Examination Copyright reserved Module EMK June 2006
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1 Departement Elektriese, Elektroniese en Rekenaar-Ingenieurswese Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Eksamen Kopiereg voorbehou Module EMK Junie 2006 Examination Copyright reserved Module EMK June 2006 Toetsinligting: Test information: Maksimum punte: Maximum marks: Duur van vraestel: Duration of paper: minute 180 minutes Totale aantal bladsye (hierdie blad ingesluit): Total numer of pages (including this page): Volpunte: Full marks: Oopboek / toeboek: Open / closed book: 19 Pages/Bladsye 150 Datavelle en handboek toegelaat. Geen nota's. Datasheets and textbook allowed. No notes. BELANGRIK- IMPORTANT 1. Die eksamenregulasies van die Universiteit van Pretoria geld. The examination regulations of the University of Pretoria apply. 2. Skryf u naam en studentenommer op hierdie vraestel in die spasie hieronder voorsien. Write your name and student number on this question paper in the space provided below. 3. In die onwaarskynlike geval waar die Afrikaanse en Engelse vertaling van 'n vraag nie heeltemal ooreenstem nie, moet u asb. vanaf die Engelse vraag werk. In the improbable case where the Afrikaans and English translations of a question do not correspond entirely, the English question will take precedence. Dosent(e): Lecturer(s): Naam: Name: 1. Mr DW Ngwenya 2. Dr. T. Hanekom Groephoof: Ek bevestig dat die vraestel die uitkomstes toets soos gespesifiseer in die studiehandleiding. Group head: I confirm that the question paper evaluates the outcomes as specified in the study guide. Groephoof: Group Head: Prof GP Hancke Handtekening: Signature: Studentenommer: Student number: Question 1 [10] Question 6 [15] Question 2 [35] Question 7 [21] Question 3 [15] Question 8 [15] Question 4 [18] Question 9 [9] Question 5 [12] Total [150] Filed copy
2 Vraag / Question 1 [10] Bestudeer die volgende kode vir 'n 8051-tipe mikrobeheerder. Consider the following code for an 8051 type microcontroller. CLR MOV ADDC C A,#25H A,#10H a. Wat is die waarde van die akkumulator aan die einde van die kodesnit? What is the value of the accumulator at the end of the code snippet? [1] b. Veronderstel 'n onderbreking kom na die MOV-instruksie voor, waartydens die oordragbis gestel word en die waarde van die akkumulator na 40h verander word. Wat is die waarde van die akkumulator na die ADDC-instruksie wanneer die onderbreking voltooi is en beheer weer aan die hoofprogram oorgegee is? Suppose an interrupt, during which the carry bit is set and the value of the accumulator is changed to 40h, occurs just after the MOV instruction. What is the value of the accumulator after the ADDC instruction when the interrupt finishes and control is passed back to the main program? [2] c. Skryf 'n onderbreking-subroetine om 'n generiese metode te demonstreer om hierdie spesifieke probleem te vermy. Write an interrupt handler to demonstrate a generic method to avoid this specific problem. [7] Vraag / Question 2 [35] 'n Bioniese oor (kogleêre inplanting) word gebruik om die oorblywende gehoorsenuweevesels van 'n gehoorgestremde persoon binne-in die binne-oor EMK310 Semester Test
3 (koglea) te stimuleer om sodoende klanksensasies te skep. Hedendaagse inplantings is multikanaalinplantings waar 'n hele aantal miniatuur elektrodes gebruik word om die oorlewende senuweevesels te aktiveer. Elke elektrode veroorsaak tipies 'n klank met 'n unieke toonhoogte. Nuwer inplantings beskik ook oor die vermoeë om die senuwee-aktiwiteit a.g.v. 