UNDER VOLTAGE AND OVER VOLTAGE MONITOIUNG EMMANUEL L,AWRENCE (2007/2/26396EE)

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1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GENERATOR OUTPUT BOOSTER WITH UNDER VOLTAGE AND OVER VOLTAGE MONITOIUNG BY EMMANUEL L,AWRENCE (2007/2/26396EE) / A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE. NOVEMBER, 2011.

2 DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the almighty God, the God of the Universe, who stood solidly behind me despite all odds. He has been awesome. 11

3 DECLARATION I, Emmanuel Lawrence do declare that this project titled " design and construction of Generator Output Booster" was written by me and is a record of my own research efforts. To the best of my knowledge this project work has not been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree. I also hereby relinquish the copyright to the federal university of technology minna. Information derived from published and lulpublished works of others have been duly acknowledged in the study references. L~- tl -~\ Student's signature Date... ~.... I ~- 11- ~U... Engr. Omokhafe J. Tola Date oc:~::r)...:... ~Jk Is- QAJ I~... /.... Engr. A.G. Raji Date H.O.D Electrical 1- ~ ~2... I..?:- External Examiner Date III

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I praise and glorified the name of God for the sound health and guidance that enabled me to complete my studies successfully. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor, Engr. Omokhafe 1 Tola despite his schedule, he painstakingly went through my project and gave me prompt attention in writing this research work. May God bless Him. My sincere and special gratitude goes to my beloved mother Mrs. Regina Lawrence for her motherly advice, financial & spiritual assistance all through my Educational Programme, & to my beloved wife Jane Lawrence who tirele~sly stood by me day and night in the struggle for success. My special thanks go to my beloved sisters Mrs. Grace Oche, Mrs. Esther Onuh, Mrs. Maria Anthony and their husbands and to all Obekpa family I say thank you. My appreciation goes to my H.O.D. Engr. A.G. Raji and all my departmental lecturers without you all this race would not have been a success. To my fellow students most especially Micheal Abioye, Daniel Ogar, Agem Paul, Zuberu M. Bello and others I say thank you for being there for me. My appreciation will be incomplete if.i fail to acknowledge my pastor Rev. ly Aduma and the entire members of Holy Ghost Redeemed ministry for their endless prayers for me. IV

5 ABSTRACT This project entails basically the construction of Generator output Booster, which when plugged to the output supply of the mini Generator can be successfully used to power home appliances that the ordinary mini Generator cannot power without causing any negative side effect on the generator. The booster was designed with an under voltage and over voltage alarm to notify when there is low or high voltage from the output of the generator to avoid high voltage entering the booster which may be dangerous to the component of the booster. v

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of figures List of Tables 11 III IV V VI IX X CHAPTER ONE General Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of the study 1.3 Objective of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Methodology of the study 1.6 Scope of work 1.7 Limitations of work 1.8 Sources of materials CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review and Theoretical background 6 VI

7 2.1 History and Development of Generator Literature Review of electronic components used Transformer Diode Bridge Rectifier Voltage regulator Capacitor Resistors Diac Triac Comparator Zener Diode NPN and PNP Transistors Buzzer Block Diagrams 28 CHAPTER THREE Materials and Methodology 3.1 Materials Power Supply Rectification Filter Voltage regulator Alternating Current 35 vii

8 3.1.3 Triggering How Triac Work Boosting Clamping Monitoring The Under Voltage The over voltage Wor~ng Principle 49 CHAPTER FOUR Testing, Results and Discussion 4.1 Testing of the construction Results Casing Discussion 57 CHAPTER FIVE Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 59 References 60 vm

9 LIST OF FIGURES Fig (1): The figure shows a brief summary of the methodology Fig (2): A Step down Transformer 4 12 Fig (3): (a): A four in one embedded diode (b): A single diode (c): A symbol of a diode Fig (4): A circuit showing Bridge Rectification Fig (5): The Rectified Output Voltage/Current Waveforms Fig (6): A Voltage Regulator Fig (7): (a): A Picture of a Capacitor (b): A symbol of capacitor Fig (8): Symbols of Resistors Fig (9): The DIAC Circuit symbol and its equivalent diagram using diodes Fig (10): (a) Typical DIAC Characteristics. (b) Simplified AC Power Control Circuit using a Triac Fig (11): Schematic Symbol of a TRIAC Fig (12): A simple op-amp comparator Fig (13): The symbol of a Zener diode Fig (14): (a) NPN transistor (b): PNP transitor Fig (15): A Typical Picture ofa Buzzer Fig (16): The block diagram of the construction Fig (17): The Block diagram of Power Supply Fig (18): The block diagram of the boosting aspect ofthe construction Fig (19): The block diagram for the monitoring aspect of the construction Fig (20): (a): the circuit diagram of the generator and transformer (b): The Sinusoidal Waveform of the Alternating current produced from the Generator ix

10 Shown on the oscilloscope 32 Fig (21): (a): The Bridge rectification Circuit (b): The waveform of a full wave rectified Circuit Fig (22): Capacitive Filter circuit Fig (23): (a): Circuit Diagram of the Power Unit showing the voltage regulator (7809) (b): the waveform produced after the smoothing of the DC displayed by the oscilloscope (c): the voltage produced from the voltage regulator 35 Fig (24): (a): The circuit showing the connection of the diac (b): Trigger wave to the input of the TRIAC from the DLAC Fig (25): Showing the four quadrant of triac triggering Fig (26): (a): The Circuit diagram showing the diac triggering the triac (b): The waveform of the triggered triac Fig (27): A clamping circuit using a DIAC Fig (28): Output of a clamping circuit using a DIAC Fig (29): Circuit Diagram of the Under Voltage Monitoring Fig (30): Circuit Diagram of the Over Voltage Monitoring Fig (31): The Complete project soldered on a Vew board Fig (32) The complete circuit diagram of the project 51 Fig (33): The Testing stage of the Project 54 Fig (34): A graph showing load (in watts) powered by the booster connected to a Generator at varying input voltages. Fig (35): A picture showing the casing of the project x

11 Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: LIST OF TAULES Colour codes for polyester and polycarbonate capacitors A table showing a 4-band resistor colour code A table showing the load rate of the booster to varying voltages Xl

12 DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the almighty God, the God of the Universe, who stood solidly behind me despite all odds. He has been awesome. n

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