TPA mW MONO AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER

Transcription

1 TPA30 Fully Specified for 3.3-V and 5-V Operation Wide Power Supply Compatibility 2.5 V 5.5 V Output Power for R L = 8 Ω 350 mw at V DD = 5 V, BTL 250 mw at V DD = 3.3 V, BTL Ultra-Low Quiescent Current in Shutdown Mode µa Thermal and Short-Circuit Protection Surface-Mount Packaging SOIC PowerPAD MSOP SHUTDOWN BYPASS IN+ IN SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 D OR DGN PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) V O GND V DD V O + description The TPA30 is a bridge-tied load (BTL) audio power amplifier developed especially for low-voltage applications where internal speakers are required. Operating with a 3.3-V supply, the TPA30 can deliver 250-mW of continuous power into a BTL 8-Ω load at less than % THD+N throughout voice band frequencies. Although this device is characterized out to 20 khz, its operation was optimized for narrower band applications such as cellular communications. The BTL configuration eliminates the need for external coupling capacitors on the output in most applications, which is particularly important for small battery-powered equipment. This device features a shutdown mode for power-sensitive applications with a quiescent current of 0.5 µa during shutdown. The TPA30 is available in an 8-pin SOIC surface-mount package and the surface-mount PowerPAD MSOP, which reduces board space by 50% and height by 40%. Audio Input RI RF 4 IN VDD/2 VDD VO+ 6 5 CS µf VDD CI 3 IN+ + 2 BYPASS CB 0. µf VO mw From System Control SHUTDOWN Bias Control + GND 7 Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. PowerPAD is a trademark of Texas Instruments. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Copyright , Texas Instruments Incorporated POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

2 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 TERMINAL NAME TA SMALL OUTLINE (D) AVAILABLE OPTIONS PACKAGED DEVICES MSOP (DGN) MSOP Symbolization 40 C to 85 C TPA30D TPA30DGN AAA The D and DGN packages are available taped and reeled. To order a taped and reeled part, add the suffix R to the part number (e.g., TPA30DR). NO. I/O BYPASS 2 I GND 7 GND is the ground connection. Terminal Functions DESCRIPTION BYPASS is the tap to the voltage divider for internal mid-supply bias. This terminal should be connected to a 0.-µF to -µf capacitor when used as an audio amplifier. IN 4 I IN is the inverting input. IN is typically used as the audio input terminal. IN+ 3 I IN + is the noninverting input. IN + is typically tied to the BYPASS terminal. SHUTDOWN I SHUTDOWN places the entire device in shutdown mode when held high (IDD < µa). VDD 6 VDD is the supply voltage terminal. VO+ 5 O VO+ is the positive BTL output. VO 8 O VO is the negative BTL output. absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) Supply voltage, V DD V Input voltage, V I V to V DD +0.3 V Continuous total power dissipation internally limited (see Dissipation Rating Table) Operating free-air temperature range, T A C to 85 C Operating junction temperature range, T J C to 50 C Storage temperature range, T stg C to 50 C Lead temperature,6 mm (/6 inch) from case for 0 seconds C Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. DISSIPATION RATING TABLE PACKAGE TA 25 C DERATING FACTOR TA = 70 C TA = 85 C D 725 mw 5.8 mw/ C 464 mw 377 mw DGN 2.4 W 7. mw/ C.37 W. W Please see the Texas Instruments document, PowerPAD Thermally Enhanced Package Application Report (literature number SLMA002), for more information on the PowerPAD package. The thermal data was measured on a PCB layout based on the information in the section entitled Texas Instruments Recommended Board for PowerPAD on page 33 of the before mentioned document. recommended operating conditions MIN MAX UNIT Á ÁÁ Supply voltage, VDD Á V High-level voltage, VIH SHUTDOWN 0.9 VDD V ÁÁ Low-level voltage, VIL SHUTDOWN 0. VDD V Á 40 Á 85 ÁÁ Operating free-air temperature, TA C 2 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

