Joint Estimation of Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) and Satellite Differential Code Biases (SDCBs) Using Low-cost Receivers
|
|
- Britton Bell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Joint Etimation of Vetical Total Electon Content (VTEC) and Satellite Diffeential Code Biae (SDCB) Uing Low-cot Receive Baocheng Zhang 1*, Pete J.G. Teunien 2, 3*, Yunbin Yuan 1, Hongxing Zhang 1, Min Li 1 b.zhang@whigg.ac.cn p.teunien@cutin.edu.au Tel: Fax: State Key Laboatoy of Geodey and Eath Dynamic, Intitute of Geodey and Geophyic, Chinee Academy of Science, Wuhan, China 2. Global Navigation Satellite Sytem (GNSS) Reeach Cente, Cutin Univeity, Peth, Autalia 3. Geocience and Remote Sening, Delft Univeity of Technology, Delft, The Netheland Abtact Vetical Total Electon Content (VTEC) paamete etimated uing Global Navigation Satellite Sytem (GNSS) data ae of geat inteet fo ionophee ening. Satellite Diffeential Code Biae (SDCB) account fo one ouce of eo which, if left uncoected, can deteioate pefomance of poitioning, timing and othe application. The cutomay appoach to etimate VTEC along with SDCB fom dual-fequency GNSS data, heeinafte efeed to a DF appoach, conit of two equential tep. The fit tep eek to etieve ionopheic obevable though the Caie-to-Code Leveling (CCL) technique. Thi obevable, elated to the Slant Total Electon Content (STEC) along the atellite-eceive line-of-ight, i biaed alo by the SDCB and the Receive Diffeential Code Biae (RDCB). By mean of thin-laye ionopheic model, in the econd tep one i able to iolate the VTEC, the SDCB and the RDCB fom the ionopheic obevable. In thi wok, we peent a 1 / 30
2 ingle-fequency (SF) appoach, enabling the joint etimation of VTEC and SDCB uing low-cot eceive; thi appoach i alo baed on two tep and it diffe fom the DF appoach only in the fit tep, whee we tun to the Pecie Point Poitioning (PPP) technique to etieve fom the ingle-fequency GNSS data the ionopheic obevable, intepeted a the combination of the STEC, the SDCB and the biaed eceive clock at the pivot epoch. Ou numeical analye claify how SF appoach pefom when being applied to GPS L1 data collected by a ingle eceive unde both calm and ditubed ionopheic condition. The daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate ha an accuacy anging fom a few tenth of a TEC unit (TECU) to appoximately 2 TECU. Fo 73 to 96 pecent of GPS atellite in view, the daily etimate of SDCB do not deviate, in abolute value, moe than 1 nanoecond fom thei gound-tuth value publihed by the Cente fo Obit Detemination in Euope (CODE). Keywod Global Navigation Satellite Sytem (GNSS); Vetical Total Electon Content (VTEC); Satellite Diffeential Code Biae (SDCB); Caie-to-Code Leveling (CCL); Pecie Point Poitioning (PPP); Thin-laye ionopheic model 1. Intoduction Global Navigation Satellite Sytem (GNSS) data ae a valuable ouce of infomation fo ening the Eath ionophee (Henández-Pajae et al. 1999; Komjathy et al. 2005; Li et al. 2015; Liu and Gao 2004; Mannucci et al. 1993). Although the ionopheic paamete that one can etimate fom GNSS data ae vaiou (Dyud et al. 2008; Lognonné et al. 2006; Yao et al. 2013), the Vetical Total Electon Content (VTEC) i geneally the mot widely ued (Bunini and Azpilicueta 2010; Bunini and Azpilicueta 2009); it empiical impotance lie in contibuting ueful undetanding to the phyic behind diffeent pace weathe phenomena (Gulyaeva et al. 2014; Komjathy et al. 2012), in poviding valuable inight into the poible caue of natual and man-made hazadou event (Atu et al. 2005; Dautemann et al. 2007; 2 / 30
3 Pak et al. 2011), and in deliveing coection to the ionopheic effect on ignal tanmitted by the othe pace geodetic technique than by the GNSS (Dettmeing et al. 2014; Sadon et al. 1994b). On the othe hand, the Satellite Diffeential Code Biae (SDCB), defined a the deviation of the atellite code intumental delay on one fequency fom thei countepat on anothe fequency (Sadon et al. 1994a), account fo one majo ouce of eo in Poitioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) application that employ undiffeenced GNSS code and phae data (Montenbuck et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2016). Thi jutifie the need fo fit etimating the SDCB and then deliveing the etimate to inteeted PNT ue. Uually, the appoach fo jointly etimating the VTEC and the SDCB involve the ue of GNSS data on two fequencie, and thu equie the paticipation of one o moe geodetic-gade eceive. Heeinafte, we efe to thi appoach a dual-fequency (DF) appoach, which, in pinciple, i compied of two equential tep (Banville et al. 2014; Ciaolo et al. 2007; Stephen et al. 2011). In the fit tep, one align the pecie but ambiguou phae to the noiy