Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology

Transcription

1 Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemation of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Engineering and The Hague, Boston and Lancaster Materials Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer Verlag G Ecological Sciences Heidelberg Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences No. 106

3 Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology edited by Arthur P. Cracknell Carnegie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K. D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology Dundee, Scotland 1-21 August, 1982 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute (1982 : Dundee, Tayside) Remote sensing applications in marine science and technology. (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; no. 106) Includes index. 1. Oceanography-Remote sensing-congresses. I. Cracknell, Arthur P. II. Title. III. Series. GC10.4.R4N ' ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / This summer school was co-sponsored by: British Tourist Authority Council of Europe European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories European Space Agency Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company PO. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, PO. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group All Rights Reserved Copyright 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland. and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1983 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 ORGANISATION Organising Committee Professor A.P. Cracknell, Director Dr. W.M. Young, Secretary Dr. R.K. Bullard Mr. D.D. Hardy Professor G. ~strem Dr. B.E. Storey (Accommodation) Dr. A.O. Tooke (Social Programme) Mr. G.R. Whyte (Technical Arrangements) Demonstrating, Secretarial and Technical Assistance Mr. K.J. Arbuthnott Mr. I.M. Ballingall Mrs. M.M. Bulloch Dr. J.A. Charlton Mr. I. Durajczyk Mr. G. Dutch Miss C.L. Eggie Mr. M.G. Flynn Mrs. B. Johnston Mr. J.N. Low Mr. K.G. Miller Miss P.M. Mitchell Mr. K. Muirhead Mrs. K.M. Payne Mr. W.A. Reekie Miss A.M. Shivers Mr. S.B. Wilson v

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7 l ll ~ ~ \~fi4j fj ~ ~@ ~8~ ~@)~@ e Gj0@ G Jolly (Mrs.) Font 15. Kurter 29. Maracci Storey 16. Economides 30. Safak Tooke 17. Macedo 3l. Jayko Offiler 18. Charmasson 32. Nilsen Bullard 19. Taccini 33. Offiler Sathyendranath 20. Sengele 34. Gaspar Cracknell 2l. Muirhead 35. Wyatt 22. McFarlane 36. Uysal Yentsch 23. Miskolczi 37. Nacu Young 24. Wilson 38. Quader Muralikrishna 25. Magnin 39. Lin Singh 26. McHardy 40. Da Silva Scharfen 27. Clement 4l. Lambert Stott 28. Lacey 42. Bowyer 43. Valeur Shivers Flikke Reid 44. Langot 45. Hansen Alves 48. Sun 49. Nyfors 50. Calmet 5l. Demarcq 52. Lawrence Payne 55.

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface l. J.R. Apel Remote Measurement of the Ocean - An Overview 1 2. B.H. Needham 3. P.E. Baylis 4. A.P. Cracknell NOAA's Activities in the Field of Marine Remote Sensing 17 University of Dundee Satellite Data Reception and Archiving Facility 29 Data Acquisition and Quality G. Paci and A. de Leffe 6. P. Haber~cker 7. B. Sturm 8. D. Offiler 9. L. Wyatt Status and Future Plans for the First European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-l Digital Image Processing Selected Topics of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Data Evaluation Surface Wind Vector Measurements from Satellites The Measurement of Oceanographic Parameters using Dekametric Radar R.E. Leader and J.B. Jolly Remote Sensing v~a Meteor Trails J.M. Anderson and S.B. Wilson The Use of an Aerial Infrared Survey in Identifying Roof Structures of High "u" Value in an Extensive Building Complex S.M. Singh and D.E. Warren 13. C. S. Yentsch 14. LV. Muralikrishna Sea Surface Temperatures from Infrared Measurements 231 Remote Sensing of Biological Substances 263 Ocean Color Studies ~n Arabian Sea 299