3 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 electrical characteristics at specified free-air temperature, V DD = 3.3 V, T A = 25 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT Á ÁÁ ÁÁ VOD Differential output voltage SHUTDOWN = 0 V,, RF = 0 kω 5 20 mv PSRRÁ Power supply rejection ratio ÁÁ VDD = 3.2 V to 3.4 V ÁÁ 85 ÁÁ db IDD Á Supply current (see Figure 3) ÁÁ SHUTDOWN = 0 V, RF = 0 kω ÁÁ ma IDD(SD)Á Supply current, shutdown mode (see Figure 4) ÁÁ SHUTDOWN = VDD, RF = 0 kω ÁÁ 0.55 µa IIH Á High-level input current ÁÁ SHUTDOWN, VDD = 3.3 V, VI = 3.3 V Á µa IIL Á Low-level input current ÁÁ SHUTDOWN, VDD = 3.3 V, VI = 0 V µa operating characteristics, V DD = 3.3 V, T A = 25 C, R L = 8 Ω PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT PO Output power, see Note THD = 0.5%, See Figure mw Á THD + N Á Total harmonic distortion plus noise PO = 250 mw, f = 20 Hz to 4 khz, ÁÁ AV = 2 V/V See Figure 7.3% Á Á Á ÁÁ Á Maximum output power bandwidth AV = 2 V/V, THD = 3%, ÁÁ See Figure 7 ÁÁ 0 khz B Unity-gain bandwidth Open loop, See Figure 5.4 MHz Á Á Á Á Supply ripple rejection ratio f = khz, CB = µf, ÁÁ See Figure 2 ÁÁ 7 db ÁÁ AV = V/V, Vn Noise output voltage CB = 0. µf, ÁÁ RL = 32 Ω, See Figure 9 5 µv(rms) NOTE : Output power is measured at the output terminals of the device at f = khz. electrical characteristics at specified free-air temperature, V DD = 5 V, T A = 25 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT Differential output voltage ÁÁ SHUTDOWN = 0 V,, RF = 0 kωáá5 mv VOD Á 20 PSRRÁ Power supply rejection ratio ÁÁ VDD = 4.9 V to 5. V ÁÁ 78ÁÁ db IDD Á Supply current (see Figure 3) ÁÁ SHUTDOWN = 0 V, RF = 0 kω ÁÁ ma IDD(SD) Supply current, shutdown mode (see Figure 4) SHUTDOWN = VDD, RF = 0 kω µa IIH High-level input current SHUTDOWN, VDD = 5.5 V, VI = VDD µa IIL Low-level input current SHUTDOWN, VDD = 5.5 V, VI = 0 V µa operating characteristics, V DD = 5 V, T A = 25 C, R L = 8 Ω PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT ÁÁ PO Output power THD = 0.5%, See Figure ÁÁ mw THD + N Total harmonic distortion plus noise PO = 350 mw, f = 20 Hz to 4 khz, ÁÁ AV = 2 V/V See Figure % Á Maximum output power bandwidth ÁÁ AV = 2 V/V, THD = 2%, ÁÁ 0 ÁÁ khz See Figure ÁÁ B Unity-gain bandwidth Open loop, See Figure 6.4 ÁÁ MHz Á Á Á Á Supply ripple rejection ratio f = khz, CB = µf, ÁÁ See Figure 2 ÁÁ 65 db Á Noise output voltage ÁÁ AV = V/V, CB = 0. µf, ÁÁ 5 ÁÁ Vn RL = 32 Ω, See Figure 20 µv(rms) POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

4 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION Audio Input RI RF 4 IN VDD/2 VDD VO+ 6 5 CS µf VDD CI 3 IN+ + CB 0. µf 2 BYPASS VO 8 SHUTDOWN Bias Control + GND 7 Figure. Test Circuit TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Table of Graphs FIGURE ksvr Supply voltage rejection ratio Frequency 2 IDD Supply current Supply voltage 3, 4 PO Output power Supply voltage 5 Load resistance 6 Frequency 7, 8,, 2 THD +N Total harmonic distortion plus noise Output power 9, 0, 3, 4 Open loop gain and phase Frequency 5, 6 Closed loop gain and phase Frequency 7, 8 Vn Output noise voltage Frequency 9, 20 PD Power dissipation Output power 2, 22 4 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

5 TPA30 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 k SVR Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio db SUPPLY VOLTAGE REJECTION RATIO CB = µf VDD = 5 V VDD = 3.3 V k f Frequency Hz Figure 2 0 k 20 k I DD(q) Supply Current ma SHUTDOWN = 0 V RF = 0 kω SUPPLY CURRENT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VDD Supply Voltage V Figure SUPPLY CURRENT (SHUTDOWN) SUPPLY VOLTAGE SHUTDOWN = VDD RF = 0 kω I DD(SD) Supply Current µ A VDD Supply Voltage V 5.5 Figure 4 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