'n elektriese stimulus te meet. Dit word gedoen deurdat die stelsel 'n stimulus genereer wat via die elektrodes aangelê word oor die senuwees, waarna die elektrodes weer as tasters gebruik word om die senuweerespons a.g.v. die stimulus te meet. Die senuweerespons wat so gemeet word staan bekend as 'n elektries-ontlokte saamgestelde aksiepotensiaal (ESAP) omdat 'n elektrode die gesommeerde elektriese aktiwiteit van 'n hele aantal senuwees waarneem. Die ESAP is dus 'n elektrofisiologiese maatstaf van die ouditiewe senuwee se reaksie op elektriese stimulasie. U moet 'n konsepsuele ontwerp en implementering doen vir 'n meetstelsel om die ESAP waar te neem. Die ESAP is baie klein (in die orde van mikrovolts) en word tipies deur omgewingsruis verswelg. Dit kan net waargeneem word indien 'n reeks identiese opnames gemaak word en die gemiddeld daarvan bereken word. Deur die gemiddeld van die opnames te neem, word die willekeurige komponent in die sein (m.a.w. ruis) gekanselleer. Om die ESAP te meet, moet u stelsel die gemiddeld van drie senuweeresponse bepaal, m.a.w. vir elkeen van die drie opnames moet 'n stimulus gesneller word en die senuweerespons gemeet word oor tyd. (Tipies sou mens in die orde van 1000 opnames of meer gebruik, maar vir die toetsstelsel sal ons die aantal opnames tot drie beperk). 'n Basiese vloeidiagram van die stelsel word in die figuur getoon. A bionic ear (cochlear implant) is used to stimulate the remaining auditory nerve fibres inside the inner-ear (cochlea) of a hearing-impaired person to create sound sensations. Modern implants are multichannel implants that use a number of miniature electrodes to activate the nerve fibres. Each electrode typically causes a sound with a unique pitch. Newer implants also have the ability to measure neural activity caused by an electrical stimulus. To do this the system generates a stimulus that is applied to the nerve fibres via the electrodes, after which the electrodes are then used as probes to detect the neural response caused by the stimulus. The neural response measured in this way is known as an electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) since the summed electrical activity of a number of nerve fibres are detected by an electrode. The ECAP is thus an electrophysiological measure of the auditory nerve's reaction to electrical stimulation. You have to perform a conceptual design and implementation for a measuring system to detect the ECAP response. The amplitude of the ECAP is very small (of the order of micro volts) and is typically swamped by environmental noise. It can only be detected by taking a number of identical recordings and calculating the average of these recordings. The random component of the signal (i.e. noise) is cancelled by taking the average of the recordings. To measure the ECAP response, your system has to calculate the average of three neural responses, i.e. for each of the three recordings a stimulus has to be triggered and the neural response must be recorded over time. (One would typically use in the order of 1000 or more recordings, but we will limit the number of recordings to three for the test system). A rudimentary flow diagram of the system is shown in the figure. EMK310 Semester Test
4 1 Begin Begin 2 Trigger stimulus & increment counter Sneller stimulus en inkrementeer teller 3 Measure nerve activity Meet senuweeaktiwiteit 4 Store recoding Stoor opname 5 Counter = 3? Teller = 3? Nee / No Ja / Yes Calculate ECAP (average of recordings) Bereken ESAP (gemiddeld 6 van opnames) 7 End Einde Maak gebruik van 'n XC866 om die toetsweergawe van die stelsel te implementeer. Aanvaar dat die insetsein (gemete senuwee-aktiwiteit) na die A/D voorversterk is om die volle bereik van die A/D te gebruik. Use an XC866 to implement the test version of the system. Assume that the input signal (measured neural response) is preamplified to make use of the full range of the A/D. a. Skryf die kode om die A/D op die XC866 op te stel vir parallelle bron omsetting. Gebruik 8-bis resolusie en skryf die uitset van die A/D na resultaat register 1. Stel slegs die registers op soos hieronder aangedui. Write the code to set up the A/D on the XC866 for parallel source conversion. Use 8-bit resolution and write the output of the A/D to result register 1. Only set up the registers as requested below. [7] ; Configure global control functions ; Configure arbitration control functions EMK310 Semester Test
