Pulse and frequency responses of broadband low frequency ultrasonic transducers
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1 Pulse nd frequency responses of rodnd low frequency ultrsonic trnsducers A. Vldišusks, L. Mžeik, R. Šliteris, R. Rišutis, A. Jnkusks Ultrsound Institute, Kuns University of Technology, Studentu 5, LT1368 Kuns, Lithuni, Phone: , Fx Astrct In this rticle investigtion of low frequency rodnd contct type ultrsonic trnsducers is descried. A few types of the driving pulses were used in the frequency rnge from 5 khz up to 35 khz. Numericl simultions nd experimentl investigtions were performed. The min dependencies of the frequency responses re in good coincidence for oth cses. The spectrum mgnitude of the three periods of the driving pulse hs the ndwidth of loes 3 times nrrower thn the in the cse of single driving pulse. The ultrsonic trnsducers with nd without the replcele protectors were investigted. It ws otined tht the first period of the pulse response possesses high steepness suitle to e used for time of flight mesurements. The second nd the third periods of the signl re wider due to compression type virtions of the piezoelement. The convex replcele protector gives dditionl losses of ultrsonic signl nd chnges the frequency response giving the extr minimum vlues t some frequencies. Keywords: frequency response, replcele protector, pulse response, contct type scnning, rodnd trnsducer. Introduction Low frequency trnsducers re widely pplied in vrious fields of the ultrsonic investigtions such s nondestructive testing, chrcteristion of mterils, mesurement of coustic emission, flow mesurements nd etc.. Therefore, they cn e used for different ultrsonic pplictions, such s ir-coupled, immersion nd contct, lso mixing of these methods for otining of n optimum mount of the informtion. The ir-coupled investigtions re limited due to essentil losses of the signl [1-3]. In order to decrese the losses of ir-coupled trnsducers, the ctive perture of the trnsducer could e incresed, ut simultneously the chievle sptil resolution ecomes lower. Another wy to increse the signl to noise rtio is to use the immersion nd the contct method in such wy tht the coustic impednce of the coupling medium will e close to the coustic impednce of the investigted oject [4]. It cn e chieved y fixing the trnsmitting trnsducer on the edge of the oject under investigtion nd scnning of the receiving trnsducer over it. In nother immersion method the trnsmitting trnsducer ws permnently fixed y epoxy glue on the surfce of the luminium plte [5]. The receiver ws plced t the distnce of 1 mm over the plte nd scnned long two perpendiculr directions. Mny ultrsonic trnsducers re used for low frequency investigtions. They cn e divided into three groups: - ir-coupled trnsducers; - immersion trnsducers; - contct trnsducers. This is due to the fct tht the coustic impednce of the environment considerly differs from the coustic impednce of the mtching lyer of the trnsducer. The ircoupled trnsducers usully consist of few mtching lyers. The lst mtching lyer possesses very low coustic impednce for good mtching with the surrounding medium (ir). Therefore, these trnsducers re not used for mechnicl contct type scnning. The immersion trnsducers cn e used in the mechnicl scnning device. The investigtion of the cron fier reinforced plstics rods using contct nd immersion techniques ws performed [3]. The ultrsonic trnsmitting trnsducer with smll dimeter (4 mm) ws mounted on the edge of the rod nd the receiving ultrsonic trnsducer with the sme dimeter hs een scnned over the surfce of the smple in order to register leky wves. The low frequency, rodnd trnsducers with the dditionl protectors re needed to ensure long-term scnning nd to increse the resistnce of the contcting prt of the trnsducer ginst rsion [6-8]. It cn e chieved if the chrcteristics of the low frequency rodnd trnsducers within the frequency ndwidth re known. Usully, such chrcteristics re complicted due to shpe nd durtion of the driving pulse, frequency response of the