6 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS 000 THD+N % OUTPUT POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE Output Power mw O P RL = 32 Ω VDD Supply Voltage V Figure 5 OUTPUT POWER LOAD RESISTANCE THD+N = % Output Power mw O P VDD = 5 V VDD = 3.3 V RL Load Resistance Ω Figure 6 6 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

7 TPA30 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE VDD = 3.3 V PO = 250 mw AV = 0 V/V AV = 20 V/V k 0k f Frequency Hz AV = 2 V/V 20k THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE VDD = 3.3 V AV = 2 V/V PO = 50 mw PO = 250 mw k 0k f Frequency Hz PO = 25 mw 20k Figure 7 Figure 8 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE OUTPUT POWER VDD = 3.3 V f = khz AV = 2 V/V PO Output Power W THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE OUTPUT POWER f = 0 khz f = 20 khz f = khz f = 20 Hz PO Output Power W VDD = 3.3 V AV = 2 V/V Figure 9 Figure 0 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

8 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE VDD = 5 V PO = 350 mw AV = 0 V/V AV = 20 V/V k 0k f Frequency Hz AV = 2 V/V 20k THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE VDD = 5 V AV = 2 V/V PO = 350 mw PO = 50 mw k 0k f Frequency Hz PO = 75 mw 20k Figure Figure 2 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE OUTPUT POWER VDD = 5 V f = khz AV = 2 V/V PO Output Power W THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise % 0 0. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE OUTPUT POWER f = 20 Hz VDD = 5 V AV = 2 V/V f = 20 khz f = 0 khz f = khz PO Output Power W Figure 3 Figure 4 8 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

9 TPA30 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL OPEN-LOOP GAIN AND PHASE Gain Phase VDD = 3.3 V RL = Open Open-Loop Gain db Phase f Frequency khz Figure OPEN-LOOP GAIN AND PHASE Gain Phase VDD = 5 V RL = Open Open-Loop Gain db Phase f Frequency khz Figure 6 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

10 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS CLOSED-LOOP GAIN AND PHASE Phase Closed-Loop Gain db VDD = 3.3 V PO = 0.25 W CI = µf Gain f Frequency Hz Figure 7 Phase CLOSED-LOOP GAIN AND PHASE Phase Closed-Loop Gain db VDD = 5 V PO = 0.35 W CI = µf Gain f Frequency Hz Figure 8 Phase 0 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

11 TPA30 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 V(rms) Output Noise Voltage µ 00 0 OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE VDD = 3.3 V BW = 22 Hz to 22 khz RL = 32 Ω CB =0. µf AV = V/V VO BTL VO+ V(rms) Output Noise Voltage µ 00 0 OUTPUT NOISE VOLTAGE VDD = 5 V BW = 22 Hz to 22 khz RL = 32 Ω CB =0. µf AV = V/V VO BTL VO+ V n V n k 0 k f Frequency Hz 20 k k 0 k f Frequency Hz 20 k Figure 9 Figure POWER DISSIPATION OUTPUT POWER 720 POWER DISSIPATION OUTPUT POWER P D Power Dissipation mw VDD = 3.3 V P D Power Dissipation mw VDD = 5 V PO Output Power mw Figure PO Output Power mw Figure 22 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

12 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 bridge-tied load APPLICATION INFORMATION Figure 23 shows a linear audio power amplifier (APA) in a BTL configuration. The TPA30 BTL amplifier consists of two linear amplifiers driving both ends of the load. There are several potential benefits to this differential drive configuration but power to the load should be initially considered. The differential drive to the speaker means that as one side is slewing up, the other side is slewing down, and vice versa. This in effect doubles the voltage swing on the load as compared to a ground referenced load. Plugging 2 V O(PP) into the power equation, where voltage is squared, yields 4 the output power from the same supply rail and load impedance (see equation ). V (rms) Power V O(PP) V (rms) R L () VDD VO(PP) VDD RL 2x VO(PP) VO(PP) Figure 23. Bridge-Tied Load Configuration In a typical portable handheld equipment sound channel operating at 3.3 V, bridging raises the power into an 8-Ω speaker from a single-ended (SE, ground reference) limit of 62.5 mw to 250 mw. In sound power that is a 6-dB improvement which is loudness that can be heard. In addition to increased power, there are frequency response concerns. Consider the single-supply SE configuration shown in Figure 24. A coupling capacitor is required to block the dc offset voltage from reaching the load. These capacitors can be quite large (approximately 33 µf to 000 µf) so they tend to be expensive, heavy, occupy valuable PCB area, and have the additional drawback of limiting low-frequency performance of the system. This frequency limiting effect is due to the high pass filter network created with the speaker impedance and the coupling capacitance and is calculated with equation 2. 2 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

