Legal Issues Relevant to the Galileo Program

Transcription

1 Legal Issues Relevant to the Galileo Program Dr. Frans von der Dunk Co-Director, International Institute of Air and Space Law ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 1

2 Introduction Global Navigation Satellite System: generic term How GNSS works Satellite with atomic clock Receiver with atomic clock 3 sats for 2D, 4 sats for 3D, 5 sats for failure detection; 6 sats for identification failing sat Timing + positioning navigation ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 2

3 GNSS basic architecture Satellites in orbit SIS User segments/terminals Receivers (e.g. avionics) Transmission to... (telecom!) Ground infrastructure Collecting & interpreting data Providing services To satellites: TT&C; technical corrections etc. To user segments ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 3

4 GNSS current situation Primary systems Satellite signals (+ ground infrastructure) Availability; continuity (?); accuracy (??) Augmentation systems No global availability (in principle) Enhancing accuracy Monitoring integrity & providing integrity information ( information on information ) Possibly adding further nav-related services ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 4

5 Primary systems GPS US military (NAVSTAR); 24 MEO; 1994/1996 SPS/PPS; but S/A abandoned V/2000 Too little accuracy; no integrity; liability? Free for 10 years as of 1996 GLONASS Russian military; 24 (± 15) MEO; 1995/1996 Too little accuracy; no integrity; liability?? Free for 15 years as of ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 5

6 Augmentation systems WAAS (2 sats; 30 gs US) LAAS (143 gs around US a/p) MSAS (MTSAT: Japan & region) EGNOS [more later] Traditional : Differential GPS (many places) LORAN-C (Coastal NAmerica & WEurope) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 6

7 GNSS & aviation Most hungry & international sector Single seamless system Economic & safety gains Sole means concept Free flight / free routing concepts International/oceanic areas Sovereign airspaces Liability & certification questions ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 7

8 Navigation accuracy in aviation ICAO categories of required accuracy of navigation Oceanic & remote areas En-route Non-precision approach (NPA) Precision approach - Cat. I, II, III Surface movements ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 8

9 Augmentation in aviation WAAS (en-route & NPA) LAAS (up to Cat. III) MSAS (en-route & NPA) EGNOS [more later] Traditional : Differential GPS; LORAN-C (up to Cat. III?) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 9

10 Legal/Functional Model GNSS Operations Multi-modal Sector-specific Provider valueadded services A B GPS; GLONASS A E.g. DGPS; WAAS; EGNOS C A B End-user Legenda: A = basic signals (free, non-augmented, no liability) B = augmented signals (provided outside GPS/GLONASS framework) C = value-added services involving GNSS signals ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 10

11 Problems with GNSS Dependency military one state No guarantees no/limited liability Insufficient accuracy 16 m theory; usually 6-10 m in practice Insufficient continuity & availability No integrity Aviation: TTA down to 2 sec ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 11

12 EGNOS European Geo-stationary Navigation Overlay System 2 x INMARSAT-3, ARTEMIS: more integrity Ground infrastructure: more accuracy Focus on aviation - up to Cat. I AOC 2004 ( primary means ) FOC 2006 Galileo: 2008 ( sole means ) Currently: test-bed phase - EOIG N.B.: non-aviation applications! ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 12

13 The ETG and EGNOS European Tripartite Group 1. ESA space system R&D & ops 2. Eurocontrol aviation (ATC/ATM) 3. European Commission general political/legal environment Institutional struggle... But: Still dependent upon 1(2) system(s) Users want guarantees & liabilities ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 13

14 Europe & GNSS (1) Idea of GNSS-1: GPS (GLONASS) & augmentation (EGNOS a.o.) But still dependent upon GPS & GLONASS: Problems indicated Require augmentation e.g. for aviation N.B.: for free (at least for the years to come) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 14

15 Europe & GNSS (2) Commission & ESA: European autonomy (political & strategic) Interests European industry (incl. spin-off) Demand for higher accuracy, integrity, guarantees & liability GNSS-1 GNSS-2 Idea of GNSS-2: truly global Galileo ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 15

16 Towards Galileo EGNOS Galileo: Internationally-operated system 30 sats in MEO Controlled by civilians (even if military & security issues will be taken into account) Augmented world-wide For multi-modal usage & non-transport applications With liability & service guarantees possible... but then against a fee ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 16

