Index 275. K Ka-band, 250, 259 Knowledge-based concepts, 110

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1 Index A Acquisition planning, 225 Across-track, 30, 41, 88, Across-track interferometry, 30 Along-track, 3, 10, 19, 41, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 103 Along-track interferometry, 41 Ambiguous elevation span of SAR interferometry, 31 Amplitude, 6, 9 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 28, 33, 37, 40, 51, 90, 97, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 123, 136, 155, 156, 163, 165, 167, 170, 171, 173, 179, 182, 255 Angle, 3, 4, 8, 23, 115, 201, 205, 212 Anisotropy, 23, 115, 128 Appearance of buildings, 35, 188, , 224 Applications of SAR simulations, Approximation of roofs by planar surfaces, A-priori term, Atmospheric delay, 32, 40 Atmospheric phase component, 235 Atmospheric phase screen (APS), 40 Atmospheric signal delay, 31, 39 Attenuation due to rain, 250 Automatic registration, Azimuth bandwidth, 91 Azimuth chirp, 90 Azimuth resolution, 4, 5, 23, 88, 252 B Backscatter coefficient 0, 6, 7, 13, 136, 216, 218 Baseline, 2, 30, 31, 34, 38, 39, 41, 93, 162, 169, 207, 211, 235, 256, Bayes, 71, 152, 174 Bayesian network, 18, 19, Bayesian network theory, Bayesian theory, 70, 75 Beam-width effect, 259 Blurring, 90, 261 Bottom-up processing, 70, 110, 119, 128 Bragg resonance, 10, 193 Building detection, 26, 35, 85, 127, 137, , 157, 187, 190, 197 Building extraction, 10, 20, 32, 33, 36, 37 Building height reconstruction, 188, 190, Building hypotheses, 20, 26, 36, 37, 197, 199, , 213 Building reconstruction, 20, 29, C Calibration constant, 13 Canny, J., 13, 29, 36, 55, 141, 147, 148, 199 Canny-operator, 29, 199 C-band, 165, 239 Circular polarization, 112, 255, 264 Clinometry, 27, 29 Coherence, 16, 17, 22 24, 31 35, 37, 39, 123, 128, 145, 155, 161, , 170, 171, 179, 189 Coherence matrix T, 22, 37, 114, 116, 124 Collinear equations, 139 Comparison of optical and SAR sensors, Complex shape detection, 149, 151 Computer graphics, 215, 221 Constant false alarm rate (CFAR), 12, 121 Covariance matrix C, 22, 23, 95, 116, 121, 123 Cramer Rao bound, 155 Critical baseline,

2 274 Index D Decibel, 13, 36 Defocusing, 90, 93 Deformation tilts, 240 Density of persistent scatterers, 238 Depth of focus, 252, 253 Detection of moving vehicles, 88, Dielectric properties, 124, 127, 216 Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (dinsar), 38, 39, , 245 Differential SAR interferometry, Dihedral corner reflector, 191, 257 Dike stability, 242 Directed acyclic graph (DAG), 71 Distance sphere, distributed, 7 Distributed targets, 22, 23, 116, 119 DoG-operator, 120 Doppler cone, 138, 139 Doppler equation, 138 Doppler frequency, 40, 138, 258 Doppler resolution, 258 Double-bounce, 10, 20 23, 26, 28, 36, 38, 189, 191, 196, 199, 201, 202, 209, 223, 224 Double line signature, 10, 194, 199 Drift, 253, 259, 260 Dual receive antenna (DRA), 93, 94 E Edge detector, 12, 55, 121, 141, , 151, 172 Eigenvalue decomposition, 23, 114 Energy terms, 175, 176, 178, 183 Entropy, 23, 115, 