but abolute code obevable on an ac-by-ac bai, theeby yielding the ionopheic obevable that ae a combination of the Slant Total Electon Content (STEC), the SDCB and the Receive Diffeential Code Biae (RDCB). Thi pocedue i temed a Caie-to-Code Leveling (CCL) technique (Bunini and Azpilicueta 2010; Bunini et al. 2008). The econd tep concen the application of thin-laye ionopheic model to thoe ionopheic obevable (Bunini et al. 2011), fom which the VTEC, the SDCB a well a the RDCB etimate aie. Although not eveyone agee that the DF appoach may be by fa the tate-of-the-at, it continue to eve the need of the ionopheic community. Hee we biefly eviit two typical ue of thi appoach. The fit ue i to poduce the naphot of the global VTEC in the fom of Global Ionophee Map (GIM) on a egula bai, a outine tak that the Intenational GNSS Sevice (IGS) geneally caie out (Felten 2003; Henández-Pajae et al. 2009; Mannucci et al. 1998). The econd ue, which we hall conide in ou analyi, i to geneate local VTEC uing GNSS data fom a ingle eceive. Thi ue i in paticula beneficial fo monitoing 3 / 30
4 the patial and tempoal evolution of the ionophee ove a given location (Choi et al. 2012; Sezen et al. 2013). At the ame time, the attactivene of DF appoach lie alo in it ability to povide SDCB etimate a by-poduct. Note, inteetingly, that, thee i a vat body of liteatue on a ingle-fequency (SF) appoach, etimating VTEC fom the Code-Minu-Phae (CMP) obevable (Cohen et al. 1992; Schüle and Oladipo 2013; Schüle and Oladipo 2014; Xia 1992). One pominent advantage ove the DF appoach i that the SF appoach i moe cot-effective becaue it elie upon ma-maket (intead of geodetic-gade) eceive. Howeve, the inability of the SF appoach to etimate SDCB (along with VTEC) emain a bottleneck poblem. Thi come a no upie, ince CMP obevable do not encompa the SDCB. In thi wok, we popoe a novel SF appoach, enabling the joint etimation of VTEC and SDCB fom the oiginal GNSS code and phae obevable. Ou appoach conit alo of two tep and it diffe fom the DF appoach only in the fit tep, whee we coect the oiginal GNSS data with the pecie atellite obit and clock poduct deliveed by the IGS o a to contuct the obeved-minu-computed obevation, and then poce them into the ionopheic obevable though the Pecie Point Poitioning (PPP) technique (Zumbege et al. 1997). A we hall detail in the next ection, thee obevable contain the STEC, the SDCB and the biaed eceive clock at the fit (pivot) epoch, and one can thu etimate fom them the VTEC and the SDCB with the thin-laye ionopheic model. Thi i the main contibution of thi wok. The oganization of thi wok poceed a follow. Section 2 eview in bief the baic pinciple and technological apect of the CCL technique, and then decibe in detail how to deal with the ank deficiencie undelying the oiginal code and phae obevation equation, a key iue to be addeed fo the development of PPP technique. We cloe thi ection with an intoduction to the main fomulae of the thin-laye ionopheic model. Section 3 peent the expeimental eult fom applying ou SF and the DF appoache to GPS data collected by eceive of diffeent type and manufactue unde all poible ionopheic condition, in eeking to 4 / 30
5 claify the oveall pefomance of ou SF appoach in etimating the VTEC and the SDCB uing a ingle GPS eceive. We conclude in Section Methodology Thi ection tat with a eview of CCL technique, poceed to PPP technique, and end with a peentation of thin-laye ionopheic model. Caie-to-Code Leveling (CCL) Fo completene let u fit peent the CCL technique, which contitute the fit tep of the DF appoach. The point of depatue i the ytem of linea obevation equation, which ead (Leick et al. 2015), p i i i d d, j j, j, j i i i a, j j, j (1) with,, j and i the eceive, atellite, fequency and epoch indice, and whee p i and i, j denote, epectively, the code and the phae, j obevable. Hee we conide a meauement cenaio that one GNSS eceive tack dual-fequency code and phae data fom a total of m atellite ove t epoch, theeby implying 1, 1,, m, j 1,2 and i 1,, t. The paamete include, i i the combination of all fequency-independent effect, 2 2 the STEC expeienced on the fit fequency with coefficient j j 1 and j the wavelength,, j d the atellite code intumental delay and d, the j eceive countepat, a the eal-valued ambiguitie abobing the phae, j intumental delay. All paamete ae expeed in unit of ange, except which a unit conveion fom mete to Total Electon Content Unit (TECU) i applied afte the etimation poce. The enitivity of the ionopheic ange delay to STEC fo the GPS L1 ignal i mete pe TECU. The paamete aigned with epoch index i ae aumed time-vaying, wheea the emainde ae aumed time-contant. Thee ae thee inteelated tak that one need to undetake. The fit tak i to contuct geomety-fee code and phae obevation equation, i, to 5 / 30
