Chapter 2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

Transcription

1 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework This chapter includes literature review and theoretical framework. Literature review contains the review of some sources related to the project, meanwhile theoretical framework explains the theory related to the process in making this product. 2.1 Literature Review This literature review contains the review of sources which are related to the project, and those have been got from book, website, newspaper, and the final project. The present writer has reviewed them and found the gaps of them, then compared them to the project. The first source is a book was written by Martin (1971). It describes and explains about batik in general; moreover, it shows the design sample of Parang Rusak motif. The method of making batik are by canting and cap. This book also explains how to make batik which includes the necessary equipment and to create the designs; however, there are only few pictures in this book that make it not so attractive, and the example of design is only one with uncompleted explanation. The following source was written by Zaskia (2008). It contains some information about batik, such as the regions in which produce batik. This book also discusses that there are many kinds of batik which have the differences and characteristics in each place. Making batik can be done through some processes, 7

2 beginning with painting by using canting, dyeing, and drying. Therefore, the explanation about batik is not complete, because the book does not only concentrate on discussing batik. In addition, it is written in Indonesian language. Meanwhile, in a survey and an interview research project, Nurfitriyani (2009) visited Tasikmalaya and observed the handicraft and culinary places. The researcher promotes some handicrafts and culinary places in Tasikmalaya through the making guide book as promotion media written in Indonesian language. The researcher collected the data and pictures to design and arrange tourism guide book in promoting the handicraft and the culinar of Tasikmalaya, and one of the handicrafts is batik. The pictures show and give explanation about batik; however, the information of it is less, because the research more concentrated on handicrafts and culinary places in Tasikmalaya. She only explains little bit of information about batik, such as the history of batik in Tasikmalaya, the technique and process of making batik. However, she does not explain the kinds of batik in Tasimalaya. The next source was written by Wibowo (2011) using the interview method. He described the feature of batik in Tasikmalaya by visiting a gallery of Tasikmalaya batik in Bandung, then he wrote the result on website. The writer told about the history of batik in Indonesia and Java. He also explained the characteristic of batik in Tasikmalaya, such as in color and motif; furthermore, he told the kind of making batik and the function of batik with the example about one of kind of Tasikmalaya batik, but it is not too complete. He only gives an example of kind of batik in Tasikmalaya without explanation, and he did not visit directly 8

3 to Tasikmalaya. His book has no picture to attract reader; in addition, the book was written in Indonesian language. The next source is an article written by Fausta (2011). He used qualitative method by analyzing and observing batik at Pasaraya Blok M in South Jakarta. He interviewed President Director of Pasaraya who said that her departments store has consistently promoted and raised batik more than 30 years, because other departments store were not consistent to market batik during that time. Pasaraya promotes it by holding an event, such as batik fashion show and teaching how to make batik. The article told how important to promote batik as Indonesian heritage; however, this article concentrates on promoting and selling batik, so it does not explain and describe batik completely. There are differences in the sources that have been reviewed. Some sources are incompleteness of explanation about batik. Sometimes in one article, there is no history or the kinds of batik completely, so the sources are lacking of information. Some sources use Indonesian language, but the others use English. When they wrote, they used different sources, such as articles, books, and website. There are some articles that really concentrate on batik, but the others explain other topics. In addition, some books are lacking of pictures, even the website about Tasikmalaya batik does not show any pictures. The present writer would make a book in English about batik more completely, and it will focus on batik from Tasikmalaya only, because it is one of Priangan batik which is more colorful and more unique; besides, Tasikmalaya once had became the center of batik industry in West Java. The sources of book 9

4 are similar as the previous ones, because the book will contain the history of batik in Indonesia and Tasikmalaya, the motifs of batik in Tasikmalaya, the process of making batik, and the producer of batik in Tasikmalaya. Meanwhile as the differences, the process of making batik will be explained clearly, because it is completed with more pictures of making batik step by step to make the readers understand. Moreover, the motifs of batik will be shown and described completely with attractive pictures. 2.2 Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework explains the theory as references. These are: Subject, Purpose, and Audience Blanchard and Root (2004) state that subject, purpose, and audience are important in writing, because they are the elements of good writing, so they can help us to write easily. a. Subject Before starting to write, it is necessary to determine a topic that is wanted. Blanchard and Root (ibid) say that the process of determining subject begins with narrowing down from general subject to appropriate topic (p. 4). The subject is as follow: Indonesian heritage Handicraft Batik 10

5 Batik of Tasikmalaya A book about batik of Tasikmalaya for Indonesian and foreigner In conclusion, the general subject is Indonesian heritage, and the specific topic is a book about batik of Tasikmalaya for Indonesian and foreigner. b. Purpose According to Buscemi (2002), there is a purpose in any kind of writing. It determines the main approximation that is applied in writing. Blanchard and Root (2004) say that the purposes of writing are to entertain, to inform, and to persuade (p. 5). The purpose of the subject is to inform Indonesian and foreigner about batik of Tasikmalaya through a book; furthermore, it is to persuade them to come there. Then, the next purpose is to show them about the process of making batik. c. Audience The last element of writing is an audience. According to Blanchard and Root (ibid), there must be audience for whom we are writing. The topic is a book about batik of Tasikmalaya for Indonesian and foreigner, so the audience of my topic are Indonesian and foreigner. 11