17 Galileo: overview Development phase M: EU ( 700M) & ESA ( 550M) Joint Undertaking Tender process for operator EC & ESA; later EIB? Private investors? Deployment phase M: 600M EU, rest private... Operational phase as of M per year - for operator ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 17

18 The Galileo system Galileo will provide positioning, navigation & timing signals - either used directly as services - or to be incorporated into timing, positioning & navigation valueadded services (e.g. including communications) to be provided to (end) users ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 18

19 1. Open Service (OS) Comparable with GPS (accuracy) Interoperable with GPS Free & open access No integrity, no guarantee, no liability Applications Individualised; mass-market applications Mobile phones; private cars; leisure ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 19

20 2. Commercial Services (CS) Better accuracy, perhaps integrity Extra data Service guarantee & liability Against service fee Applications Banking; enhanced telecommunications & Location-Based Services; fleet management; toll systems ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 20

21 3. Public Regulated Services (PRS) Secured (encrypted) incl. guarantee Liability (?) Availability payments Applications Security-related & (other) governmental usage (police, emergency services) Strategic public services (energy & telecoms) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 21

22 4. Safety-of-Life Services (SOL) Integrity & better accuracy Liability & (integrity) guarantees Indirect service fee (user charges) Applications Esp. aviation: ATC CNS/ATM Incl. Cat. III-landings Shipping: harbour, docking & HSV Rail transport: HSL ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 22

23 Other roles Galileo 5. Search-And-Rescue support service Addition to COSPAS-SARSAT Free ( governmental payments?) Incl. feedback telecom link 6. World-wide augmentation GPS (& GLONASS)! 7. Interoperability redundancy ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 23

24 Galileo players Operational phase - PPP Public supervisor Private operator N.B.: Concession GPA-GOC Regional elements Local elements Value-added service providers End-users Consumers Galileo Legal/Functional Model : ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 24

25 Galileo Public Authorities EU & ESA States, Commission, Others? Regional Elements Galileo Convention GCS GSA Concession Agreement GOC OS CS, SOL, PRS OS Local Elements Providers VA Services VAS End Users CES Consumers Non-Galileo Public Authorities (Third States) Legend EU = European Union ESA = European Space Agency GCS = Galileo Core Structure GSA = Galileo Supervisory Authority GOC = Galileo Operating Company OS = Open Service CS = Commercial Services SOL = Safety-of-Life Services PRS = Public-regulated Services VAS = Value-Added VAS = Value-Added Services CES = Consumer End-Services ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 25

26 GNSS/Galileo and the law How to deal with satellite navigation by law? Existing law vs. lex ferenda Existing law: much relevant law - but as of yet very little GNSS-dedicated Levels of law: international vs. national Global scope GNSS vs. sovereignty issues For Europe (Galileo!): EC law General (multi-modal) & sector-specific law Space & telecoms vs. users & applications ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 26

27 Space law Spacecraft navigation Freedom of space activities Benefit of all countries (Art. I, OST) Registration Jurisdiction & control (Art. VIII, OST; RC) State responsibility (Art. VI, OST) N.B.: private operator Role ESA in Galileo (or other IGO) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 27

28 Telecom law (1) Applications (future) Locating users; SAR; timing! Satnav & telecom: Satnav form of telecom & needs telecom Satnav services may be added to telecoms Orbits & frequencies Globally: ITU (European-wide: CEPT) Nationally: national authorities ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 28

29 Telecom law (2) Operating licenses EC law National law Trade issues Services & equipment Globally: WTO Globally: ITU (on equipment only) Europe: free trade in services & equipment; state aids & competition regime N.B.: everything cuts both ways ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 29

30 Air law (1) Applications (current) ATC/ATS/ATM Search-and-Rescue (SAR) N.B.: traditional systems such as ILS, MLS, VOR/DME National law = point-of-departure......but important measure of harmonisation ICAO: FANS (1983) CNS/ATM In Europe: ECAC/Eurocontrol/JAA ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 30

31 Air law (2) Global level Chicago Convention, Artt. 1, 28 Annex 2: Rules of the air & air navigation Annex 11: Air Traffic Services European level Eurocontrol standards EC law Liability Warsaw system (up till Montreal 1999) Rome Convention resp. national (tort) law ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 31