6 taking the following fom, with,2,1 p i i d d,, i i a,, the opeato ceating a geomety-fee vaiable. Note that, (2) d d d and d, d,2 d,1 denote, epectively, the SDCB and the RDCB.,2,1 In the econd tak, we compute, on an ac-by-ac bai, an offet between p i and i,, which, denoted hee uing,, aveage of p i i,, the intepetation of a ead,, whee a i known a leveling bia., The thid tak applie, i, a, amount to the weighted ove t epoch ( i 1,, t ). Hence, it follow that a a d d (3),,, a to i,, o a to yield the ionopheic obevable 1 i i a,, 1 id d, (4) whee we ee that, thi ionopheic obevable i a linea combination of the oiginal STEC i, one SDCB d and one RDCB d,. Pecie Point Poitioning (PPP) We bae ou deivation on the ingle-fequency ( j 1) vaiant of Equation (1), which ead, p i i i d d,1,1,1 i i i a,1,1 (5) whee we conide the fact that 1 1. with We fit of all e-wite i in the fom, i g i i dt i dt i (6) g i the geometic ange, i the lant topopheic delay, dt i 6 / 30
7 the atellite clock and dt i the eceive clock. Next we take advantage of pecie atellite obit and clock poduct extenally povided, fom which a-pioi known atellite poition dt i aie. Note, impotantly, that, dt x i and atellite clock i ae biaed and ead (Kouba and Héoux 2001), dt i dt i d if (7) 1 the ionophee-fee atellite code intumental delay. with dif 2 d,1 d,2 Futhemoe, let u aume that the eceive poition x i ae a-pioi known; thi i a enible aumption, ince one incline to deploy GNSS eceive at known location in the aea of inteet when ening the ionophee. Additionally, we make ue of an empiical model to compute appoximate value fo,0 i. i, denoted uing Incopoating thee conideation into Equation (5) one obtain whee p,1 p i c i i d dt i i d d,1 if,1,1 i c i i d dt i i a,1 if,1 i denote the coected code obevable, eulting fom applying the a-pioi known geometic ange and the appoximate lant topopheic delay obevable,1 g i, the a-pioi known atellite clock dt i p i ; likewie, i Notably, hee we decompoe,1 zenith topopheic delay (ZTD),0 i to the oiginal code denote the coected phae obevable. i into thee type of paamete, including the i with mapping function given a c i, the (8) ionophee-fee atellite code intumental delay dt i. d and the eceive clock if Equation (8) epeent a ank-deficient ytem, with which one cannot etimate the paamete uniquely. We tend to eliminate the ank deficiency in thi equation, of ize 2m 1, by mean of e-paameteization. We focu fit on the code obevation equation. The idea i to lump the i, 7 / 30
8 the d and the if,1 d, theeby foming the biaed STEC i, 1 i i d (9) 1 whee ue ha been made of dif d,1 d ; thi equality account fo the emegence of SDCB Next we lump d, which now ente the STEC i. dt i and d,1 into jut a ingle paamete, which ead, with dt i the biaed eceive clock.,1 dt i dt i d (10) When it come to the phae obevation equation, we have the following equality, d dt i i a dt i i a (11) if,1,1 1 the biaed ambiguitie. with a,1 a,1 d,1 d dif Conideing Equation (9), (10) and (11), we can e-wite Equation (8) a whee the dt i, the i p i c i i dt i i,1 i c i i dt i i a,1,1 and the,1 a ae till not individually etimable, (12) becaue thee i a ank deficiency occuing among them, which i of ize one. To olve thi we opt fo not etimating the biaed eceive clock at the fit epoch dt 1 whee with, theeby eulting in the full-ank vaiant of Equation (12), which ead, p i c i i dt i i,1 i c i i dt i i a,1,1 1 1 dt i dt i dt dt i dt i i dt 1 i d dt 1,1,1 a a 2dt 1 1 dt i the etimable eceive clock, i the etimable STEC, and,1 a the (13) (14) etimable ambiguitie. 8 / 30
9 Regading Equation (14), thee emak ae in ode. Fit, the dt i begin to be peent at the econd epoch and beyond, ince they epeent the dift of the oiginal eceive clock epoch. dt i with epect to the fit Second, the i, the ionopheic obevable that the PPP technique can etimate fom the ingle-fequency GNSS data, ae found to be a linea function of the STEC i, the SDCB d and the biaed eceive clock at the fit epoch dt 1. Recall the i given in Equation (4), which ae the ionopheic obevable one can etimate fom the dual-fequency GNSS data uing the CCL technique. We ague that the i ae lagely imila to the i in tem of intepetation; they both can be ued a input to the thin-laye ionophee model (which we hall decibe late) fo jointly etimating the VTEC paamete and the SDCB. A cloe compaion between the 1 dt can be teated a if they wee the d, i with the i how that, the, ince they ae two nuiance paamete of the ame numbe and natue (eceive-dependent, time-contant). An exception to thi aie, howeve, when a imultaneou lo of lock on all atellite occu. Stating