5 ; Configure channel control information ; ; Configure result control information ; Setup parallel source ; Turn on analog part b. Gestel die bandwydte van die ESAP-sein is 1000 Hz. Teen watter tempo moet die sein gemonster word om seinkwaliteit te waarborg? Motiveer u antwoord. At which rate should the signal be sampled to guarantee signal fidelity if the bandwidth of the ECAP signal is 1000 Hz? Justify your answer. [2] c. Teken 'n gedetailleerde vloeidiagram vir die kode wat die meetlus moet uitvoer (blokke 2,3,4 en 5) en die ESAP bereken (blok 6). Aanvaar elke opname moet oor 4 ms geneem word teen 'n monstertempo van 1 khz, m.a.w. vier monsters per opname. (Dit is natuurlik heeltemal te stadig om die sein akuraat voor te stel, maar demonstreer die werking van die stelsel). Om die stimulusgenerator te sneller moet u 'n 1 ms puls uitskryf op 'n inset/uitset-lyn. U kan aanvaar dat die stimulusgenerator 'n eksterne toestel is wat slegs 'n puls vanaf die XC866 benodig om 'n stimulus te genereer. Die monsters moet sekwensieel vanaf geheueposisie Start_data gestoor word. Register Sample_count word gebruik om te tel hoeveel EMK310 Semester Test
6 monsters per senuweerespons geneem is. Register Mem_count word gebruik om die geheueposisie waarheen die data geskryf word te definieer. Register Rec_count word gebruik om te tel hoeveel senuweeresponse gemeet is. Vul die blokke in wat met 'n ster gemerk is. 'n Wenk van wat u moet invul word gegee: "Action" beteken u moet 'n aksie beskryf; "pin" beteken u moet ook 'n spesifieke pen definieer vir die aksie wat beskryf word. "Regs" beteken u moet ook die registers wat by die aksie betrokke is insluit. Draw a detailed flow diagram for the code that has to execute the measuring loop (blocks 2,3,4, and 5) and calculate the ECAP (block 6). Assume each recording has to be taken over 4 ms at a sampling rate of 1 khz, i.e. four samples for each recording. (This is far too slow to represent the signal accurately, but is adequate to demonstrate the functioning of the system). You must write a 1 ms pulse to an I/O line to trigger the stimulus generator. You may assume that the stimulus generator is an external device that only needs a pulse from the XC866 to generate a stimulus. The samples must be stored sequentially from memory location Start_data. Register Sample_count is used to count the number of samples taken for each neural response. Register Mem_count is used to define the memory location to which the data is written. Register Rec_count is used to count the number of neural responses that are recorded. Fill in the blocks marked with a star. Hints toward the nature of the answers that you should give are given in brackets: "Action" means you have to describe an action; "pin" means you have to define a specific pin for the action described; "Regs" means you also have to include the relevant registers. [7] EMK310 Semester Test
7 Trigger stimulus (action + pin) Increment register Sample_count with 1 (Action) Move A/D output to Start_data + Mem_count Increment register Mem_count with 1 (Action) Sample_counter = 4? Rec_counter = 4? (Action & regs) Save to register sample1 (Action & regs) Save to register sample2 (Action & regs) Save to register sample3 (Action & regs) Save to register sample4 EMK310 Semester Test
8 d. Skryf die kode om die meetlus uit te voer n.a.v. die vloeidiagram in c. Gebruik tydhouers in modus 2 (8-bis teller met outomatiese herlaaifunksie) om vertraging(s) te implementeer. Gebruik die veranderlikes se name soos in c. gedefinieer. Skryf kommentaar om u kode toe te lig. Write the code to execute the recording loop with reference to the flow diagram in c. Use timers in mode 2 (8 bit counter with automatic reload) to implement delay(s). Use the variables' names as defined in c. Comment you code. [18] EMK310 Semester Test
