NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN VACUUM ELECTRONICS USING PHOTONIC BAND GAP STRUCTURES
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1 NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN VACUUM ELECTRONICS USING PHOTONIC BAND GAP STRUCTURES J. R. Sirigiri, C. Chen, M. A. Shapiro, E. I. Smirnova, and R. J. Temkin Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jagadishwar R. Sirigiri
2 OUTLINE! Motivation! Photonic Band Gap Structures as mode selective circuits! Theory of PBG structures! MIT experiments based on PBG structures " 17 GHz accelerating structure " 140 GHz overmoded gyrotron! Additional applications of PBG structures! Summary
3 MOTIVATION Overmoded yet mode-selective interaction structures can pave the way for building millimeter/sub-millimeter wave microwave sources! At millimeter/sub-millimeter wave frequencies fundamental mode interaction circuits are too small to handle high peak or average power! Overmoded operation permits larger dimension resonators but mode competition presents a big problem! PBG structures offer a lot of promise for building mode selective interaction structures.
4 MODE COMPETITION Overmoded resonators are necessary for high frequency gyrotrons but they suffer from mode-competition which reduces the efficiency and stability of the design mode. Start Oscillation Current Competing modes High efficiency operating point for the design mode Design mode Competing modes Operating current Magnetic Field
5 OUTLINE! Motivation # Photonic Band Gap Structures as mode selective circuits! Theory of PBG structures! MIT experiments based on PBG structures " 17 GHz accelerating structure " 140 GHz overmoded gyrotron! Additional applications of PBG structures! Summary
6 PBG STRUCTURES A 140 GHz, TE 041 -like mode PBG cavity for an overmoded gyrotron oscillator experiment Disassembled view of a 17 GHz TM 010 like PBG cavity for potential application in linear accelerators! Oversized structure " Ease of fabrication " Suitable for high frequency (> 100 GHz )! Reduced mode population " Periodic boundary discriminates modes with different frequencies " Inhomogeneous boundary reduces the number of modes! Simple coupling scheme! Graceful degradation! Possible applications " input / output couplers for klystrons, gyroklystrons " interaction circuits for TWT, gyro-twt, gyrotwystron
7 OUTLINE! Motivation! Photonic Band Gap Structures as mode selective circuits # Theory of PBG structures! MIT experiments based on PBG structures " 17 GHz accelerating structure " 140 GHz overmoded gyrotron! Additional applications of PBG structures! Summary
8 PBG STRUCTURES y a b x A photonic band gap (PBG) structure is a one-, two- or threedimensional periodic metallic and/or dielectric system (e.g., of metal rods). b Square lattice y a b b b x Applications: Use of PBG structures, and in particular 2D PBG structures, is a promising approach to realization of mode selective circuits. Triangular lattice
9 PBG STRUCTURES y a b x b Square lattice k y a/b=0.2 TM Modes M Γ X 2π b 2π b k x Reciprocal lattice (irreducible Brillouin zone is shaded) a/b=0.2 TE Modes
10 PBG STRUCTURES y a b x b b a/b=0.2 Triangular lattice k y TM Modes X J 4π 3b Γ k x a/b=0.2 Reciprocal lattice (irreducible Brillouin zone is shaded) TE Modes
11 ω b/c PBG STRUCTURES ωb/c a b 5.0 (b) a/b TM gap variation with filling fraction. The dot represents the operating point of the 17 GHz TM 010 accelerator cavity show below a/b TE gap variation with filling fraction. The dot represents the operating point of the 140 GHz TE 041 gyrotron cavity show below.