at the epoch the eceive lock onto a ufficient numbe of atellite again, the biaed eceive clock at thi epoch, intead of i i dt 1, begin enteing the. Thi mean, in thi cae, that the numbe of nuiance paamete in the become geate than the numbe of d,. and Thid, the a abob a et of inetimable paamete including,1 d,1, d, d if dt 1 ; thi i a diect conequence to ank deficiency elimination. Fotunately, the time contancy of the a emain unaffected in thi poce, theeby enuing,1 the full exploitation of the phae data. In ummay, Equation (13) account fo the functional model of ou PPP technique. Fo completene ake, we point out that we bae the tochatic modeling of the GNSS obevable on the elevation-dependent weighting tategy. Moeove, in addition to pecie atellite obit and clock poduct, we alo conide applying a 9 / 30
10 numbe of coection, including the olid Eath tide, the phae wind-up effect, and the atellite and eceive phae cente offet and vaiation, to the code and phae data. Thin-laye ionophee model A we mentioned ealie, one need to efe to the thin-laye ionophee model to etimate the VTEC, along with the SDCB, fom the ionopheic obevable whoe invee covaiance matix i ued a weight matix. Roughly peaking, thi model take advantage of two fact. Fit, the STEC can vay, and thi vaiability i diven by a vaiety of facto of which geomagnetic latitude, local time and elevation angle ae mot pominent. Second, the SDCB and othe nuiance paamete, uch a the RDCB, likely emain contant ove time unde nomal envionmental condition. The thin-laye model exploit the fit fact by appoximating the whole ionophee with a pheical hell located at a pe-pecified height, ay, 450 kilomete, above the Eath uface. At the point whee atellite-to-eceive ay path piece the hell, called the Ionopheic Penetation Point (IPP), we elate the STEC VTEC 2009), i uing a mapping function M i and the i which ead (Bunini and Azpilicueta 1 R 2 1 co e i M i R (15) with i M i i and i. e and whee R i the mean Eath adiu in kilomete, i i the elevation angle of atellite a een fom eceive at epoch Next, thi model mathematically chaacteize the tempoal and patial vaiability of the i a, fo intance, the um of a polynomial function and a finite Fouie eie (Li et al. 2015), a b co in ab IPP REC IPP k IPP k IPP a0 b0 k1 (16) v i E C k S k whee and IPP denote, epectively, the geomagnetic latitude of the IPP REC 10 / 30
11 and of the eceive. with 2 ti 14 IPP denote the ola longitude of the IPP, 24 t the local time to which the epoch i coepond. i coefficient that ae unknown. E, ab C and k S ae k We conclude thi ection with Figue 1, which depict the chematic diagam of DF appoach, and that of ou SF appoach. By the ue of thi figue we eview the pimay featue of each appoach a follow. The DF appoach adopt GNSS data at two ditinct fequencie, and it conit of two equential tep. In the fit tep, we contuct the geomety-fee code and phae obevable, to which, we apply the CCL technique in ode to obtain the ionopheic obevable, intepeted a a linea combination of the STEC, the SDCB and the RDCB. The thin-laye ionophee model fulfill the ole of iolating the inteeted paamete (the VTEC and the SDCB), along with the nuiance one (the RDCB), fom the ionopheic obevable. Ou SF appoach i faily imila in implementation to the DF appoach, but it bae joint etimation of the VTEC paamete and the SDCB meely on ingle-fequency GNSS code and phae data coected by the pecie atellite obit and clock poduct extenally povided by, fo intance, the IGS. The tak of etieving the ionopheic obevable, containing the STEC, the SDCB and the biaed eceive clock at the fit epoch, i now accomplihed by the PPP technique. Afte thi, we again tun to the thin-laye ionophee model. 3. Reult We begin thi ection by decibing the expeimental etup, followed by illutating numeical eult, fom which the majo finding we identify ae alo detailed. Expeimental Setup We applied the DF a well a ou SF appoache to two et of GPS data, collected by eceive of diffeent type (ma-maket, geodetic-gade) unde diffeent ionopheic condition (ola activity, geomagnetic latitude). Thi i helpful fo u to gain a thoough undetanding of the oveall pefomance of each appoach. 11 / 30