trnsducer, effect of sptil filtering due to finite size of the trnsducer surfce nd the complex trnsfer function of the oject under investigtion. The im of this work is to investigte the pulse nd frequency responses of the rodnd contct type ultrsonic trnsducers nd to determine the distortions due to modifiction of their construction. Investigtion of the influence of the driving pulses At the first step of investigtions, it is necessry to determine the possiilities to excite the rodnd signls y the pproprite driving pulses. For tht the simultions nd the experimentl investigtion were performed. The two cses of driving signls hving the unipolr rectngulr shpe were simulted: the single positive pulse nd the positive urst of 3 periods. The pulse ws simulted using eqution: 32
2 T 1 1, t <, T = u () t = 2 f, (1) T, < t < T, 2 u N () t = u( t + n T ) n 1 where T is the period of the signl u(t), t is the time, f is the frequency of the signl, N is the numer of periods in urst. Wveforms of the normlized driving pulses re presented in Fig.1 nd. u, n.u , The simulted nd the experimentl spectr mgnitudes were otined t frequencies from 5 khz up to 35 khz. The results of the investigtion re shown in Fig.2, 3 nd 4 for three cses of the single driving pulse: 5 khz (durtion of 1 μs), 15 khz (durtion of 3.33 μs) nd 35 khz (durtion of 1.43 μs) u, n.u t, μs t, μs Fig. 1. The driving pulses: single positive pulse; positive urst of 3 periods The ultrsonic mesurement system Ultrl (Ultrsound institute, Kuns University of technology) ws used for investigtion of the trnsducers nd formtion of the driving pulses hving mplitudes of 2 V. The durtion of the excittion pulse (the hlf of the period) ws chnged from 1 μs (for 5 khz) up to 1.43 μs (for 35 khz). The mplitudes of the driving pulses were registered experimentlly, lso. For registrtion the digitl oscilloscope Agilent Infiniium 5483B DSO, connected in prllel to the trnsmitting trnsducer, ws used. The smpling frequency ws 1 MHz. Wveforms of the cquired signls in the cse of single pulse nd the urst of 3 periods corresponds very well to simulted presented in Fig. 1 nd Fig. 2. The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitudes of the single driving pulse of 5 khz (durtion of 1 μs): simultion, - experimentl The simulted spectrum mgnitude hs the mximum vlues t the odd hrmonics nd the uniform minimum vlues (-6 db) on the even hrmonics. The mximum vlues of the experimentl spectrum mgnitude re very similr to the simulted one, ut the minimum vlues re different, especilly t the low frequencies. It is necessry to note tht in the simultion the losses were not evluted. In the experimentl investigtion the genertor output of the mesurement system ws loded y the complex impednce of the rodnd low frequency trnsducer [6-8]. In oth cses the spectrum mgnitudes consist of mny loes distriuted repetitively t ech 1 khz. The ndwidth of ech loes t the -6 db is f = 74 khz. The simulted nd experimentl spectrum mgnitudes of the single driving pulse of 15 khz (durtion of 3.33 μs) re shown in Fig. 3 nd. The numer of minimum vlues in the oth spectrum mgnitudes decreses y three times nd the ndwidths of loes increse up to 21 khz. 33
3 Fig. 3. The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitude of the single driving pulse of 15 khz (durtion of 3.33 μs): - simultion, experimentl The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitudes of the single driving pulse of 35 khz re shown in Fig.4 nd. In this cse there is only one minimum t the frequency of 7 khz. The ndwidth of the min loe is 4 khz t -6 db. Thus decresing the durtion of driving pulse cuses more rodnd loes of the spectrum mgnitude. It improves the ultrsonic visuliztion nd the possiilities of ultrsonic investigtion within the ndwidth Fig. 4. The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitude of the single driving pulse of 35 khz: - simultion, experimentl Fig. 5. The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitudes of the three periods driving urst of 15 khz: simultion, experimentl 34