12 OUTLINE! Motivation! Photonic Band Gap Structures as mode selective circuits! Theory of PBG structures # MIT experiments based on PBG structures " 17 GHz accelerating structure " 140 GHz overmoded gyrotron! Additional applications of PBG structures! Summary
13 PBG ACCLERATING CELL 17 GHZ ACCELERATING CELL
14 PBG ACCELERATING CELL! TM like operating mode! Formed by 2D triangular lattice of metal rods with defect in center The 17 GHz TM 010 -like mode cell for accelerator applications! Oversized structure! Suppression of higher order modes and wakefields! Shunt impedance comparable to that of a pillbox structure HFSS simulations showing the electric field contours of the TM 010 -like mode! Measured Ohmic Q = 600
15 COUPLING INTO PBG CELL S HFSS Measured Frequency (GHz) S 11 measurement (cold test) and HFSS simulation Calculated total Q = 250, Ohmic Q = 500 $ 6 rods completely removed, $ 2 rods partially withdrawn $ Measured total Q =300 $ Ohmic Q=600
16 PULSE HEATING & WAKEFIELDS Eigenfrequency (GHz) Pulse heating T (deg. C) for 1MW, 100ns pulse Max. longitudinal wake potential (V/pC per cell) Max. transverse dipole mode wake potential (V/pC per cell) PBG Cavity Pillbox Cavity ! Longitudinal wake potential of PBG accelerator structure is smaller by factor of 2! Transverse wake potential (dipole modes) of PBG structure is smaller by factor of 20! HFSS simulations indicate no HOM in PBG cavity
17 HPM APPLICATIONS! Previous research in on application of PBG structures in accelerators! Microwave generation is a potential application! Accelerator structure design is very similar to klystron or TWT design! Advantages of PBG interaction structure " Oversized structure " Harmonic suppression " Simple input/output coupling " Simple fabrication
18 PBG GYROTRON 140 GHZ GYROTRON
19 DESIGN PRINCIPLE! Design a lattice with a band gap around the desired operating frequency! Create a defect (remove rods) in the lattice so as to create a defect mode which will serve as the operating mode of the structure! The operating mode being in the bandgap is confined in the transverse direction! Competing modes which are offset in frequency will not be confined if they lie in the lattice passband
20 140 GHz PBG RESONATOR 23 mm Cross section of the PBG cavity with a TE 04 like operating mode at GHz Frequency Mode Cavity length Ohmic Q (HFSS Sim.) GHz TE 041 like 8 λ ~ mm Cross-section of a conventional cylindrical cavity with a TE 04 operating mode at GHz
21 GYROTRON TEST STAND $ 100 kv, 70 A, 3µs capable Modulator $ 6.5 Tesla Superconducting Magnet $ Magnetron Injection Gun 75 kv, 7 A $ Demountable setup for quick change of experiments
22 PBG GYROTRON SETUP 1.69 m 140 GHz PHOTONIC BAND GAP GYROTRON
23 PBG GYROTRON RESULTS Frequency = GHz Voltage = kv Current = 5.10 A 12 Power (kw) Magnetic Field (Tesla)! Unprecedented range of single mode operation! 25 kw peak power at GHz! Efficiency limited by high diffraction Q
24 PBG GYROKLYSTRON 140 GHZ PBG GYROKLYSTRON ε =12.26, tan δ = 0.3 TE 041 like eigenmode at GHz Q ~ 855 TE 041 like eigenmode at GHz Q ~ 176! Hybrid (metal-dielectric) PBG structure! Dielectric loading along the length of the resonator
25 OUTLINE! Motivation! Photonic Band Gap Structures as mode selective circuits! Theory of PBG structures! MIT experiments based on PBG structures " 17 GHz accelerating structure " 140 GHz overmoded gyrotron # Additional applications of PBG structures! Summary
26 FUTURE RESEARCH! PBG structures show potential for moderate average power (100 s of CW ) and high peak power (10 s of kw) applications at high frequency (W-band and above)! Experimental investigation of ohmic losses " Inner row of rods can be cooled by a water channel through each rod " Conduction cooling through the end plates! Transverse energy extraction for lowering the diffractive Q in gyrotron/gyroklystron resonators " Transverse coupling into the 17 GHz PBG accelerating cell " Very attractive for sub-millimeter wave gyrotrons which need longer resonators (L ~ 20λ) for high efficiency
27 FUTURE RESEARCH! Experimental investigation of low Q hybrid (metal+dielectric) PBG structures for klystron/gyroklystron applications! A PBG Gyro-TWT interaction circuit can be designed to completely suppress the backward wave oscillation! W-band overmoded conventional klystron/twt with 100 W cw power! HPM generation in a PBG interaction structure
28 SUMMARY! Gyrotron with a PBG resonator designed built and tested " 25 kw power at 140 GHz " Unprecedented range of single mode operation " Spurious modes at lest 22 db below the operating mode! Cold tests of a PBG accelerating cell at 17 GHz " Input coupling " Higher order mode suppression " Concept is equally applicable to HPM! Future applications of PBG structures in both fast wave and slow wave microwave tubes and accelerator applications
29 REFERENCES! J. R. Sirigiri, K. E. Kreischer, J. Machuzak, I. Matovsky, M. Shapiro and R. J. Temkin, A Photonic-Band-Gap resonator gyrotron, Phys. Rev. Lett., volvo. 86, p. 5628, June 2001.! M. A. Shapiro, W. J. Brown, I. Mastovsky, J. R. Sirigiri, and R. J. Temkin, 17 GHz photonic band gap cavity with improved input coupling, Phys. Rev. Special Topics- Accelerators and Beams, vol. 4, p , 2001.
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