12 The fit et of GPS data wa ampled evey 30 econd by fou co-located eceive duing Apil 19 (DOY 110) to May 25 (DOY 146), Thee eceive, deignated epectively a CUAU, SPU3, CUT2 and SPA8, ae deployed at the main campu of Cutin Univeity (Peth, Autalia), and the ditance between any two of them doe not exceed 400 mete. We point out futhe that, CUAU and SPU3 ae two low-cot UBLOX EVK-M8T eceive, connected to geodetic-gade antenna and offeing GPS L1 data. Would one ue patch antenna, the data o collected can be pone to evee multipath effect. One olution to thi iue i to ue the modified ideeal filteing (Choi et al. 2004), but we leave thi outide the cope of ou cuent analyi. The CUT2 and SPA8 ae, epectively, a TRIMBLE NETR9 eceive and a SEPTENTRIO POLARXS eceive; they upply GPS L1+L2 data fo ou ue. In addition, becaue of the co-location, the effect due to the ionophee on GPS data ought to be ame fo each eceive. We hall daw on thi fact in the following analyi. The econd et of GPS L1+L2 data wa collected by a few hunded of globally ditibuted eceive (ee Figue 2 fo thei location) at a 30-econd ampling ate, duing a ola maximum month Mach 2014 and a ola minimum month Mach 2015, namely, two epaate month one yea apat. On a eceive-by-eceive and day-by-day bai, we geneated one o two daily time eie of the VTEC fo the IPP at the zenith of each GPS eceive, called zenith VTEC; each time eie epeent eult obtained fom a paticula appoach. Note that thi poce alo poduced the daily etimate of the SDCB fo GPS atellite in view of each eceive. In ou data poceing, we ued a cut-off elevation angle of 30 degee o a to dicad paticulaly noiy GPS data. We empiically et the zenith-efeenced tandad deviation to 30 cm fo the code and to 0.3 cm fo the phae. When implementing the PPP, a leat-quae batch adjutment i ued to poce the GPS L1 data, coected by IGS Final obit and clock poduct, into ionopheic obevable along with thei covaiance matix. We etimated the ZTD a piece-wie contant with an update ate of two hou. In addition, we aligned the C1, if any, to the P1 uing the monthly value of P1-C1 SDCB publihed by the Cente fo Obit Detemination in Euope (CODE). Thi implie that, the type of the SDCB that two 12 / 30
13 appoache delive i alway P1-P2. Reult of the fit data et We focu fit on Figue 3, depicting the ionopheic obevable detemined fo two eceive SPU3 and SPA8 fom thei GPS L1 (uing the PPP) o L1+L2 (uing the CCL) data collected on May 5, 2016 (which i an abitay choice). We plit thi figue into thee panel fo cleae peentation, with each panel howing the eult fo a diffeent eceive o data ouce. Moeove, in each panel the eult fo diffeent GPS atellite ae coloed diffeently. Taken togethe, we make thee emak hee. Fit, we ee that in thi cae the ionopheic obevable can take negative value fo ome atellite, fo intance PRN 23, a maked with an aow. Thi i, howeve, not unexpected, given thei intepetation (ee Equation 4 and 14). Second, conideing, again, the ionopheic obevable obtained fo GPS atellite 23 in Figue 3a-3c, they follow an ode of inceaing moothne, theeby indicating that thei quality i mainly diven by the code data. Thid, a hould be the cae, we can eadily ecognize that the oveall patten in the ionopheic obevable i moe o le identical fom panel to panel, with highe patio-tempoal vaiability and lage magnitude at daytime than at night, eflecting the typical ignatue of the ionophee. Now tun to Figue 4, whee each panel how five time eie of zenith VTEC etimate with a time eolution of five minute fo a pai of mixed eceive (one low-cot UBLOX eceive and one geodetic-gade eceive), and fo one andomly elected day. Oveall, it follow that in each panel the thee time eie, hown with olid line and efeed to the left y axi, agee well with one anothe; in accodance with ou expectation, each time eie exhibit a ponounced diunal vaiation, with maxima and minima nea local noon and midnight, epectively. To futhe quantify thi ageement, we calculated the mean bia and the tandad deviation (STD) fo two SF time eie (olid ed and geen line) by uing the coeponding DF time eie (olid blue line) a a efeence, and peent the eult in Table 1. Note futhe that in each panel the dahed ed and geen line with ateik (efeed to the ight y axi) how, epectively, the two SF time eie that each ha been diffeenced with epect to the DF time eie. The main concluion to be dawn fom Figue 4, in conjunction with Table 1, i taightfowad. The application of ou 13 / 30
14 SF appoach to GPS L1 data povided by a geodetic-gade eceive (SPA8 o CUT2) and by a low-cot eceive (SPU3 o CUAU) hall delive VTEC etimate of vitually the ame quality, a evidenced by the fact that thee etimate have appoximately the ame mean biae and STD value (ee Table 1). Thi appea to be quite favoable, ince it jutifie the ubequent analyi of ou SF appoach uing a global netwok of geodetic-gade eceive (intead of low-cot one, which ae not available), fom which futhe finding we hall daw can till be conideed epeentative. It i notewothy that, along with the zenith VTEC etimate dicued above, we obtained alo daily etimate of SDCB, whoe offet with epect to the coeponding monthly poduct deliveed by the CODE, expeed in abolute value (and thu called abolute offet heeafte), ae hown in Figue 5, following the ame aangement