Overview of Localisation Technologies

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1 ASK-IT for Technical Providers Overview of Localisation Technologies With RFID/Smartdust and Galileo 13 th October Stuttgart Richard Fairchild r.g.fairchild@ncl.ac.uk School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences PGR Centre, Cassie Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England

2 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Mobile phone based technologies Wireless network based technologies Summary Conclusion

3 ASK-IT Outline to provide personalised, configurable, intuitive and context-related applications and services. These will be derived from a number of sources and will be made available via a web-based system serving a variety of fixed and mobile devices. (ASK-IT Outline)

4 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Mobile phone based technologies Wireless network based technologies Summary Conclusion

5 Technology in context Need to match localisation technology with user location and profile Must appreciate limitations of technologies Redundancy Why? GPS in a multi level indoor shopping centre Wireless networking in large open areas

6 Context: User location Outdoors Dense urban cities Low density urban suburbs Open areas recreation grounds, tourist areas

7 Context: User location Indoors Shopping centres Sports centres Transport interchanges Hotel / Restaurant / Bar / Other leisure

8 Context: User profile Pedestrian Weight Power Portability Discreteness Compatibility Smartphone PDA

9 PDA in-car Context: User profile Transport user Integration Power Display Private / Public Full in-car solution

10 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Mobile phone based technologies Wireless network based technologies Summary Conclusion

11 Satellite Technologies Galileo GPS Differential Corrections EGNOS SISNeT GPS Satellite

12 Galileo basic facts European GPS 30 satellites 27 active + 3 spare 10 SVs in 3 orbits Altitude of km Operational: 2010 Galileo constellation Image: ESA, J. Huart

13 Galileo Launch Schedule Image: ESA Currently lab testing Galileo test bed satellite launch end 2005 Test campaign for 2.5 years Secure Galileo frequencies Atomic clock characterisation Test signals broadcast Operating environment surveyed

14 Galileo Constellation Population Launch by Ariane 5 Europe s heavy launcher Up to 10 tonnes payload mass Capable of holding 8 Galileo satellites Payload of 8 Galileo satellites Image: Astrium

16 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) OS two free civil signals CS provides added value PRS for security agencies SoL gives integrity warnings SAR for fast rescue operations

17 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) Free open access service for civilian users. Provides position, timing and velocity information Two frequencies, support for single frequency users

18 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) Provides added value External agencies able to buy bandwidth Built on top of OS Two further frequencies Data carrier available for transmission of data such as maps/charts, databases & correction data

19 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) Devoted to security agencies Anti-spoofing and anti-jamming

20 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) Provides integrity warnings to OS users 12 m horizontal 20 m vertical 6 seconds time to alarm Free service, though charge for equipment (tbc)

21 Galileo Services Open Service (OS) Commercial Service (CS) Public Regulated Service (PRS) Safety of Life (SoL) Search & Rescue (SAR) Provides added functionality on top of current SARSAT / COSPAS Uses data carrier for acknowledgements Accurate position at time of alert

22 From Forrest, W., 2002 Galileo Performance Type of Receiver Coverage Accuracy (95%) Open Service Carriers Single Frequency Dual-Frequency Computes Integrity Ionospheric correction No Based on simple model H: 15 m V: 35 m Global Based on dualfrequency measurements H: 4 m V: 8m Integrity Alarm Limit Time-To-Alarm Not Applicable Integrity risk Continuity Risk 8x10-6 /15 s Timing Accuracy wrt UTC/TAI Not defined 50 nsec Certification/Liability No No Availability 99 % % Service Performance for Open Service with the Satellite Navigation Signals only and without any other augmentations.

23 GPS GPS and Galileo very similar Differences Galileo two civil frequencies from start GPS one civil frequency, one more in future SoL life service not available with GPS (currently) 95% Confidence Horizontal accuracy 15 m Vertical accuracy 28 m Average GPS accuracy 95% Confidence Horizontal accuracy 2 m Vertical accuracy 4 m Average GPS accuracy with differential correction Ref: users.erols.com

24 GNSS Multipath Effects (Evans, J., 2005)

25 (Evans, J., 2005)

26 (Evans, J., 2005)

27 Differential Corrections DGPS, WAAS etc. Basic theory: Two receivers, stationary known position and roving receiver Stationary receiver works out timing signals from GNSS coordinates and its known position Stationary receiver compares real with receivers Difference is correction factor Transmitted in local area

28 Augmentation technologies EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service Three satellites Contains information about accuracy and reliability plus correctional data Allows users to determine position to about 5 meters Operational early 2006 SISNeT Signal in Space over internet Gives access to wide area differential corrections including EGNOS integrity messages Gets over problems that satellites have in urban areas including EGNOS

29 EGNOS Demonstration Used in German round of World Rally Championships in August Simultaneous recording of GPS and EGNOS data Comparison of positing by displaying GPS and EGNOS position of the car relative to highly accurately surveyed track

30 EGNOS Demonstration

31 Satellite Technology for Localisation Points to consider: Outdoor Large error block size Urban canyons Indoor? Signals through (wireless) internet Compactness of current devices Low cost mature technology

32 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Mobile phone based technologies Wireless network based technologies Summary Conclusion