32 Air law (3) Avionics etc. involved: licensing & certification Global level Annex 6: Operation of a/c Annex 8: Personnel licensing Annex 1: Airworthiness of a/c... FAA certification European level JAR s EC law ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 32

33 Air law de lege ferenda GNSS Charter SARP s being developed GNSS Convention? Sovereignty issue Oceanic area FIR s (ICAO) Border areas (neighbouring states) Liability issue Acceptance liability GPS & GLONASS on international state level...? Restricted option: clarifying jurisdictional issues ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 33

34 Maritime law (1) Applications (current) Professional shipping High speed vessels (HSV) Docking etc. Fleet management & efficient routing (i.e. nonsafety) Search-and-Rescue (SAR)... GNSS added value, esp. if augmented Leisure shipping Yachting etc.... GNSS more of a gadget ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 34

35 Maritime law (2) Many traditional systems National law Territorial waters & inland waters Ships, incl. foreign ones Fixed navigation devices (beacons etc.) Ships registered nationally International law General duties IMO Convention, 1948 & SOLAS Convention, 1974 Guidelines IMO & IALA ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 35

36 Rail transport law Future applications High speed trains (HST) Fleet management (i.e. non-safety) Legal aspects National laws & organisations... UIC & CER recommendations TEN s EC Directives (calling for separation infrastructure & operations) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 36

37 Road transport law Future applications Car navigation; fleet management; emergency (SAR); anti-theft; road tolling Legal aspects National regulations??? & organisations? IRU recommendations TEN s EC Directives (early warning systems; road tolling; equipment standards) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 37

38 Other GNSS applications Leisure (future) Yachting; mountaineering; survivalling No dedicated law at all Banking (future) Transfer timing Law??? Geodesy (current) Earthquakes & continental drift... (law...) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 38

39 Special topic: liability Liability is: the accountability of a person or legal entity to compensate damage caused to another person or legal entity, as determined by specific legal rules and principles and based upon specified sources of law ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 39

40 Elements liability definition Damage Compensation Accountable entities vs. claimants Fault vs. absolute liability National/int l law & EC law Type of liability Contractual; third party; product ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 40

41 Liability and GNSS No GNSS-dedicated legal regime Many partially applicable legal regimes E.g. space law liability Nature of damage to be focused on Indirect - cf. e.g. air law liability Largely matter of non-contractual liability ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 41

42 Liability and GPS Discussions in ICAO 1. Lack of liability acceptance US No contract, no guarantees, no fees 2. US acceptance of civil liability Liability under national US law Federal Tort Claims Act; Admiralty Act Sovereignty-issues foreign user states Practical problems with US cases No international liability acceptance ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 42

43 Liability and Galileo International civil system Commercial, with key private participation Towards liability acceptance No (additional) product liability Non-contractual liability Not for GALILEO itself to change outside EU Deal with it through contracts! Provide for black box-like monitoring Role contractual liability: To allow appropriate derogation of liability ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 43

44 Galileo & liability... Third party victims E-3 E-1 E-2 E-4 E-5 Multimodal Sectorspecific Provider valueadded services F-3 A B F-1 (Free signal provider role) GALILEO Core System (Contractual signal provider role) F-2 C F-4 B A F-5 End-user D Consumer F-6 Manufacturers/sellers of relevant products ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 44

45 Liability regimes (1) Space Scope of liability regime (Art. VII, OST; Artt. II, III, LC) Definition damage (Art. I(a), LC) Role national laws! Role ESA Telecoms National (tort/contractual) liability Product liability (EC & national law) ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 45

46 Liability regimes (2) Aviation Inter-party: Warsaw system Third-party: Rome viz. national tort law Role EC law Eurocontrol liability Maritime Passengers: Athens Convention, 1974 Cargo: Hague Rules, 1928; Hague-Visby Rules, 1968; Hamburg Rules, ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 46

47 Liability regimes (3) Rail Passengers: CIV Convention, 1970 Cargo: CIM Convention, : COTIF Convention (tying both together) Road Passengers: CVR Convention, 1973 Cargo: CMR Convention, 1956/1978 N.B.: maritime, rail & road: inter-party ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 47

48 Towards Galileo liability? Tying regimes together...? Dealing with dispute settlement & forum shopping ( limited approach ) Providing for derogation clauses as to third party liability in contracts with value-added service providers/ end-users ECSL Summer Course, Leuven 48