a Figue 4. Let u efe to the pecentage of atellite with abolute offet le than 1 nanoecond a a pefomance meaue. Then it follow that, uch a pecentage fo the DF appoach eide between 78% (Figue 5f) and 97% (Figue 5c), geneally lowe than that fo ou SF appoach, amounting to 100% fo ed ba and vaying fom 90% (Figue 5d) to 100% (Figue 5a and 5f) fo geen ba. Thi implie that DF appoach can pefom woe than ou SF appoach, a fa a the ingle-eceive baed SDCB etimation i concened. We umie thi may be attibuted to two eaon. Fit, wheea the CCL aume the geometic effect on GPS data to be completely unknown, the PPP exploit a-pioi knowledge about the geometic effect by taking advantage of pecie atellite obit and clock poduct extenally povided a coection. Second, moe impotantly, the DF appoach i uceptible to the ytematic eo induced by time-vaying RDCB (Ciaolo et al. 2007). Roughly peaking, one aumption, tacitly made by the DF appoach, that RDCB emain contant ove time, i in vey many cae definitely contadictoy to the expeimental fact. Fotunately, thi i not the cae with ou SF appoach, ince the ionopheic obevable fom which it etimate the SDCB ae RDCB-fee. Reult of the econd data et The expeimental eult o fa epoted ae not altogethe adequate, ince they wee obtained unde limited ionopheic condition (37 conecutive day, fou 14 / 30
15 eceive at a middle-latitude ite), and thu lead to finding which, though uggetive, ae by no mean concluive. Fo thi eaon, we futhe poceed the econd et of GPS data, in ode to acetain how well ou SF appoach wok unde divee ionopheic condition. Conideing the fact that we have got a lage et of eult, we do not attempt to cove all of them; athe, without lo of geneality and fo the ake of claity, we hall only peent the eult fo 12 eceive whoe geogaphic location ae highlighted in Figue 2 with black ta. Let u focu fit on Figue 6, coniting of ix panel, with each howing two time eie of zenith VTEC etimate detemined uing, epectively, L1+L2 and L1 data fom a common eceive with a time eolution of five minute. Each time eie cove a peiod of 24 hou fom 12:00 am to 12:00 am (UTC) next day, o moe peciely, one full day in Mach 2014, a ola maximum month. It i woth mentioning that, ix eceive involved hee ae diviible into thee pai, with each pai being located in in high-, middle- and low-latitude egion, epectively. See the leftmot fou column of Table 2 (top block) fo moe detail. Uing the DF time eie (blue line) a a efeence, we calculated, on a panel-by-panel bai, two quality meaue including the mean bia and the STD, fo the SF time eie (ed line), and peent the eult in the lat column of Table 2 (top block). Two finding emege hee. Fit, ou SF appoach i capable to delive zenith VTEC etimate that ae cloe to unbiaed, a evidenced by the fact that, the mean biae computed ae mall in magnitude and can be conideed inignificant fom a pactical viewpoint. Second, the quality of SF time eie deceae a the level of the ionopheic activity inceae. Notably, the high STD value (between 1.60 and 1.75 TECU) occu at two low-latitude ite, IQQE and ADIS, which ae nea the geomagnetic equato and mot likely ubject to ditubed ionopheic activity. A compaed to thi wot-cae cenaio, we ee educed STD value fo the emaining fou ite by a facto of moe than two owing to elatively calm ionopheic activity. Figue 7 i analogou to Figue 6, except that it involve diffeent eceive and diffeent day in Mach 2015, a ola minimum month. Likewie, Table 2 (bottom block) ummaize the eceive chaacteitic and the tatitic of the SF time eie. The peent eult not only confim the two finding above, but alo eveal that the SF time eie obtained fo a middle-latitude ite DUND at day 60 of 2015 exhibit 15 / 30
16 the lowet mean bia (-0.07 TECU) and alo the mallet STD (0.38 TECU), thu coeponding to a bet-cae cenaio. We attibute thi upeio pefomance to the fact that the thin-laye ionophee model i highly likely to wok well unde calm ionopheic condition. Finally, we diect ou attention to the daily etimate of SDCB, which we obtain togethe with the daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate hown in Figue 6 and 7. Fo conciene, we hall etict ouelve to the eult (given in Figue 8 a abolute offet) fo ix (intead of 12) eceive and fo ix (intead of nine) day. Conide, again, the pecentage of atellite with abolute offet le than 1 nanoecond a a pefomance meaue. We ee, fo ou SF appoach, that, thi pecentage i a high a 96% (Figue 8d-8f) at the ola minimum month (Mach 2015), iepective of the location of the eceive; thi value dop and can vay fom 73% (Figue 8c) to 85% (Figue 8a) at the ola maximum month (Mach 2014). Unde thee cenaio, both DF and ou SF appoache pefom cloe to each othe. Howeve, an obviou exception occu fo a low-latitude ite (ADIS) and fo a day in Mach 2014 (DOY 60), whee the pecentage expeienced by DF appoach i 36%. 4. Concluion The cutomay dual-fequency (DF) appoach fo joint etimation of Vetical Total Electon Content (VTEC) and Satellite Diffeential Code Biae (SDCB) equie GNSS code and phae data on two fequencie, and can be chaacteized by two equential tep: etieving ionopheic obevable and applying to them a thin-laye ionopheic model. In thi wok, we have developed a ingle-fequency (SF) appoach, which etain exactly the ame applicability a the DF appoach, but, in addition to thi, ha the maked advantage of being wokable with low-cot ma-maket GNSS eceive, poviding code and phae data on only one fequency. Both DF and ou SF appoache follow the ame two-tep poce; the main diffeence lie in that, they employ, epectively, the Caie-to-Code Leveling (CCL) and the Pecie Point Poitioning (PPP) to implement the fit tep. We aeed the pefomance of ou SF appoach on two et of GPS eal data. The fit data et, coveing a time peiod of 37 conecutive day, wa collected by 16 / 30
17 two ma-maket and two geodetic-gade eceive that wee deployed cloe to each othe at a middle-latitude ite. The econd data et came fom a global netwok of appoximately 200 geodetic-gade eceive fo the ola minimum month Mach 2014 and the ola maximum month Mach On a eceive-by-eceive, day-by-day bai, ue ha been made of DF and/o ou SF appoache to etimate daily time eie of zenith VTEC with a time eolution of five minute, along with daily etimate of SDCB fo GPS atellite in view of each eceive. Empiical analyi of the eult o obtained waant two concluion. Fit, both appoache ae capable of deliveing zenith VTEC etimate that ae eaonably conitent. Fo a common eceive (o multiple co-located eceive), the oveall conitency between two daily time eie deived, epectively, by DF and ou SF appoache, in tem of STD, i found to be at the level of a few tenth of a TECU to oughly 2 TECU. Second, ou SF appoach appea pomiing a a mean to calibate SDCB unde vaying ionopheic condition; it can povide daily etimate of SDCB with abolute offet le than 1 nanoecond fo 73 to 96 pecent of GPS atellite in view, conideing a a efeence the monthly poduct publihed by the CODE. When it come to the DF appoach, thi pecentage tay moe o le the ame in mot cae, but may dop haply to le than 40% duing extemely ditubed ionopheic condition. Acknowledgement Thi wok wa patially funded by the National key Reeach Pogam of China Collaboative Peciion Poitioning Poject (No. 2016YFB ) and the National Natual Science Foundation of China (No , ). The fit autho i uppoted by the CAS Pionee Hunded Talent Pogam. All thi uppot i gatefully acknowledged. Refeence Atu J, Ducic V, Kanamoi H, Lognonné P, Muakami M (2005) Ionopheic detection of gavity wave induced by tunami. Geophyical Jounal Intenational 160: / 30
18 Banville S, Collin P, Zhang W, Langley RB (2014) Global and egional ionopheic coection fo fate PPP convegence. Navigation 61: Bunini C, Azpilicueta F (2010) GPS lant total electon content accuacy uing the ingle laye model unde diffeent geomagnetic egion and ionopheic condition. J Geodey 84: Bunini C, Azpilicueta FJ (2009) Accuacy aement of the GPS-baed lant total electon content. J Geodey 83: Bunini C, Camilion E, Azpilicueta F (2011) Simulation tudy of the influence of the ionopheic laye height in the thin laye ionopheic model. J Geodey 85:637 Bunini C, Meza A, Gende M, Azpilicueta F (2008) South Ameican egional ionopheic map computed by GESA: A pilot evice in the famewok of SIRGAS. Advance in Space Reeach 42: Choi K, Bilich A, Laon KM, Axelad P (2004) Modified ideeal filteing: implication fo high-ate GPS poitioning. Geophyical eeach lette, 2004, 31(22). Choi KH, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim J, Lee HK (2012) Simultaneou etimation of ionopheic delay and eceive diffeential code bia by a ingle GPS tation. Meauement Science and Technology 23: Ciaolo L, Azpilicueta F, Bunini C, Meza A, Radicella S (2007) Calibation eo on expeimental lant total electon content (TEC) detemined with GPS. J Geodey 81: Cohen CE, Penm B, Pakinon BW Etimation of abolute ionopheic delay excluively though ingle-fequency GPS meauement. In: Poceeding of the 5th Intenational Technical Meeting of the Satellite Diviion of The Intitute of Navigation (ION GPS 1992), pp Dautemann T, Calai E, Haae J, Gaion J (2007) Invetigation of ionopheic electon content vaiation befoe eathquake in outhen Califonia, Jounal of Geophyical Reeach: Solid Eath 112 Dettmeing D, Limbege M, Schmidt M (2014) Uing DORIS meauement fo modeling the vetical total electon content of the Eath ionophee. J Geodey 88: Dyud L, Jovancevic A, Bown A, Wilon D, Ganguly S (2008) Ionopheic meauement with GPS: Receive technique and method. Radio Science 43 Felten J (2003) The intenational GPS evice (IGS) ionophee woking goup. Advance in Space Reeach 31: Gulyaeva TL, Aikan F, Henandez Pajae M, Veelovky I (2014) Noth outh component of the annual aymmety in the ionophee. Radio Science 49: Henández-Pajae M, Juan J, Sanz J (1999) New appoache in global ionopheic detemination uing gound GPS data. Jounal of Atmopheic and Sola-Teetial Phyic 61: Henández-Pajae M, Juan JM, Sanz J, Ou R, Gacia-Rigo A, Felten J, Komjathy A, Schae SC, Kankowki A (2009) The IGS VTEC map: a eliable ouce of ionopheic infomation ince J Geodey 83: / 30
