PRODUCTION OF paintsof"different,," COLOURS AND COST EVALUATION

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PRODUCTION OF paintsof"different,," COLOURS AND COST EVALUATION 'BY,,SALAMI LUKUMON OZIGI, 2000/10629EH PROJECT SUBMITrrED, TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF, ' ENGINEERING AND

1 PRODUCTION OF paintsof"different,," COLOURS AND COST EVALUATION 'BY,,SALAMI LUKUMON OZIGI, 2000/10629EH PROJECT SUBMITrrED, TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF, ' ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOI-iOGY,' FEDERAL UNIVERSIT'Y OFTECHNOLOGy,~'MINNA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT ()F THE REQUIREMENT, ' FOR THE AW ARDOF BACHEL'OR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. NOVEMBER 2005

2 DECLARATION. I, Salami Lukuman Ozigi hereby declares th~~i this pr,oject'e:to my knowledgeiis solely the t result of my work and has never been submitted anywhere. All literature ci;ed have been duly acknowledged in references. DATE ii

3 PRODUCTION OF PAINTS OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.,j (" "'..,.,.. i. :, 0"\; '~" '; ','. ~ AND COST EVALUATION BY SALAMI LUKUMON OZIGI 2000 /10629 EH DEPARTMENTOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE. NOVEMBER, 2005.

4 CERTIFICA tton This is to certify that I have supervised, read and approved. this project report;. undertaken by Salami Lukumon with registration number ~EH for the partial fulfillments of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Chemical Engineering and has been prepared in accordance with regulations governing the preparation. ', and presentation of projects in Federall)niversity of Technology, Mimla. ~~. SUPERVISOR,!Su ) V / ')u(~s r DATE DR. F. ABERUAGBA HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, DATE EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR DATE'

5 ,, DEDICATION " This project is dedicated to Almighty God for His protection and guidance throughout my programme in the school,v <,IV

$ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude goes to my par\ents Mr. L. Salami and Mrs. Y. Salami who ~: supported me financially"~nd morally for the success of this project. I will like to thank Engr.$

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude goes to my par\ents Mr. L. Salami and Mrs. Y. Salami who ~: supported me financially"~nd morally for the success of this project. I will like to thank Engr. Abdulazeez who is my supervisor for his understanding and tolerance throughout the period this project was undertaken and other Chemical Engineering Staff ftom. when I got maximum \ My gratitude also goes,to Mr. Abu and all other members of Perfect Paints Nigeria ted as well as Rilwan who is a friend indeed for their cooperation and assistance this project would have been impossible ~o complete. my profound gratitude goes to all members of my family I for their efi(~ouragement. understanding and enduran~e throughout my period in the school...~, v

TABLE OF CONT~NTS I 11 11l iv v of contents VI V 111 IX Introduction Aims and objectives Scope of work JU$tificationof the project 1 2 2 3 Literature review Definition Classification of paints based

7 TABLE OF CONT~NTS I 11 11l iv v of contents VI V 111 IX Introduction Aims and objectives Scope of work JU$tificationof the project Literature review Definition Classification of paints based on their functions How paints dry.' Tools and materials used in paint appli~ation Rawmaterials for paints prbduction Functions of pigments Functions of resins/medium/binders Functions of extender Functions of thinner/solvents Types of test in production process of paints IJ~- Terms used 'in paint industries Factors/properties influencing the used of paints Some early painting products vi

$4 Cost evaluation 3.5 Market Survey 11 11 12 13 13 13 : 14 16 19 CHAPTER FOUR 21, 4.0 Resul~s and Discussion 21 4.1 Standard requirements for emulsion paint I:, 21 4.2 Results for Set A.;'\~ 23 4.$

8 2.10 Storage of paints '2.11 Colour triangle 2.12 Paints mixing vessel CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Experimental work 3.1 Materi~ls and reagents 3;2 Experimenteil procedure 3.3. Tests carried out on the paints 3.4 Cost evaluation 3.5 Market Survey : CHAPTER FOUR 21, 4.0 Resul~s and Discussion Standard requirements for emulsion paint I:, Results for Set A.;'\~ Results for Set B Discussion of Result CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendations REFERENCES vii,; <,'''''

LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Showing Cost o~ Material for. 5 Litres of Leaf Green Emulsion Paint. 18 Table 2: Showing Cost of Materials for 5 Litres ofle~fgreen Emulsion Paint 19 Table 3: Showing Cost of I.