13 TPA30 APPLICATION INFORMATION SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 bridge-tied load versus single-ended mode f (corner) 2R L C C (2) For example, a 68-µF capacitor with an 8-Ω speaker would attenuate low frequencies below 293 Hz. The BTL configuration cancels the dc offsets, eliminating the need for the blocking capacitors. Low-frequency performance is then limited only by the input network and speaker response. Cost and PCB space are also minimized by eliminating the bulky coupling capacitor. VDD VO(PP) 3 db CC RL VO(PP) Figure 24. Single-Ended Configuration and Frequency Response Increasing power to the load does carry a penalty of increased internal power dissipation. The increased dissipation is understandable considering that the BTL configuration produces 4 the output power of a SE configuration. Internal dissipation versus output power is discussed further in the thermal considerations section. BTL amplifier efficiency Linear amplifiers are notoriously inefficient. The primary cause of these inefficiencies is voltage drop across the output stage transistors. There are two components of the internal voltage drop. One is the headroom or dc voltage drop that varies inversely to output power. The second component is due to the sinewave nature of the output. The total voltage drop can be calculated by subtracting the RMS value of the output voltage from V DD. The internal voltage drop multiplied by the RMS value of the supply current, I DD rms, determines the internal power dissipation of the amplifier. An easy-to-use equation to calculate efficiency starts out as being equal to the ratio of power from the power supply to the power delivered to the load. To accurately calculate the RMS values of power in the load and in the amplifier, the current and voltage waveform shapes must first be understood (see Figure 25). fc VO IDD V(LRMS) IDD(RMS) Figure 25. Voltage and Current Waveforms for BTL Amplifiers POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

14 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 BTL amplifier efficiency (continued) APPLICATION INFORMATION Although the voltages and currents for SE and BTL are sinusoidal in the load, currents from the supply are very different between SE and BTL configurations. In an SE application the current waveform is a half-wave rectified shape, whereas in BTL it is a full-wave rectified waveform. This means RMS conversion factors are different. Keep in mind that for most of the waveform both the push and pull transistors are not on at the same time, which supports the fact that each amplifier in the BTL device only draws current from the supply for half the waveform. The following equations are the basis for calculating amplifier efficiency. Efficiency P L P SUP (3) where P L V L rms2 R L V 2 p 2R L V L rms V P 2 P SUP V DD I DD rms V DD 2V P R L I DD rms 2V P R L Efficiency of a BTL Configuration V P 2V DD P L R L 2 2 2V DD (4) Table employs equation 4 to calculate efficiencies for three different output power levels. The efficiency of the amplifier is quite low for lower power levels and rises sharply as power to the load is increased resulting in a nearly flat internal power dissipation over the normal operating range. The internal dissipation at full output power is less than in the half power range. Calculating the efficiency for a specific system is the key to proper power supply design. Table. Efficiency Output Power in 3.3-V 8-Ω BTL Systems OUTPUT POWER (W) EFFICIENCY (%) PEAK-to-PEAK VOLTAGE (V) INTERNAL DISSIPATION (W) High-peak voltage values cause the THD to increase. A final point to remember about linear amplifiers (either SE or BTL) is how to manipulate the terms in the efficiency equation to utmost advantage when possible. Note that in equation 4, V DD is in the denominator. This indicates that as V DD goes down, efficiency goes up. 4 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