123, 124, 128, 141, 143 Entropy- classification, 115 Exponentially distributed, 6 Extraction of building, 10, 20, 32, 33, 36, 37, 197 features, parameters, , 212 F ffmax algorithm, 14 Fisher distribution, 7, 136, 171 Flat-roofed building, , 196, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212 Foerstner corner detector, 123 Fourier Mellin invariant, , 145 Fourier transform, 23, 90, 142 Frequency modulation (FM), 90, 96, 255 chirp, 255 rate(s), 90, 96 Front-porch-effect, 33 Fusion, 2, 19, 24 26, 29, 35 37, 50, 51, 55, 56, 69 85, 120, 129, , 166, , 188, 197, 199, 200, 202, 212 G Gable-roofed building, 10, 28, 35, 36, 165, 166, , , Gable-roofed building reconstruction, Gamma distribution, 136 Gas extraction, 242, 243, 245 Gaussian distribution, 77, 116, 153, 155, 221 Geocoding, 26, , 240, Geometrical distortions, 135, 137, 157, 162 Gibbs distribution, 153 Gradient operators, 120, 121, 129 Graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO), 220 Graphics processing units (GPU), 217, 220 Ground moving target indication (GMTI), 87, 93, 94 H Harris corner detector, 123, 124, 143 H/ -space, 23 Height estimation based on prior segmentation, High-level, 70, 124, 157, 162, 183, 196, 199, 229 Hip roofs, 194 Human settlements, 14, 52 54, 56 I Image quality requirements for accurate DSM estimation, Image registration, 19, 24 25, 143 Image simulation, 217 Image simulator, 217, 218, 226 Imaging errors, , Imaging of buildings, 8 Imaging radar, 3 7, 88 Impulse response, 4, 5, 60, 111 Incidence angle,10 In-phase component, 6 InSAR, 9, 10, 29 39, 56, 129, 157, , , 225, , 245, Instantaneous bandwidth, 257 Integrated SAR simulators, Intensity, 6, 7, 11, 13, 37, 51, 53, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 96, 117, 121, 128, 136, , 165, 190, 193, 216, 221 Interest operator, 120, 123

3 Index 275 Interferogram, 30, 32 33, 36, 38, 39, 88, 161, 163, 164, , , 181, 198, 206, 233, 256, Interferometric phase, 93, 94, 96, 97, 145, 151, 155, 156, 161, 162, 165, 167, 176, , 199, 202, 206, 207, 209, 239 K Ka-band, 250, 259 Knowledge-based concepts, 110 L Lambertian reflection, 10, 220, 226 Land cover classification, 2, 11, 13, 14, 23 26, 32, 49 Landslide, 1, 38, 62, 242, 245 Lateral focussing, 258 Layover, 1, 8 10, 19, 27 29, 33 35, 38, 70, 74, 85, 88, 107, 111, 117, 118, , 137, 162, 164, , 180, 181, , 196, 197, , , 211, 220, 223, 225 area, 10, 19, 28, 33, 38, 171, 189, , 196, , 211, 220, 225 of flat-and gable roofed buildings, 191 L-band, 18, 23, 38, 168 Lexicographic decomposition, 22, 113, 114 Lexicographic scattering vector, 113, 114 Likelihood, 14, 23, 71, 76, 95, 96, 104, 105, 121, 122, 124, 145, , 175, 176, 178, 189 Likelihood-ratio-test, 23, 95, 122 Likelihood term, , Linear deformation models, Linear polarisation, 112, 113 Line detector, 12, 13, 55, 199 Line-of-sight (LOS), 39, 41, 91, 93, 162, 239 Log-likelihood test, 95, 96 Lognormal distribution, 77, 78 Loss of coherence, 32 Low-level feature, 110, 122, 123, 157, 170, 171, 198 M Mapping of 3d objects, 8 11 Marginalization, 80 Markovian framework, 15, 