33 RFID System Radio Frequency IDentification A complete RFID system has three key components and maybe extended Image: GAO

RFID System - Tags Quite mature technology Friend of Foe -1939 Comprises of antenna (wire coil), microchip and is most often stuck to the

34 RFID System - Tags Quite mature technology Friend of Foe Comprises of antenna (wire coil), microchip and is most often stuck to the underside of a label Uses: Security (stock) Inventory systems Freight handling Image: GAO The back (underside) of a typical simple RFID tag

35 RFID

36 RFID Tag Classification By power: Passive Not powered Active Has internal battery or connected to an external power source Hence greater cost By radio frequency transmission ability: Passive RF Can only transmit data by reflecting incoming electromagnetic waves Active RF Can transmit data by using internal power source to power aerial and microchip

37 RFID Tag Classification By tag type: Type I Read-only Type II Read/write Type II+ As type II but with enhanced external features Type II++ As type II but with serial connection Type III Read/write plus LCD display Type IV Read/write as smartcard

Proximity smartcard and reader RFID Sytem - Reader RF passive, non-powered tags: Reader initiates conversation Reader emits RF energy that cause a

38 Proximity smartcard and reader RFID Sytem - Reader RF passive, non-powered tags: Reader initiates conversation Reader emits RF energy that cause a current flow in the antenna and powers the chip Reader extracts data from the chip via the antenna and powers off RFID reader in stock room (

39 RFID System - Reader Powered, RF active tags: Reader or tag may initiate conversation Tag uses power source to power microchip and send data via antenna Range is larger than RF passive tags Read write tags may have new data written e.g. road user charging Image:

40 ate Road-91 Express Lanes (SR91) in Orange ounty, CA the first totally automated electronic toll llection system in the U.S Image:

41 RFID Performance Characteristics tags / s tags / s

42 RFID Tags Size and Costs Size: any size, from in car units smart cards stock labels millimetre dimensions A 0.25mm 2 RFID tag Image: smartcode Cost: average price for passive type I tags around 0,15-0,40 Ultra small in large quantities 0,05 More complex tags with long transmission range 17 ($20)

43 RFID Standards EPCglobal Class 1 Generation 2 RFID Specification Establishes a single UHF specification over several previous ones Sets minimum read and write speeds to 500 / 30 tags/sec

44 RFID for Localisation RFID tags in doorways, lifts, shop fronts, breadcrumb trail Map database integrated into reader Considerations: Power Range Low cost simple tags

45 Newcastle Smart Sign Project SmartSign NCLU/0008

46 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Cellular phone based technologies Wireless network technologies Summary Conclusion

47 Images: intel, xbow Motes > smartdust Similar to Class IV RFID tags RF active Powered Tiny OS Sensor stack Smartdust (motes)

48 Ad Hoc Networks

Smartdust @ Newcastle ASTRA project Smartdust corridor Network reporting

49 Newcastle ASTRA project Smartdust corridor Network reporting of bus position Demonstration of use for localisation Various MSc projects

50 Newcastle Smartdust Corridor

Smartdust for Localisation Similar characteristics to RFID IEEE802.11.

51 Smartdust for Localisation Similar characteristics to RFID IEEE x standards widely used Hence better compatibility with existing equipment Costs: Current devices are not cheap 140 for MICA2 mote Smartdust costs will be signifcantly lower

52 Contents ASK-IT Outline Technology in context Satellite technologies RFID Smartdust Mobile phone based technologies Wireless network based technologies Summary Conclusion

53 Mobile phone based technologies Cellular mobile phone based GSM (TDMA) Triangulation method gives horizontal accuracy of meters 3G (CDMA) Smaller sized cells with greater overlapping accuracy more than that of TDMA networks 4G phones will have GPS chips inside to allow the phone to calculate it s position

Mobile phone based technologies Mobile Phone Features Good in urban areas where cells overlap Can be used indoors with additional network access

54 Mobile phone based technologies Mobile Phone Features Good in urban areas where cells overlap Can be used indoors with additional network access points e.g. Metrocentre though leaky coaxial not suitable Tend to have good network strength around major road networks Limited signal in remote areas

and calculate position Mobile ad-hoc Allows information from devices

55 Wireless Networks Wireless networks Infrastructure based e.g. university network, device can detect range to nearest access points and calculate position Mobile ad-hoc Allows information from devices with knowledge to pass to other devices and so on e.g. traffic jams Bluetooth Smartdust

56 Key Issues 1. Technology must be compatible with the users mode of travel and application area 2. Accuracy of localisation signal 3. Compatibility with existing equipment 4. Unit cost 5. Combination & redundancy of technologies

57 References and links Kennedy Group European Space Agency SmartCode Corp. United States Government Accountability Office EPCglobal Inc. Intel Xbow Evans, J. 2005, Central London Congestion Charging Scheme, presentation, October 7th

Agenda Motivation Systems and Sensors Algorithms Implementation Conclusion & Outlook

Overview of Current Indoor Navigation Techniques and Implementation Studies FIG ww 2011 - Marrakech and Christian Lukianto HafenCity University Hamburg 21 May 2011 1 Agenda Motivation Systems and Sensors