15 TPA30 APPLICATION INFORMATION SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 application schematic Figure 26 is a schematic diagram of a typical handheld audio application circuit, configured for a gain of 0 V/V. Audio Input CF 5 pf RF 50 kω 4 IN VDD/2 VDD VO+ 6 5 CS µf VDD CI 0.47 µf RI 0 kω 3 IN+ + 2 BYPASS CB 2.2 µf VO mw From System Control SHUTDOWN Bias Control + GND 7 Figure 26. TPA30 Application Circuit The following sections discuss the selection of the components used in Figure 26. component selection gain setting resistors, R F and R I The gain for each audio input of the TPA30 is set by resistors R F and R I according to equation 5 for BTL mode. BTL Gain A V 2 R F (5) R I BTL mode operation brings about the factor 2 in the gain equation due to the inverting amplifier mirroring the voltage swing across the load. Given that the TPA30 is a MOS amplifier, the input impedance is very high, consequently input leakage currents are not generally a concern, although noise in the circuit increases as the value of R F increases. In addition, a certain range of R F values are required for proper start-up operation of the amplifier. Taken together it is recommended that the effective impedance seen by the inverting node of the amplifier be set between 5 kω and 20 kω. The effective impedance is calculated in equation 6. Effective Impedance R F R I R R F I (6) POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

16 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 component selection (continued) APPLICATION INFORMATION As an example, consider an input resistance of 0 kω and a feedback resistor of 50 kω. The BTL gain of the amplifier would be 0 V/V, and the effective impedance at the inverting terminal would be 8.3 kω, which is well within the recommended range. For high performance applications metal film resistors are recommended because they tend to have lower noise levels than carbon resistors. For values of R F above 50 kω the amplifier tends to become unstable due to a pole formed from R F and the inherent input capacitance of the MOS input structure. For this reason, a small compensation capacitor, C F, of approximately 5 pf should be placed in parallel with R F when R F is greater than 50 kω. This, in effect, creates a low-pass filter network with the cutoff frequency defined in equation 7. 3 db f co(lowpass) 2R F C F (7) For example, if R F is 00 kω and C F is 5 pf then f co is 38 khz, which is well outside the audio range. input capacitor, C I In the typical application an input capacitor, C I, is required to allow the amplifier to bias the input signal to the proper dc level for optimum operation. In this case, C I and R I form a high-pass filter with the corner frequency determined in equation 8. fco 3 db f co(highpass) 2R I C I (8) The value of C I is important to consider as it directly affects the bass (low frequency) performance of the circuit. Consider the example where R I is 0 kω and the specification calls for a flat bass response down to 40 Hz. Equation 8 is reconfigured as equation 9. fco C I 2R I f co (9) 6 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

17 TPA30 APPLICATION INFORMATION SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 component selection (continued) In this example, C I is 0.40 µf so one would likely choose a value in the range of 0.47 µf to µf. A further consideration for this capacitor is the leakage path from the input source through the input network (R I, C I ) and the feedback resistor (R F ) to the load. This leakage current creates a dc offset voltage at the input to the amplifier that reduces useful headroom, especially in high gain applications. For this reason a low-leakage tantalum or ceramic capacitor is the best choice. When polarized capacitors are used, the positive side of the capacitor should face the amplifier input in most applications, as the dc level there is held at V DD /2, which is likely higher than the source dc level. It is important to confirm the capacitor polarity in the application. power supply decoupling, C S The TPA30 is a high-performance CMOS audio amplifier that requires adequate power supply decoupling to ensure the output total harmonic distortion (THD) is as low as possible. Power supply decoupling also prevents oscillations for long lead lengths between the amplifier and the speaker. The optimum decoupling is achieved by using two capacitors of different types that target different types of noise on the power supply leads. For higher frequency transients, spikes, or digital hash on the line, a good low equivalent-series-resistance (ESR) ceramic capacitor, typically 0. µf, placed as close as possible to the device V DD lead, works best. For filtering lower-frequency noise signals, a larger aluminum electrolytic capacitor of 0 µf or greater placed near the audio power amplifier is recommended. midrail bypass capacitor, C B The midrail bypass capacitor, C B, is the most critical capacitor and serves several important functions. During start-up or recovery from shutdown mode, C B determines the rate at which the amplifier starts up. The second function is to reduce noise produced by the power supply caused by coupling into the output drive signal. This noise is from the midrail generation circuit internal to the amplifier, which appears as degraded PSRR and THD + N. The capacitor is fed from a 250-kΩ source inside the amplifier. To keep the start-up pop as low as possible, the relationship shown in equation 0 should be maintained, which insures the input capacitor is fully charged before the bypass capacitor is fully charged and the amplifier starts up. 0 C B 250 kω R F R I C I As an example, consider a circuit where C B is 2.2 µf, C I is 0.47 µf, R F is 50 kω and R I is 0 kω. Inserting these values into the equation 0 we get: which satisfies the rule. Bypass capacitor, C B, values of 2.2 µf to µf ceramic or tantalum low-esr capacitors are recommended for the best THD and noise performance. using low-esr capacitors Low-ESR capacitors are recommended throughout this application. A real (as opposed to ideal) capacitor can be modeled simply as a resistor in series with an ideal capacitor. The voltage drop across this resistor minimizes the beneficial effects of the capacitor in the circuit. The lower the equivalent value of this resistance, the more the real capacitor behaves like an ideal capacitor. (0) POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