6 2.2.2 Essay Writing It is necessary to use the theory of essay writing, because it is for organizing paragraphs in the book. According to Oshima and Hogue (1998), an essay includes several paragraphs which are long and complex. It has three main parts: a. An Introductory Paragraph An introductory paragraph can be as opening of the essay, so it tells the general of the topic. According to Oshima and Hogue (1998), the introductory paragraph consists of general statements as the background of the topic, and a thesis statement as a topic sentence. They said that the purposes of the introductory paragraph are: - to introduce the topic of the essay - to give a general background of the topic - to indicate the overall plan of the essay - to arouse the reader s interest in the topic b. A Body Oshima and Hogue (1998) explained that the body consists of one or more paragraphs. The body is the longest part of the essay and can contain as many paragraphs as necessary to support the controlling ideas of your thesis statement (p.101). 12

7 c. A Concluding Paragraph A concluding paragraph is the conclusion of all paragraphs which are made. According to Oshima and Hogue (1998), the conclusion of essay summarizes and reviews the discussion of the body paragraph, and we can give the comment of it Kinds of Sentences The theory of kinds of sentences is needed, because it is to make some various sentences, and it can make the sentences are not monotonous. According to Oshima and Hogue (1981), there are four kinds of sentences, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. a. Simple Sentences This kind of sentence consists of one independent clause. For example: 1) Every country has its own culture. The example of simple sentence consists of one subject and one verb. b. Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. The clauses can be joined with coordinators (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore, otherwise, moreover), and semicolons. For example: 2) There are many batik producers in Indonesia, and they are more creative in designing motifs. That sentence is compound sentence with use and as a coordinator. 13

8 c. Complex Sentences A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clause(s). Dependent clause includes adverb (when, while, because, although, if), adjective (who, whom, which, whose, that, where), and noun clause (that, whether, if). One example of the complex sentences is: 3) When there was a war among Prince Diponegero and Dutch, people in those days including Prince Diponegero and his family had to move to other areas. The first clause is dependent clause, because it uses when as adverb, and the next clause is independent clause. d. Compound-Complex Sentences This kind of sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, for example: 4) Although batik was only worn by people from palace, it was widespread to common people, because the batik makers from palace learnt common people to make it. The first and the third clause are dependent clause using although and because as adverb, and the second clause is independent clause Types of Text These are the types of text that can be used to make a book about batik: 14

9 1. Description One of the writing styles that the present writer used is descriptive. It means that it describes something through the expression of writing. According to Oxford (2000), descriptive is saying what something is like (p.357). Buscemi (2002) states that we must use five senses-sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell-to gather important information in gathering descriptive details. Some words that can be used to describe objects are: - Color: black, orange, purple, yellow, and so on. - Texture: rough, sharp, silky, and smooth. - Shape: oval, rectangular, round, and square. - Size: average, big, huge, and small. To make the book about Tasikmalaya batik, it needs to use the description paragraph. For example, the motifs of Tasikmalaya batik are explained in the descriptive paragraph. The words that can be used such as the color of batik and the shape of batik motifs. 2. Procedure Procedure is to describe the sequence of steps in a process. In this writing, the present writer also will write the process of making batik through the instructions. It contains step by step how to make batik with the equipment that are needed. The language of process that use transition signals, such as first, next, then, before, after, after that, finally, and so on. 15

10 3. Narration According to Demand Media on website, narrative is a story. ( The instructions of narrative paragraph are: 1. Choosing a topic 2. Listing several details about the topic 3. Writing a topic sentence and some detail sentences 4. Proofreading the paragraph The present writer used the narrative paragraph to write the story of Indonesian batik and Tasikmalaya batik in the book. 4. Classification Classification is used to organize a topic for an essay. It is helpful to find at least three classifications to use. These are the sentences to write classification paragraph: three kinds 1. There are of. four types several classes 2. I can divide into three parts:. classify groups: group types: categorize kinds: 3. can be divided three parts: classified into two groups:. grouped three types: categorized several kinds: 16

11 In making a book about Tasikmalaya batik, it is necessary to use the classification paragraph to write the kinds of Tasikmalaya batik. For example, there are several kinds of batik from Tasikmalaya. 5. Recount According to Eha (2012), recount text is a text that has social function to retell experience in sequence. ( There are some generic structures of recount. The first is orientation which is used to tell the subject, setting, and time. The second is event which is used to tell something happened. The third is reorientation which is used to close the story. In making the book of Tasikmalaya batik, it is necessary to use recount text, because it is to tell the story of Tasikmalaya batik in the past and present Writing a Book The present writer has found how to write a book because it is related to the project. The steps begin with summarizing the idea, outlining the story, writing a book, and revising the manuscript. a. Summarize the idea According to Bercun (2011) in his article on website, we should take the idea which inspires us, and then we summarize it in some sentences. If we cannot 17

12 encapsulate our book s main concept in two sentences or less, that is a good indication that our story lacks focus. ( Thus, in making the book about batik from Tasikmalaya, it is necessary to collect some references to give the present writer more ideas when writing. b. Outline the story It means that to write the content of book, it is necessary to make an outline which includes introduction, body, and conclusion; besides, each paragraph contains a topic sentence and supporting sentences. c. Write a book According to an article which was written by Bercun (2011), writing a book is by far the longest step in the process. The secret to complete this step is as follows: Do not edit as you go, and then write simply and fast. ( d. Revise the text This is the final of writing after finishing writing. It is important to revise the result of writing, because it is for checking and correcting the words that are written in the book. 18