135, 145, 151, Markov random field (MRF), 12, 14 16, 18 20, 25, 29, 33, 53, 55, 70, 152, 153 Matched filter concept, 90 Maximum A posteriori (MAP), 76, Maximum likelihood (ML), 14, 145, 178, 189 MEMPHIS radar, 251, , 261, 262 Microwave bands, 3, 259 Microwave domain, 2 Mid-level, 110, 199 Millimeter wave polarimetry, Millimeter wave SAR, , Moving object detection, Moving objects, 40 41, 88 94, 96, Multi-aspect InSAR data, 34 36, Multi-aspect SAR data, 70, 81, 82, 188 Multi-aspect SAR images, 19 20, 29, 188 Multi-baseline, 34, 38, 256 Multi-looking, 7, 17 Multi-scale segmentation, 15 Multivariate lognormal distribution, 77 N Nakagami distribution, 116, 136, 155 Nakagami-rice-distribution, 116 Normal baseline, 31, 34 O Object recognition, 2, 10 12, , 188, 202 Occlusion, 1, 9, 10, 19, 33 35, 73, 117, 187, 193, 212, 213, 219, 220, 225 Optical/SAR fusion methods, Optimization algorithm, 140, 154, 156, 178 P Parallel lines, 10, 26, 29, 126, 189, 200, 201, 205 Pauli decomposition, 22, 37 Pauli scattering vector, 113, 114 Permanent scatterer, 233, 235 Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), 38 40, 98, phase unwrapping, 239 spatial sampling, 238, 242, 244 temporal sampling, 239, 245 urban applications, validation, 240, Persistent scatterers (PS), 40, 98, , , , Phase unwrapping, 31, 162, 237, 256, 264, 265 Phasor, 6 Phong shading, 221 PIRDIS, 217

4 276 Index Planar objects, 10, 14, 32 Planar surface, 10, , 169, 178, 183 Point scattering model, 90, 216 Point target, 119, 216 Polarimetric SAR images, , 264 PolInSAR, 37, 38, 129 PolSAR, 21 24, 37, 38, 109, PolSAR edge extraction, 121 Posterior probability, 71, 152 Pre-processing, 11 13, 15, 25, Prior probability, 71, 72 Probability density function, 6, 72, 78, 79, 95, 116, 136, 176, 221 Propagation through sand, dust and smoke, 251 Propagation through snow, fog, haze and clouds, 250 Pulse length, 4, 255 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 88, 89, 100, 113, 255, Q Quadrature component, 6, 255 R Radar cross section (RCS), 6, , 252, 258 Radar equation, 215 Radargrammetry, 2, 26 29, 151, 183 Radar target simulators, 218, 220 Radiometric resolution, 5, 7, 15, 168 Range equation, 138 Range gradient, 259, 260 Range migration, 252 Range resolution, 4, 5, 165, 219, 252, 255, 257, 259 Range-walk, 252, Rapid mapping, 13, Rasterization, 217, Raw data simulator, 217, 218 Rayleigh-distributed speckle, 6, 115, 216, 221 Rayleigh scattering, 3 Ray tracing, 118, 217, Reciprocity theorem, 114, 128 3D Reconstruction, 135, , 163, 187, 188, 197 Rectangular shape detection, Region adjacency graph (RAG), 29, 152, 155, , 178, 179 Region segmentation, 13, 33 Regularization term, 15, , Repeat-pass, 2, 31, 32 Residual topographic, 235, 236, 243 Road extraction, 2, 9, 13, 17 20, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 63, 69 85, 200 Road network, 17 20, 50, 52, 54 56, 60, 63, 87, 126, 134, 226 Road primitives, 74 Roof pitch, 191, 201, 211 Roughness of surfaces, 3, 216, 221, 251 Rough roof surface, 191 S SARAS, 217 SARSIM, 217 SAR target-background