18 TPA30 SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 APPLICATION INFORMATION 5-V versus 3.3-V operation The TPA30 operates over a supply range of 2.5 V to 5.5 V. This data sheet provides full specifications for 5-V and 3.3-V operation, as these are considered to be the two most common standard voltages. There are no special considerations for 3.3-V versus 5-V operation with respect to supply bypassing, gain setting, or stability. The most important consideration is that of output power. Each amplifier in TPA30 can produce a maximum voltage swing of V DD V. This means, for 3.3-V operation, clipping starts to occur when V O(PP) = 2.3 V as opposed to V O(PP) = 4 V at 5 V. The reduced voltage swing subsequently reduces maximum output power into an 8-Ω load before distortion becomes significant. Operation from 3.3-V supplies, as can be shown from the efficiency formula in equation 4, consumes approximately two-thirds the supply power for a given output-power level than operation from 5-V supplies. headroom and thermal considerations Linear power amplifiers dissipate a significant amount of heat in the package under normal operating conditions. A typical music CD requires 2 db to 5 db of dynamic headroom to pass the loudest portions without distortion as compared with the average power output. From the TPA30 data sheet, one can see that when the TPA30 is operating from a 5-V supply into a 8-Ω speaker 350 mw peaks are available. Converting watts to db: P db 0LogP W 0Log 3500 mw 4.6 db Subtracting the headroom restriction to obtain the average listening level without distortion yields: 4.6 db 5 db 9.6 db (5 db headroom) 4.6 db 2 db 6.6 db (2 db headroom) 4.6 db 9dB 3.6 db (9 db headroom) 4.6 db 6dB 0.6 db (6 db headroom) 4.6 db 3dB 7.6 db (3 db headroom) Converting db back into watts: P W 0 PdB0 mw (5 db headroom) 22 mw (2 db headroom) 44 mw (9 db headroom) 88 mw (6 db headroom) 75 mw (3 db headroom) 8 POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

19 TPA30 APPLICATION INFORMATION headroom and thermal considerations (continued) SLOS208D JANUARY998 REVISED APRIL 2003 This is valuable information to consider when attempting to estimate the heat dissipation requirements for the amplifier system. Comparing the absolute worst case, which is 350 mw of continuous power output with 0 db of headroom, against 2 db and 5 db applications drastically affects maximum ambient temperature ratings for the system. Using the power dissipation curves for a 5-V, 8-Ω system, the internal dissipation in the TPA30 and maximum ambient temperatures is shown in Table 2. PEAK OUTPUT POWER (mw) Table 2. TPA30 Power Rating, 5-V, 8-Ω, BTL AVERAGE OUTPUT POWER POWER DISSIPATION (mw) MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 0 CFM mw C mw (3 db) C mw (6 db) C mw (9 db) C mw (2 db) C 350 mw (5 db) 80 9 C Table 2 shows that the TPA30 can be used to its full 350-mW rating without any heat sinking in still air up to 46 C. POST OFFICE BOX DALLAS, TEXAS

20 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment. TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any TI patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process in which TI products or services are used. Information published by TI regarding third party products or services does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof. Use of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property of the third party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI. Reproduction of information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and notices. Reproduction of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for such altered documentation. Resale of TI products or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated TI product or service and is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for any such statements. Mailing Address: Texas Instruments Post Office Box Dallas, Texas Copyright 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated