INDEX. Cambridge University Press Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Systems Hooman Darabi Index More information

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Brook Mills
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INDEX 1 f noise 131 1 db compression point 177 3G ADC requirements 432 3G receiver IIP 3 168 4G receiver IIP 2 172 4G receiver noise figure 149 25% duty cycle mixer 261 25% LO generation 263 50% duty

1 INDEX 1 f noise db compression point 177 3G ADC requirements 432 3G receiver IIP G receiver IIP G receiver noise figure % duty cycle mixer % LO generation % duty cycle mixer interface phase shift 55 accumulation-mode MOS capacitor 21 active filter 51 active load (LNA) 208 active mixers 243 IIP 2 improvement 257 linearity 246 noise figure 253 output noise 253 second-order distortion 255 active polyphase filter 58 active upconversion mixers 282 active-rc 52 adaptive pre-distortion (in PAs) 396 adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) 188 Adler s differential equation 198 Adler s modified differential equation 200 aging simulation 461 allpass network 55 all-pole transfer function 48 AM and PM decomposition 316 AM and PM sidebands 316 AM spectrum 72 AM AM impact on constellation 194 AM AM non-linearity 194 in polar transmitters 446 AM FM conversion in LC oscillators 342 Ampère s circuital law 5 amplitude modulation (AM) 70 amplitude noise 312 amplitude-modulated signal, oscillators 324 AM PM alignment (in polar transmitters) 445 AM PM non-linearity 195 in polar transmitters 446 analog building blocks 52 analog linear modulation 70 analog non-linear modulation 70 ATE board 462 autocorrelation 61, 62 white noise 123 automatic frequency control (crystal tuning) 369 automatic testing equipment (ATE) 450, 461 available power 89 available power gain 89, 111 average power 89 backward propagation (transmission lines) 98 band-limited white noise 173 Bank s general result 328 bench ATE correlation 450 Bessel functions 77, 196 Biot-Savart law 5 blockers 160 Boltzmann constant 119 boost switching converter 401 bottom plate parasitic 22 boundary conditions (transmission lines) 99 Brownian motion 119 buck switching converter 400 burn-in test 461 Butterworth polynomial 47 capacitance 4 capacitor (circuit model) 10 capacitor and inductor energy 18 carrier 69 carrier to sideband ratio in LC oscillator 324 Cartesian modulator 80 Cartesian transmitter 81 cascade input output characteristics 170 cascade of non-linear stages 170 cascode LNA 212 cascode LNA noise figure 219 cascode noise (in LNA) 227 cascode power amplifiers 383 cellular network 159 central limit theorem 63, 121 CG LNA noise figure 214 characteristic impedance 13, 112 charge 2 charge device model (CDM) ESD 461 Chebyshev filter 48 Chireix transmitter 447 choice of IF (in low-if receivers) 420 class A efficiency 382 PA 381 class AB PA 389 class B efficiency 385 PA 384 class C efficiency 388 LC oscillator 349 PA 387 class D efficiency 391 PA 389 class E matching network 392 PA 392 power capability 394 class F PA 394 CMOS LC oscillator 333 CMOS oscillator noise factor 335 CMOS oscillator phase noise 335 coaxial cable 3 coaxial cable characteristic impedance 14 colored Gaussian noise 123 Colpitts LC oscillator 335 Colpitts oscillator noise factor 337 Colpitts oscillator phase noise 337 common-gate LNA 208 common-mode resonance in NMOS oscillator 347 common-source LNA 208 complementary LNA 208 complex capacitor 57

2 471 complex power 89 conjugate matching 89 conservation of energy 19 continuity equation 10 continuous tuning 23 coupled inductor 92 coupling factor 92 crystal electrical model 365 crystal oscillator 365 stability 367 tuning 369 crystal parallel resonance 367 crystal quality factor 366 crystal, series resonance 367 CS LNA with degeneration 220 CS stage noise figure 212 current switching 243 current-mode receiver 426 current-mode switching PA 390 cyclostationary 68 cyclostationary in wide sense 68 cyclostationary noise 132 in mixers 251 in oscillators 318, f 322 cyclostationary signal 69 DC/DC converter 399 delay line noise 356 demodulator 70 device verification and testing (DVT) 449 differential inductor 30 differential LNA 229 differential two-port 113 digital pre-distortion (in PAs) 396 diode-ring mixer 240 direct-conversion transmitter 435 direct-modulated PLL 440 discrete tuning 24 displacement current 9 distributed active transformer 386 distributed circuit 12 Doherty PA 404 Doherty PA realization 405 double-balance mixer 244 double-terminated filter 90 double-tuned circuit 92 downconversion mixer 239 drain efficiency 381 dual-conversion receiver 424 dual-conversion transmitter 437 dual-gate layout 227 duplexer 162 isolation 162 dynamic biasing (in PAs) 403 dynamic range 176 EER-based transmitter linearity 398 effective conductance in LC oscillators 311 effective LO signal 267 eight-phase mixer 265 electric field intensity 2 electric flux density 2 electric potential 3 electromotive force 8 electrostatic discharge (ESD) 461 electrostatic energy 14 elliptic filter 48 energy balance in LC oscillator 327 energy decay rate 18 energy per degree of freedom 121 energy storage capability 91 envelope tracking (in PA) 399 envelope elimination and restoration (EER) 398 equipartition law 119 equivalent noise bandwidth 124 equivalent noiseless two-port 135 ergodic 63 ergodicity 67 error vector magnitude (EVM) 190 fading 159 Faraday s law 9, 11, 91 far-out noise (in direct-conversion transmitters) 436 feedback (feedforward) linearization in PAs 396 feedback divider (in PLLs) 370 feedforward LNA 207, 223 feed-through in active mixers 244 figure of merit in LC oscillators 307 filter 45 filter step response 50 filtered whited noise 123 fine ball grid array (FPGA) package 458 finite Q (of active filter) 53 fixed capacitor 21 flicker noise 131 flux linkage 11 FM and PM noise 314 FM bandwidth 78 FM modulator 78 forward and backward propagation 13 forward propagation (transmission lines) 98 four-phase RC filter 57 Fourier coefficients 40 Fourier series 40 Fourier transform 39 four-quadrant analog multiplier 241 frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 192 frequency modulation 75 frequency modulation in LC oscillators 345 frequency noise 312 frequency translation 239 Friis equation 146 fringe capacitor 23 fringe fields 22 full-duplex division (FDD) 162 gain control 178 gain method noise measurement 152 gate resistance (in LNA) 226 gauge R&R 464 Gauss s law 2 Gaussian (or normal) 63, 123 Gilbert mixer, 241 Gilbert multiplier 243 g m -C 52 Groszkowski effect 344 growing or decaying oscillation 304 GSM 149 GSM ADC requirements 431 GSM blocker profile 160 GSM transmitter 439 half-if blocker 183 hard switching mixers 183 harmonic blockers 183 distortion 164 rejection mixers 183 suppression 265 Hartley image-reject receiver 420 hexagon or octagon inductor 26 high-side injection 183 Hilbert transform 55, 79 AM 74 in low-if receivers 420 in zero-if receivers 417 hollow inductor 27 human body model (HBM) ESD 461 I and Q imbalance in direct-conversion transmitters 436 in zero-if receivers 418 ideal filter 45, 46 ideal filter rise time 51 ideal LC oscillator 303 IIP 2 of cascade of non-linear stages 171 image blocker 183 image rejection in heterodyne receivers 414 image rejection ratio (in low-if receivers) 420 image-reject receiver 420 impact of feedback on non-linearity 174

3 472 impulse 41 in-band blockers 160 incident wave 107 inductance 6 matrix 92 ofawire25 inductor (circuit model) 10 inductor model 31 input FET second-order non-linearity 256 input FET noise in active mixers 247 input FET noise spectral density 252 input impedance transformation 90 input-referred noise current 135 input-referred noise voltage 135 input return loss 213 instantaneous angle 75 instantaneous spectral density 132 integrated transformer model 92 interferers 160 inter-modulation 164 inverse class D PA 390 inverter delay in ring oscillators 352 inverter phase noise in ring oscillators 357 inverter-based oscillator 350 Johnson (Nyquist) noise 119 KCL 11 KVL 3 ladder circuit 48 ladder network 44 LC circuits 16 LC circuit energy 17 LC oscillator Q degradation 340 Leeson s equation 148, 306, 326 Leeson s model 304 Lenz s law 9, 11 limitations (of active filter) 52 linear capacitor 22 linear feedback model (Leeson s) 304 linear LC oscillator 303 linear oscillator feedback model 303 LNA biasing 229 design tradeoffs 231 gain control 230 linearity 229 second-order distortion 230 LNA topologies summary 225 LNA/mixer case study 289 LNA/mixer design approach 295 LNTA 259 LO feed-through 191 in direct-conversion transmitters 436 LO harmonics 183 LO overlap in mixers 264 LO self-mixing (in zero-if receivers) 418 load noise in active mixers 247 local area network (LAN) 184 local shunt feedback LNA 216 loop filter (in PLLs) 370 lorentzian 131 lossless matching network 204 lossless transmission line 98 lossy LC circuits 17 lossy resonator 303 lossy substrate 28 low and high-side mixer gain 274 low-if receiver 419 low-loss propagation 112 lowpass to bandpass transformation 48, 57 low-side injection 183 lumped circuit 12 machine model (MM) ESD 461 magnetic energy 14 magnetic field 4 intensity 5 magnetic flux 6 density 6 magnetic loss 29 magnetic reluctance 91 matching network 90, 95 filtering 96 gain 96 in PAs 380 noise spectral density 204 MAX hold measurement 193 maximum conversion gain in passive mixers 273 maximum power delivery 113 maximum power transfer 90 in PAs 380 Maxwell s equations 9 Maxwell Boltzmann statistics 120 memory-less non-linear systems 195 metal shield 29 metal spiral 25 MIM capacitor 23 minimum detectable signal 148 minimum noise figure 141 mixer impedance transformation 270 mixer-first receiver 428 noise figure 428 mixer performance summary 280 modulated spectrum 70 modulating function (cyclostationary noise) 133 modulation 65 modulation index 77 monolithic inductor 25 MOS capacitor 21 Gilbert mixer 244 input-referred noise 136 varactor 24 MOSFET noise 128, 130 multi-phase mixers 266 multi-stacked inductor 28 multi-turn inductor 27 mutual inductance 7 mutual inductance of filamentary lines 27 narrowband 93 modulation 77 transformer 97 native layer 29 negative resistance in LC oscillators 309 network function 42 NMOS in n-well 23 LC oscillator 330 oscillator noise factor 332 oscillator phase noise 332 noise cancellation 224 noise cancelling LNA noise figure 225 noise cancelling receiver 428 noise figure db barrier 213 circles 141 of degenerated CS LNA 221 feedback impact 144 measurement 152 passive lossy circuit 140 single FET 139 SSB vs. DSB 252 two-port input-referred noise 138 versus S noise floor 176 noise matching 142 noise properties (of active filter) 54 noise variance 122 non-linear capacitances in LC oscillators 342 non-linear LC oscillator 309 non-linear modulation 75 Nyquist theorem 125 dual of 126 ohmic loss (of inductor) 28 on/off switch 258 one-port 87 optimum load impedance in passive mixers 273 optimum noise impedance 141 optimum source impedance 207 oscillation amplitude 312 out-of-band blockers 160 outphasing transmitter 447 overlapping clocks in mixers 260

4 473 PA efficiency (in polar transmitters) 441 package design 458 parallel inductors 29 parallel to series transformation 93 parallel-mode crystal oscillator 368 Parseval s energy theorem 40 partial fraction expansion 44 passive ladder structure 51 passive lossy circuit noise 124 passive mixers 243, 258 input impedance 270 linearity 276 noise 275 operation 268 second-order distortion 277 passive upconversion mixers 284 peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) 188, 399 permeability 6 permittivity 2 phase constant (transmission lines) 98 detector 370 error 190 modulation (PM) 75 noise 147 noise definition 305 reversal (FM) 77 velocity (transmission lines) 98 phase-locked loops (PLL) 370 phase-modulated signal, oscillators 324 Pierce crystal oscillator 369 Planck constant 121 PLL critically damped response 372 in-band noise 190 phase noise 373 phase noise, loop filter 373 transfer function 371 PM modulator 81 polar modulator 80 polar transmitter 441 pole 43 polynomial filter approximation 47 polyphase filter 56 null 58 positive/negative frequencies 56 power added efficiency 381 combining (in Pas) 386 conservation 108 efficiency in oscillators 307, 329 matching 89 spectral density 63 practical integrator 52 pre-distortion (in PAs) 396 probability density function 60 propagation velocity 13 pulling 198 in direct-conversion transmitters 198, 436 impact on EVM 200 impact on LC oscillators 198 impact on modulation mask 200 quadrature generation 56 inaccuracy of quadrature oscillators 363 LO (in zero-if receivers) 415 LO signal 360 oscillator 360 oscillator model 362 oscillator phase noise 364 phase shifter 74 receivers 417 signals 55, 58 quality factor 17, 18 random variable 60 randomly phased sinusoid 61 receiver ADC requirements 431 available filtering 431 block diagram 413 gain control 434 receiver-band noise 186 reciprocal mixing 181 reciprocity (noise) 125 rectangular pulse 39 redistribution layer (RDL) 458 reflected wave 99, 107 reflection coefficient 100, 102, 106 RF self mixing in mixers 255 RF-LO feed-through in passive mixers 277 ring oscillators 350 figure of merit 360 noise model 355 phase noise 357 rising and falling edge noise (ring oscillators) 356 S matrix 106 SAW filter 90 scattering matrix 106 second-order distortion (in zero-if receivers) 418 second-order input intercept point (IIP 2 ) 171 second-order non-linearity 171 self-resonance frequency 28 sensitivity 149 series feedback LNA 220 series tank (switching PAs) 390 series-mode crystal oscillator 368 shifted process 69 short circuited stub 105 shunt and series feedback LNA 207 shunt feedback noise equation 217 signal energy 39 signal flow graph 51 sinc function 39 single-balanced mixer 246 single-sideband AM 73 single-sideband AM modulator 79 skin depth 26 skin effect 25 sliding IF receiver 425 Smith chart 102 SNR degradation (due to IQ imbalance in zero-if receivers) 418 software-defined radio 412 solenoid 7 spectral asymmetry, AM PM impact on 196 spectral density (cyclostationary noise) 133 spectrum 39 spiral 26 spot noise figure 152 spurious free dynamic range 176 standing wave 100 stationary in wide-sense 62 stationary process 62 stochastic processes 60 substrate 23 substrate noise (in LNA) 228 super-heterodyne receiver 414 supply pushing in LC oscillators 345 suppressed-carrier double-sideband modulation (DSB) 70, 72 switch noise direct effect 248 switch noise in active mixers 247 switch noise indirect mechanism 250 switched capacitor 52 switching spectrum 193 symmetric negative/positive frequency 57 system-on-a-chip 456 Taylor series (IIP3) 167 terminated transmission line 100 thermal noise 119, 121 thermal resistor 123 third-order distortion, AM PM impact on 197 third-order input intercept point IIP single FET 167 third-order non-linearity 163 time division multiple access (TDMA) 192 time domain filter response 50

5 474 time varying field 8 time-domain mask 193 time-duplex division (TDD) 162 time-variance, mixers 240 time-varying conductance 134 transceiver practical issues 449 transconductance device flicker noise 249 transformer 31, 91 transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 259 translational loops 439 transmission line 12, 98 transmission line loss 111 transmitter image rejection 191 leakage 169 mask 184 mask (LO phase noise) 185 mixer performance analysis 285 mixer third harmonic issue 287 non-linearity 187 transmitter output power 184 traveling wave 100 tuned load 211 tuning range of LC oscillators 338 two-phase mixer 264 two-port 87 two-tone blocker 166 type-ii PLL 372 types of noise 119 ultra-thick metal layer 22 upconversion mixer 240, 281 linearity 287 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 101 voltage-mode passive mixers 279 voltage-mode switching PAs 390 wafer acceptance test (WAT) 460 wafer level chip scale (WCSP) package 458 wave equation 98 wave propagation 10 wavelength 12 Weaver image-reject receiver 423 Weaver receiver second image 424 white noise 123 white noise in active mixers 250 wideband impedance transformation 93 Wiener Khinchin theorem 64 Wilkinson power combiner 386 Y-factor noise measurement 153 yield 461 zero (transfer function) 44, 48 zero-if receiver 415 zero-if signal detection 417

Receiver Architecture

Receiver Architecture Receiver basics Channel selection why not at RF? BPF first or LNA first? Direct digitization of RF signal Receiver architectures Sub-sampling receiver noise problem Heterodyne receiver