9 Vraag / Question 3 [15] U moet 'n PIC16F628A-gebaseerde stelsel ontwerp wat kan onderskei tussen ses verskillende onderbrekingsbronne: RB0/INT onderbreking, TMR0 onderbreking en die vier PORTB onderbrekings. You have to design a PIC16F628-based system that can distinguish between six different interrupt sources: RB0/INT interrupt, TMR0 interrupt and the four PORTB interrupts. a. Voltooi die vloeidiagram hieronder vir die kode wat nodig sal wees om tussen die onderbrekings te onderskei. Complete the flow diagram below for the code that will be required to distinguish between interrupt sources. [10] EMK310 Semester Test
10 EMK310 Semester Test Program counter jumps to 0004h Store condition of to TEMP Nee / No Nee / No Ja / Yes Ja / Yes Interrupt occurred Interrupt occurred Nee / No Nee / No Nee / No Ja / Yes Ja / Yes Ja / Yes
11 b. Skryf die kode vir die gedeelte binne die stippellyn. Write the code for the part within the dashed line. [5] Vraag / Question 4 [18] GS-motors word baie gebruik in beheertoepassings. Die spoed van die motor hang af van die GS-stroom (gemiddelde stroom: gelykstroom?) wat die motor trek. Dit word egter soms beter geag om nie van analoog reguleringsmetodes gebruik te maak nie, veral waar digitale beheer betrokke is. Die volgende vraag raak aan 'n paar aspekte aangaande GS-motorbeheer. DC motors are often used in control applications. The speed of the motor depends on the DC, or average, current being drawn by the motor. However, it is not always desirable to use analogue means to control the DC power being delivered to a motor, especially where digital control is involved. The following question touches on a few aspects of digital DC motor control. a. 'n Blokgolf varieer tussen 0 en 10 V. Bereken die WGK (wortel-gemiddeldkwadraat) spanningswaarde van die sein indien die seine dienssikulsse het van: A square wave function varies between values 0 and 10 V. Determine the RMS (root mean square) voltage value of signals having a duty cycle of: [3] 50 %: [V] 80 %: [V] 100 %: [V] EMK310 Semester Test
12 b. Indien hierdie spanning oor 'n 70 las aangelê word, wat is die gemiddelde, of WGK-stroom en die resulterende drywingsverbruik in die las vir die drie gevalle? If this voltage is applied to a load of 70, what is the average, or RMS current and the associated power dissipation of the load for the above three cases? [6] Stroom / Current Drywing / Power 50 %: [ma] [mw] 80 %: [ma] [mw] 100 %: [ma] [mw] c. Die stroombaan soos gegee word gebruik om 'n motor te dryf. Die transistor dien as 'n skakelaar, met 'n versadigingspanning van 0.5 V in die "AAN" toestand. Neem die omkeer aard van werking in ag en aanvaar 'n 70 weerstand vir die motor en 'n 10 V toevoerspanning. Beantwoord die volgende: The circuit as shown is used to drive a motor. The transistor acts as a switch, with a saturation voltage of 0.5 V in the ON state. Take into account the inverting nature of operation and assume a resistance of 70 for the motor and a power supply voltage of 10 V. Complete the questions below: V CC = 10 V CCP1/RB3 M V CE-sat = 0.5 V Bereken die spanning oor die motor terwyl die transistor "AF" is: Calculate the voltage across the motor while the transistor is OFF : [2] Bereken die spanning oor die motor terwyl die transistor "AAN" is: Calculate the voltage across the motor while the transistor is "ON": [2] EMK310 Semester Test