4 However, the shorter driving pulse cuses the lower mplitude of the ultrsonic signl needed for the investigtion process. In order to increse the signl to noise rtio of the ultrsonic signl, the trnsmitter cn e driven y urst of 3 periods (Fig. 1). The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitudes from 5 khz up to 35 khz were estimted nd the driving mplitudes were the sme s during investigtion of the single driving pulse. The spectrum mgnitudes using three periods of the driving pulse of 15 khz re shown in Fig. 5 nd. The ndwidth of loes of the theoreticl nd experimentl spectrum mgnitudes is 66 khz. It mens tht the ndwidth is 3 times nrrower compring with the single pulse Frequency nd pulse responses of the contct type trnsducers without replcele protector The scnning of the oject y using the ultrsonic wves enles to get more useful informtion if the rodnd ultrsonic signls re used. It increse possiilities to excite few types of ultrsonic wves in the investigtion oject simultneously, to shorten investigtion time, to increse mesurement ccurcy of the mterils prmeters nd dimensions of defects. It cn e chieved if the possiilities nd chrcteristics of the rodnd ultrsonic trnsducers which re exited y the rodnd pulses re known. The very short excittion pulse (single pulse) of 2V nd.5 μs ws used in order to determine the frequency response of the rodnd trnsducer [6, 7]. The excittion of very short pulse is not efficient in long rnge investigtions (ultrsonic guided wve technique) of the mterils with high ttenution of ultrsonic wves. The experimentl investigtions of the pulse nd frequency responses were crried out without nd with the dditionl protector (Fig. 7). The coustic contct etween the trnsmitter nd the receiver ws otined y coupling liquid (glycerol). In this cse the excittion y the three periods urst [6-8] with the mplitude of 2 V ws used Fig. 6. The simulted nd the experimentl spectrum mgnitudes of the three periods driving urst of 35 khz: simultion, experimentl The frequency responses using three periods of the driving pulse of 35 khz re shown in Fig. 6 nd. In this cse the ndwidth of loes is lso 3 times nrrower thn in the cse of the single pulse. In this wy the increse of the signl mplitude is otined due to decrese of the rodnd effect of the driving pulse. c Fig. 7. The mesurement schemes: without dditionl protector, with plnr dditionl protector, c with convex protector The different driving pulses were used: the single pulse hving the mplitude of 2V (Fig. 1) nd three periods of the rectngulr pulse hving the sme mplitude (Fig. 1). The durtion of the excittion pulse ws chnged from 1 μs (for 5 khz) up to 1.25 μs (for 4 khz). The experimentl investigtions were crried out without replcele protector for determintion of the reference pulse nd frequency responses of the low frequency rodnd contct type trnsducers. Two trnsducers (the trnsmitter nd the receiver), operting in direct contct (fce to fce) through the coupling liquid were used. The pulse nd frequency responses of the exciting pulse hving durtion of 1 μs nd mplitude of 2V re shown in Fig. 8 nd 9. 35
5 experimentl investigtion the minimum vlue of the mplitude t 3 khz is db, though in the modeling this vlue is db. In such wy t the higher frequencies the minimum vlues ecome smller. It cn e seen in Fig.13, tht the minimum mplitude t 6 khz is -3 db Fig. 8. The pulse response of the low frequency rodnd trnsducer excited y single pulse hving durtion 1 μs Fig. 1. The pulse response (single pulse of 15 khz, durtion 3.33 μs) Fig. 9. The frequency response of the low frequency rodnd trnsducer excited y single pulse hving durtion 1 μs The first period of the pulse response is suitle to e used for the time of flight mesurements. The second nd the third periods of the signl re elongted typiclly due to the volume mode virtion. The frequency response of the low frequency rodnd trnsducer is shown in Fig. 9. The ndwidth of loes nd their mplitudes re very similr to the previous cse of the driving pulses, except the eginning of frequency response (-2) khz. In this prt the first mximum is locted t 5 khz. At higher frequencies (15 khz nd 3 khz) the pulse responses ecome shorter (Fig.1 nd Fig. 11). The first period of the pulse response chnges little nd possesses higher steepness. This enles to get high ccurcy of time of flight mesurements of rriving ultrsonic signls. The frequency responses ccording to the pulse responses of 15 khz nd 3 khz re shown in Fig.12 nd Fig.13. The minimum vlues of the frequency response of 15 khz completely coincide with the modeling results presented in Fig.3. However, the minimum vlues of mplitudes re different. In the Fig. 11. The pulse response (single pulse of 3 khz, durtion 1.67 μs) t, μs Fig. 12. The frequency response (single pulse of 15 khz, durtion 3.33 μs) 36
6 The pulse response ecomes more complicted in comprison with the pulse response without the replcele protector. However, the first period remins the sme s in the cse without the replcele protector. The frequency response of the trnsducer with the replcele protector (Fig. 15) is very similr to the frequency response without the replcele protector (Fig. 9) Fig. 13. The frequency response (single pulse of 3 khz, durtion of 1.67 μs) Frequency nd pulse responses of the contct trnsducers with replcele protector The ppliction of low frequency rodnd trnsducers which re used in contct scnning systems require trnsducers without significnt chnge of the chrcteristics or to use the chngele prt of trnsducer which cn provide identicl chrcteristics. It cn e chieved using the replcele protector, furthermore, this protector cn e used mny times. Also, the replcele protector enle control the opertion chrcteristics of trnsducer without chnge of the min construction of the trnsducer. Two types of the replcele protector were used during investigtion of the pulse nd frequency responses of the low frequency rodnd trnsducer (Fig. 7 nd c): the plnr nd the convex. The plnr replcele protector with the dimeter of 5 mm nd thickness of 3 mm ws used for ech trnsducer in through trnsmission mode. The pulse response of the low frequency rodnd trnsducer with the plnr replcele protector is shown in Fig.14. The exciting pulse ws the single of the 5 khz frequency (durtion 1 μs) pulse. The losses of the ultrsonic signl of the two plnr protectors re higher y 1 db (due to ttenution in the protector) s compred with the results otined without the dditionl protector Fig. 15. The frequency response of the plnr replcele protector (single pulse of 5 khz, durtion of 1 μs) It mens tht t the 5 khz the plnr replcele protector doesn t ffects the chrcteristics of the trnsducer. There is only smll difference t the frequency 5 khz. Very similr responses were otined t higher frequency (Fig. 17). This plnr replcele protector is very useful for the long-term ultrsonic scnning systems. The thickness of the replcele protector cn e weried wy due to rsion without significnt chnge of the frequency response. The pulse response indictes reduction of the signl mplitude ut the shpe of the first period is not significntly ffected Fig. 14. The pulse response of the plnr replcele protector (single pulse of 5 khz, durtion of 1 μs) Fig. 16. The pulse response of the plnr replcele protector (single pulse of 15 khz, durtion of 3.33 μs) 37
7 Fig. 17. The frequency response of the plnr replcele protector (single pulse of 15 khz, durtion of 3.33 μs) The convex replcele protector hs the thickness of 3 mm, the dimeter of 5 mm in the side to e ttched to the ultrsonic trnsducer nd the dimeter of the contct re ws.1 mm. The pulse response of 5 khz (Fig. 18) hs different shpe compring to the cse of plnr protector. The first period of the pulse possesses low mplitude nd the mximum of the mplitude is chieved only fter 3 periods of virtion. The losses of the convex replcele protector re close to db nd depend on the re of contct. Fig. 19. The frequency response of the convex replcele protector (single pulse of 5 khz, durtion of 1 μs) Fig. 18. The pulse response of the convex replcele protector (single pulse of 5 khz, durtion of 1 μs) The frequency response of the 5 khz hs few extr minimum vlues, which re determined y the shpe nd the size of the convex protector (Fig.19). The pulse response of the single pulse of 2 khz (durtion of 2.5 μs) is presented in Fig. 2. The use of the convex replcele protector restricts the ndwidth of trnsducers, even in the cse of very short excittion pulse, for exmple.5 μs. Two extr minimum vlues re shown in Fig. 21, where the mplitudes of the frequency response t the frequencies of 3 khz nd 5 khz re decrese y -(1-12) db. It cn give the effect of mesurement informtion losses in further investigtions. Fig. 2. The pulse response of the convex replcele protector (single pulse of 2 khz, durtion of 2.5 μs) Fig. 21. The frequency response of the convex replcele protector (single pulse, durtion of.5 μs). Conclusions Low frequency rodnd ultrsonic trnsducers were investigted using simultion nd experimentl methods. The squre shpe pulses of hlf period (single pulse) nd three periods were used for excittion of the rodnd 38
8 trnsducers. These pulses give the frequency responses with mny loes, the ndwidth of which depend on the nd width of the driving pulse. The rodnd trnsducers my operte in the frequency rnge from 5 khz up to 35 khz with plnr nd convex replcele protectors. The replcele protector gives dditionl losses of the ultrsonic signl ut protects the surfce of the trnsducer ginst the wer during long term scnning. References 1. Kžys R., Demčenko A., Mžeik L., Šliteris R. Air-coupled ultrsonic non-destructive testing of erospce components. Insight. Vol. 49. N. 4. P Stoessel R., Krohn N., Pfeiderer K., Busse G. Air-coupled ultrsound inspection of vrious mterils. Ultrsonics. 22. Vol. 4. P Rišutis R., Kžys R., Žukusks E., Mžeik L., Vldišusks A. Appliction f ultrsonic guided wves for nondestructive testing of defective CFRP rods with multiple delminting. NDT Interntionl. 21. N 43. P Kžys R., Mžeik L., Brusks R., Rišutis R., Cicėns V., Demčenko A. The nlysis of interction of Lm with defects in loded steel pltes. Ultrsonics. 26. Vol. 44. P. ell 127-ell Mžeik L., Rišutis R., Mciulevičius A., Žukusks E., Kžys R., Seniūns G., Vldišusks A. Comprison of severl techniques of ultrsonic Lm wves velocities mesurements. Ultrgrss. 29. Vol. 64. No. 1. P Vldišusks A., Šliteris R., Rišutis R., Seniūns G., Žukusks E. Appliction of ultrsonic trnsducers for investigtion of composite mterils. Ultrgrss. 29. Vol. 64. No. 4. P Vldišusks A., Šliteris R., Rišutis R., Seniūns G. Contct ultrsonic trnsducers for mechnicl scnning systems. Ultrgrss. 21. Vol. 65. No. 2. P Vldišusks A., Rišutis R., Šliteris R., Seniūns G., Jnkusks A. Investigtion of the chrcteristics of the frequency rodnd contct trnsducers. Ultrgrss. 21. Vol. 65. No. 3. P A. Vldišusks, L. Mžeik, R. Šliteris, R. Rišutis, A. Jnkusks Impulsinės ir džninės plčijuosčių žemojo džnio pjezokeitiklių chrktersitikos Reziumė Ngrinėjmos džninės ir impulsinės plčijuosčių žemojo džnio pjezokeitiklių chrkteristikos. Sumoduliuotos džninės ždinimo impulsų chrkteristikos ir eksperimentiški ištirtos tiknt vieno ir trijų teigimųjų periodų impulsus. Eksperimentuose uvo nudojms plčijuostis žemojo džnio pjezokeitiklis. Gutieji džninių chrkteristikų spektri nuo iki 1, MHz prodė, kd spektrų lpelių plotis prikluso nuo ždinimo impulsų pločio ir kint nuo 75 khz iki 4 khz, jei ždinm vienu periodu. Ki ždinm trimis periodis, lpelių plotis tris krtus mžesnis negu tuo tveju, ki ždinm vienu periodu. Išmtuotos impulsinės ir džninės vienu ir trimis pusperiodžiis ždintų pjezokeitiklių e ppildomų sluoksnių ir su plokščiis ir išgutis ppildomis sluoksniis chrkteristikos plčime džnių dipzone. Tm tikslui uvo nudojmi du plčijuosčii žemojo džnio pjezokeitiklii, kurių viens siuntiklis, kits imtuvs. Impulsines chrkteristiks žemuose džniuose (5 khz) sudro ppildomi šių džnių svyrvimi. Džninės chrkteristikos esnt plokštiems sluoksnims neturi ppildomų minimumų, o džninės chrkteristikos su sferiški išgutu sluoksniu turi ppildomų minimumų ir šie gli dryti įtką mtvimo rezulttų interpretcijoms džnių srityje. Pteikt spudi
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