9 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 15. I.V. Muralikrishna LANDSAT Application to Suspended Sediments Evaluation S. Sathyendranath and A. Morel Light Emerging from the Sea - Interpretation and Uses in Remote Sensing R.K. Bullard Land into Sea Does Not Go R.K. Bullard Detection of Marine Contours from LANDSAT Film and Tape C. Valerio 20. T.D. Allan Index Colour Section List of Participants Airborne Remote Sensing and Experiments with Fluorescent Tracers Oceanography from Space

10 PREFACE This summer school was a sequel to the summer school on Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology which was held in Dundee in 1980 and the proceedings of which were published by Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, England. At the present summer scnool we concentrated on only part of the subject area that was covered in Although there was some repetition of material that was presented in 1980, because by and large we had a new set of participants, most subjects were treated in considerably greater detail than had been possible previously. The major topics covered in the present summer school were (i) the general principles of remote sensing with particular reference to marine applications, (ii) applications to physical oceanography, (iii) marine resources applications and (iv) coastal monitoring and protection. The material contained in this volume represents the written texts of most of the lectures presented at the summer school. One important set of lecture notes was not available; this was for the lectures on active microwave techniques, principally synthetic aperture radar, by W. Alpers from Hamburg. For this material we would refer the reader to "Imaging Ocean Surface Waves by Synthetic Aperture Radar - A Review" by W. Alpers,which is to appear as chapter 6 in "Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing" edited by T.D. Allan (Ellis Horwood, Chichester) which is to be published in This summer school was part of a continuing programme of activities in postgraduate education and training in remote sensing undertaken by the European Association of Remote Sensing Laporatories, with stimulation from an initiative taken by the Council of Europe. This activity was described in some detail in the Foreword to the proceedings of our 1980 summer school. In addition to the main financial support received from NATO, additional financial support was also received from the British Tourist Authority, the Council of Europe, the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories and the European Space Agency. The University of Dundee also contributed in kind, in numerous ways, to the success of the summer school. I am enormously grateful to all those colleagues for all the tremendous hard work and enthusiasm that they put into handling all aspects of the organisation of the summer school. I am also grateful to those who have assisted technically in the preparation of copy for these proceedings, especially Mrs. M. Bulloch who has typed the prelims and index and retyped one or two chapters, to Miss M.M. Benstead who has redrawn many of the very poor diagrams that were submitted and to Mrs. K.M. Payne who has compiled the index. A. P. Cracknell (ed.). Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology, xi-xii. Copyright 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xi

11 xii PREFACE The success or failure of a summer school of this nature lies very much in the hands of the lecturers and the participants. That this particular school was extremely successful was due very largely to the hard work and enthusiasm of everyone who came and took part. We were very grateful to our lecturers, all of them very busy people with many other commitments, who took the time and trouble to prepare their lecture material, to come to Dundee to give their lectures and participate in formal and informal discussions, and (in most cases) to prepare the camera-ready copy for inclusion in these proceedings. And, of course, we were very grateful to the 56 "students" who came to participate in the summer school and who were very enthusiastic in that participation. Lecturers and students shared the common hospitality of residence in Chalmers Hall and many lively and constructive discussions took place. Barriers associated with differences ~n age or in professional and academic status were largely swept away in the discussions of matters of common scientific and technical interest. In addition to representatives from all the obvious European countries we also enjoyed the company of participants from as far afield as China, the Philippines, the Indian subcontinent, some African countries and, of course, North America. It is one of the minor consolations of the Director, after all the work and worry involved in putting together such a summer school, to see young people from countries on opposite sides of the world talking together like old friends within a few hours of having arrived in Dundee as complete strangers. In our own small way, dealing with people with common scientific interests and having the financial aspects smoothed by the assistance of our various sponsors, we can do our own little bit towards the advancement of understanding and friendship among the different peoples of the world. Events such as this, which deal with subject matter at the leading edge of human knowledge and achievement, provide a very efficient and also very enjoyable way of communicating the knowledge and awareness of the current state of new developments widely and quickly in the scientific community. It is very much to be hoped that events such as this will be able to continue, in spite of the deep financial problems that seem to be affecting many academic institutions throughout the world at the moment. Arthur P. Cracknell