13 d. Die toepassing vereis dat 116 mw drywing aan die motor gelewer moet word. Bereken die (%) dienssiklus van die sein oor die motor, sowel as die (%) dienssiklus van die sein soos nodig op pennetjie CCP1/RB3 van die mikrobeheerder (PIC16F628). Toon alle berekeninge. It is required to deliver 116 mw power to the motor. Calculate the (%) duty cycle of the signal across the motor, as well as the (%) duty cycle of the signal necessary on pin CCP1/RB3 of the microcontroller (PIC16F628). Show all calculations clearly. [5] Vraag / Question 5 [12] Deur van 'n PIC16F628 met 'n ossillatorfrekwensie van 4 MHz gebruik te maak, kan die vereistes in Vraag 4 gerealiseer word deur van die interne Puls-Wydte-Modulasie (PWM) module gebruik te maak. Beantwoord die volgende vrae en gebruik slegs simboliese register- en pennetjiename. Using a PIC16F628 microcontroller with a oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the requirements in Question 4 can be met using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) module built into the microcontroller. Answer the following questions, using symbolic register and pin names only: a. Vir 'n PWM-frekwensie van Hz en 'n Timer2 voorskalering van 4, voltooi die kode vir die skryf van die gepaste waarde na register PR2. Neem aan die regte bank is reeds gekies. Assuming a PWM frequency of Hz and a Timer2 prescaler value of 4, complete the code for writing the appropriate value to the PR2 register. Assume the correct bank has been selected. Code/Kode: [2] b. Voltooi die kode vir die opstel van CCPR1L en CCPCON<5:4> registers (slegs die bisse van toepassing) vir die dienssiklus soos benodig deur die motor-drywingspesifikasie in Vraag 4d. Complete the code to set up the CCPR1L and CCP1CON<5:4> registers (only the applicable bits) for the EMK310 Semester Test
14 duty cycle as required by the motor power specification given in Question 4d. Berekeninge / Calculations: [2] Kode / Code: [2] c. Stel die nodige pennetjie (slegs die pennetjie) op as uitset. Kies ook die regte bank. Set up the appropriate pin (only the pin) as an output. Please include bank select instructions. Kode / Code: [3] ; ; ; d. Skryf die waarde, deur van HEXADESIMALE getalle gebruik te maak, wat in die T2CON register moet voorkom vir bevredigende werking. Write the value, using the HEXADECIMAL number system, of the T2CON register necessary for correct operation. [2] e. Skryf die waarde neer van CCP1CON<3:0>soos benodig vir bevredigende werking. Write the value of the bits CCP1CON<3:0> required for correct operation [1] EMK310 Semester Test
15 Vraag / Question 6 [15] a. Vertaal 2Fh na BCD. Convert 2Fh to BCD: [2] b. Skakel die desimale getal om na 'n binêre wisselpunt-getal. Convert the decimal number to binary floating-point. [3] c. In 'n gegewe greep-adresseerbare rekenaar is geheueposisies 10000H tot 9FFFFH beskikbaar vir gebruikerprogramme. Die eerste posisie is 10000H en die laaste posisie is 9FFFFH. In a given byte-addressable computer, memory locations 10000H to 9FFFF are available for user programs. The first location is 10000H and the last location is 9FFFFH. i. Bereken die aantal beskikbare grepe (in desimaal). Calculate the number of bytes available (in decimal). [2] ii. Wat is die grootte van die adresbus wat benodig word om die geheue te adresseer? What is the size of the address bus required to address the memory? [2] d. 'n Rekenaar het 'n 32-bis databus. A computer has a 32-bit data bus: i. Wat is die bereik van getalle sonder 'n tekenbis? What is the range of unsigned numbers? [3] Vanaf / From tot / to ii. Wat is die bereik van getalle met 'n tekenbis deur van tweeskomplemente gebruik te maak? What is the range of signed numbers using two s compliments? [3] Vanaf / From tot / to EMK310 Semester Test
16 Vraag / Question 7 [21] A8-A15 AD0-AD7 Address Decoder Y0 A B Y2 C Y4 Y7 A13-A15 Microprocessor A0-A (a) A0-A9 A0-A1 OI RD WR ALE A0-A7 CE EPROM 2 Kbytes OE CS WE RAM CS 8255 PPI WR RD Port A Port B Port C EN OE (b) OI R/W circuit GND a. Gegee dat die grootte van die EPROM 2 kgrepe is, vul die antwoord by (a) op die diagram in. Given that the size of the EPROM is 2 kbytes, fill in the point labelled (a) in the diagram. [1] b. Gegee dat A0 tot A9 adreslyne vir RAM gebruik word, wat is die grootte van die RAM? Given that A0 to A9 address pins are used for the RAM, what is the size of the RAM? [2] c. Wat is die funksie van die toestel gemerk (b)? What is the function of the device labelled as (b)? [3] d. Toon die verbinding vanaf die mikroverwerker na die OE-pen van die EPROM. Show the required connection from the microprocessor to the OE pin of the EPROM. [1] e. Toon die verbinding vanaf die mikroverwerker na die WE-pen van die RAM. Show the required connection from the microprocessor to the WE pin of the RAM. [1] f. Toon die verbinding vanaf die mikroverwerker na die OI R/W stroombaan (nie in enige spesifieke volgorde nie). Show the required connection from the microprocessor to the OI R/W circuit (not in any particular order). [3] EMK310 Semester Test
17 g. Hoekom is dit moontlik vir Y4 van die adresdekodeerder om die RAM en die 8255 PPI te selekteer? Why is it possible for Y4 of the address decoder to select the RAM as well as the 8255 PPI? [3] h. Wat is die adresbereik van die EPROM? What is the address range of the EPROM? [2] i. Wat is die adresbereik van die RAM? What is the address range of the RAM? [2] j. Wat is die adresbereik van die 8255 PPI? What is the address range of the 8255 PPI? [2] Vraag / Question 8 [15] 'n Konstante-spoedbeheerderstelsel gebruik die teikenspoed wat deur die bestuurder gestel word en die gemete spoed om 'n "opskuif-afskuif" toestel te beheer. Die teikenspoed kan gestel word deur eenvoudig 'n knoppie te druk wanneer die motor teen die verlangde teikenspoed ry. Die "opskuif-afskuif" toestel gebruik 'n PWM-sein as inset. Die PWM-sein spesifiseer die mate van op- en afskuif. A constant-speed cruise control system use the target speed set by the driver and the measured cruise speed to control a shift-up shift-down device. The target speed can be set by simple pressing a push button when the car is moving at the desired target speed. The shiftup shift-down device uses a PWM signal as input. The PWM signal specifies the extent of pushing up or down. a. Teken 'n funksionele blokdiagram vir die stelsel. Draw a functional block diagram for this system. [5] EMK310 Semester Test
18 b. Gebruik 'n mikrobeheerder van u keuse en toon 'n ontwerp vir die stelsel. Using a microcontroller of your choice show a design for the system. [10] Vraag / Question 9 [9] 'n Stelsel gebaseer op 'n PIC16F690 µcword gebruik om 'n temperatuur te meet en te vertoon. Die temperatuursensorstroombaan is gekoppel aan die 10-bis A/D kanaal 0 van die µc. 'n MC1408 DAC is aan poort C (8-bis) gekoppel. Die analoog uitset van die DAC beheer 'n analoog temperatuurvertooninstrument om die temperatuur te vertoon. A system, based on the PIC16F690 µc, is used to measure and display a temperature. The temperature sensor circuitry is connected to the 10-bit A/D channel 0 of the µc. The MC1408 DAC is connected to port C (8-bit). The analogue output of the DAC controls an analogue temperature display instrument to display the temperature. EMK310 Semester Test
19 a. Gegee dat die A/D van die µc 10-bis reolusie het en dat Vref = 2.5V, bereken die waarde wat deur die µc gelees sal word as die sensoruitsetspanning 2 V is. (Gee die antwoord in desimaal en hex/binêr). Given that the A/D of the µc is 10-bit and assuming Vref = 2.5V, compute the value read by the µc if the sensor output voltage is 2V. (Give the answer in decimal and hex/binary). [3] b. Gegee die sensoruitsetspanning van 2 V soos in a. hierbo, bereken die waarde wat deur die µc in poort C geplaas moet word (8-bis). Given the sensor output voltage of 2V, as in a. above, compute the value to be placed by the µc in port C (8-bit). [3] c. Gegee dat b (8Fh) die woord is wat in poort C geplaas word, bereken die spanningsuitset van die 8-bis DAC. (Aanvaar V = 9V en Vref- = 0V ). Given that b (8Fh) is the word placed in port C, compute the voltage output of the 8-bit DAC. (assume Vref- Vref+ = 0V ). [3] ref+ = 9V and EMK310 Semester Test
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