simulators, 218, 219 SARViz, 217, 223 ScansSAR, 5 Scatterers, 7, 12, 13, 20, 23, 34, 40, 85, 96 98, 112, 114, 116, 119, 123, 128, 221, , 238, 258, 260 Scattering matrix S, 21, 22, 113, 114 Segmentation of primitives, 11 13, 17, , 212 Segmentation of regions, 15 SE-RAY-EM, 217 Settlements, 2, 14 17, 40, 52 54, 56 Shadows, 9 11, 18 20, 27, 28, 33, 35, 70, 73 76, 78, 79, 85, 88, 107, 111, 117, 118, 127, 128, 137, , , , , 182, 183, , 193, 194, 196, 206, 208, 219, 220, 223, 225, 268, 269 areas, 11, 20, 137, 156, 193, 196, 206 regions, 28, 73, 85, 128, 190, 194, 196, 268, 269 Shape from shadow, 163, 164 Sidelobes, 4, 258 Side-looking acquisition geometry, 117, 127 Signal bandwidth, 4, 31 Signal-to-clutter-ratio (SCR), 98, 103, 105 Signature of buildings, , 209, 212 image magnitude, , 203, 206 interferometric phase, , 209 Simulation, 35, 93, , 187, 189, 190, 199, , Single-pass, 31, 32, 35 Slant range profile of InSAR phase, 195 Slant range profile of SAR magnitude, 192

5 Index 277 Sobel operator, 120, 129 Span-image, 120, 121, 128 Spatial resolution, 3 5, 7, 9, 11, 16 19, 23 25, 36, 40, 50, 53, 98, , 182, 183, 211, 223, 226, 237, 241, 242 Speckle, 7, 11 14, 16, 23, 24, 52, 54, 88, 117, 120, 121, 133, 135, 136, 143, 165, 190, 199, 221, 223, 249, 252 filters, 1 6, 7, 11 13, 24, 52, 54, 59 simulation, 221 Specular reflection, 10, 21, 26, 221, 251 Spotlight mode, 5, 167 Stationary phase, 90, 91 Stationary-world matched filter, 90 Steger-operator, 199 Stepped frequency waveform, 255 Stochastic geometry, 163, 165, 169, 183 Stripmap mode, 4, 5 Sub-aperture decomposition, 23 Sublook analysis, 123 Surface motion, 31, Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 1 11, 13 41, 49 65, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 79 83, 85, 87 95, , , , , , , 173, 182, 183, , 197, 199, 202, , , , 244, 245, , background simulators, 218 equations, 138 focusing process, 89 interferometry, 2, 6, 29 39, 41, , 163, 183 polarimetry, 2, 20 24, 37 38, polarimetry and interferometry, sensors, 1, 3, 20, 79, 83, 93, 113, 122, 125, 133, , 145, 187, 191, 202, 233, 238 stereo, 28 tomography, 34 System simulator, 217 T Temporal decorrelation, 16, 32, 40 TerraSAR-X, 1 3, 5, 24, 25, 31, 34, 40, 41, 49, 58, 61, 62, 65, 75, , 112, 118, 120, 129, 157, 161, , 187, 194, 223, 224, 238, 246 Time-series of images, TomoSAR, 34 Top-down, 51, 70, 110, 128, 202 Topographical interferometric phase, 39, 162 Total variations, 154 Traffic monitoring, 2, 9, 87, 88 Training and education, Train-off-the-track, 91, 92 Train-of-the-track effect, 41 Transmission through the clear atmosphere, 250 U Unsupervised classification, 124 Urban areas, 1 41, 50, 53, 54, 57, 59, 65, 69, 73, 81, 85, 124, 127, 128, 133, 135, 147, 152, 157, 161, 162, 164, , 171, 176, 182, 183, 187, 188, 203, 206, , 242, 243, 245, 258 Urban DSM estimation, V Vegetated areas, 23, 39, 52, 56 57, 166, 170 W Water bodies, 14, 50, 52 54, 57, 61 W-band, 250, 252, 253, 264 Weibull-distribution, 115 Wishart distribution, 23, 116, 121, 122, 124 X X-band, 3, 18, 81, 135, 168, 169, 191, 211, , 264