9 LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Showing Cost o~ Material for. 5 Litres of Leaf Green Emulsion Paint. 18 Table 2: Showing Cost of Materials for 5 Litres ofle~fgreen Emulsion Paint 19 Table 3: Showing Cost of I.Litre of African Paint and Location 19 able 4: Showing Cost of 1 Litre Of Berger Paint and Location. 20 5: Showing Cost of 1 Litre of Prestige and Perfect Paintand Location 20 able 6: Showing Standard Requirements for Emulsion Paint 21 able 7: Showing Result for White Emulsi~n Paint for SetA 21 8: Showing Result for Off White Emulsion Paint for SetA 22 able 9:,Showing Result forcream Emulsion Paintsfot Set A 22. able 10: Showing Results for Pacific Blue Emulsion Paint for Set A 22 able 11: Showing Result for Leaf Green Emulsion Paint for Set A 23 able 12: Showing Result for White Emulsion Paint for,set B 23 able 13: Showing Result for Off White Emulsion Pairit for Set B 23 Ie 14:Shdwing Result for Cream Emulsion Paint forset B 24 15: ShO\ying Result for Pacific Blue Emulsion Paint for Set B 24 16: Showing Result for Leaf Green Emulsion Paint for Set B 24. ' viii

10 ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to produce paints of different colours and to determine whether local biocide can be used as a substitute for megacane and anticides which function as antifugus and aluminiumsilicate as a substitute for texanol which is for shinning purpose. It also involves using zincoxide as a substitute for both local biocide and titaniumdioxcide function as antifugus and coverage purpose respectively. The experiment was. in two sets. In set A, local biocide was used as a substitute ~or megacane and autlclcles and aluminiumsilicate as a substitute for texanol in set B, zincoxide was used as a 8ublsti1:ute for local biocide and titaniumdioxide. The results obtained from the two sets of met up with the standard requirements except for dirt retention. The paints InfClduced were not as shinning as expected which shows that aluminium silicate is not as good as texanol. However, local biocides is as good as megacane and zincoxide can be used as a substitute for local biocide and titaniumdioxiede. The cost of paints produced was in the range of selling prices in the market. ix

,1- CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Paints were in use for representational and decorative purpose for thousands of years the idea of using them as protective coating appeared.

11 ,1- CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Paints were in use for representational and decorative purpose for thousands of years the idea of using them as protective coating appeared. The earliest paintings, found in. caves of ~ascanx, France with ironoxide and applied without binder; date form early as c. Early people in Africa and America also used paints to decorate temples and ",11 Jlllje..", In 17the century white le,ad paint became widely available yet ordinary houses and th such important structures as b:idge remain unpainted for most part until the 18 century,. there was an increased availability of vehicle and pigment expensive exploitation of oil form the flax plant and pigment grade zinc oxide produced a rapid expansion of the manufacturing industry. In 19 th century for the first time the two ingredients, pigment vehicle were brought together before the paint was marketed. (Encyclopedia of chemical The beginning of making and using of paints by man go back into pre-history. the ties arose from his desire to decorate the wall of his home with paints. These paints were "uu"'~;u by swearing with a finger dipped in a rudimentary mixture of coloured earth and or perhaps animal fat. These simple constituents are 'coloured powdered and fluid have remained through tpe ages the essential ingredients of paints. Paint is used in Icar, building, wood industries, civil and structural ellgineering etc. it touches virtually aspect of human life either directly or indirectly. Paints were not commercially important casein based paints were developed about years ago. Resin-emulsion paints have been used since the First World War but latex-base paint introduce commercially in 1948, ve had spectacular growth; This type of paint was developed to meet demand for greater. of application, quick-drying, low odour, easy -cleaning, great durability and impermeability to dirt's. The paint composed of pigment that hides the substrate and impact colour and a vehicle or binder that carries.the pigments \\nto the substrate and bind it. Lead pigment was formerly used in early century ~ut with development arid research work, more effective resins and better pigments were developed; (Sodehinde 1996) 1

PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM

PRODUCTION OF PETROLATUM AS A MOISTURIZING CREAM FROM PARAFFIN wax USING ALOE VERA. By, i ESTHER MPSES UKPO i (2007/2/1:6176EH). DEPARTMENT OF CH1j:MICAL ENGINEERING I FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,