19 Komjathy A et al. (2012) Detecting ionopheic TEC petubation caued by natual hazad uing a global netwok of GPS eceive: The Tohoku cae tudy. Eath, planet and pace 64: Komjathy A, Spak L, Wilon BD, Mannucci AJ (2005) Automated daily poceing of moe than 1000 gound baed GPS eceive fo tudying intene ionopheic tom. Radio Science 40 Kouba J, Héoux P (2001) Pecie point poitioning uing IGS obit and clock poduct. GPS olution 5:12-28 Leick A, Rapopot L, Tatanikov D (2015) GPS atellite uveying. John Wiley & Son, Li Z, Yuan Y, Wang N, Henandez-Pajae M, Huo X (2015) SHPTS: towad a new method fo geneating pecie global ionopheic TEC map baed on pheical hamonic and genealized tigonometic eie function. J Geodey 89: Liu Z, Gao Y (2004) Ionopheic TEC pediction ove a local aea GPS efeence netwok. GPS Solution 8:23-29 Lognonné P et al. (2006) Gound-baed GPS imaging of ionopheic pot-eimic ignal. Planetay and Space Science 54: Mannucci A, Wilon B, Yuan D, Ho C, Lindqwite U, Runge T (1998) A global mapping technique fo GPS-deived ionopheic total electon content meauement. Radio cience 33: Mannucci AJ, Wilon BD, Edwad CD (1993) A new method fo monitoing the Eath' ionopheic total electon content uing the GPS global netwok. In: Poceeding of ION GPS-93, the 6th intenational technical meeting of the atellite diviion of The Intitute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, UT, Septembe 1993, pp Montenbuck O, Hauchild A, Steigenbege P (2014) Diffeential Code Bia Etimation uing Multi GNSS Obevation and Global Ionophee Map. Navigation 61: Pak J, von Fee RR, Gejne Bzezinka DA, Moton Y, Gaya Pique LR (2011) Ionopheic detection of the 25 May 2009 Noth Koean undegound nuclea tet. Geophy Re Lett 38 Sadon E, Riu A, Zaaoa N (1994a) Etimation of the tanmitte and eceive diffeential biae and the ionopheic total electon content fom Global Poitioning Sytem obevation. Radio Science 29: Sadon E, Riu A, Zaaoa N (1994b) Ionopheic calibation of ingle fequency VLBI and GPS obevation uing dual GPS data. J Geodey 68: Schüle T, Oladipo OA (2013) Single-fequency GNSS etieval of vetical total electon content (VTEC) with GPS L1 and Galileo E5 meauement. Jounal of Space Weathe and Space Climate 3:A11 Schüle T, Oladipo OA (2014) Single-fequency ingle-ite VTEC etieval uing the NeQuick2 ay tace fo obliquity facto detemination. GPS olution 18: Sezen U, Aikan F, Aikan O, Ugulu O, Sadeghimoad A (2013) Online, automatic, nea eal time etimation of GPS TEC: IONOLAB TEC. Space Weathe 19 / 30
20 11: Stephen P, Komjathy A, Wilon B, Mannucci A (2011) New leveling and bia etimation algoithm fo poceing COSMIC/FORMOSAT 3 data fo lant total electon content meauement. Radio Science 46 Wang N, Yuan Y, Li Z, Montenbuck O, Tan B (2016) Detemination of diffeential code biae with multi-gnss obevation. J Geodey 90: Xia R Detemination of abolute ionopheic eo uing a ingle fequency GPS eceive. In: Poceeding of the 5th Intenational Technical Meeting of the Satellite Diviion of The Intitute of Navigation (ION GPS 1992), pp Yao Y, Chen P, Zhang S, Chen J (2013) A new ionopheic tomogaphy model combining pixel-baed and function-baed model. Advance in Space Reeach 52: Zumbege J, Heflin M, Jeffeon D, Watkin M, Webb FH (1997) Pecie point poitioning fo the efficient and obut analyi of GPS data fom lage netwok. Jounal of Geophyical Reeach: Solid Eath 102: / 30
21 Table 1. Deciptive tatitic fo two daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate deived uing GPS L1 data (dahed ed and geen line with ateik in Figue 4): mean bia tandad deviation (STD), in TECU. DOY SF & SPA8 SF & SPU3 SF & CUT2 SF &CUAU n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 111 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a / 30
22 Table 2. The main chaacteitic of 12 eceive involved in Figue 6 and 7, a well a the mean bia and the tandad deviation (STD) (both expeed in in TECU) of the SF time eie (ed line), computed uing the coeponding DF time eie (blue line) a a efeence. Station DOY Receive type Longitude-latitude Mean bia STD BAKE 73 TPS NET-G3A 96.0 W, 64.3 N NRC1 61 JAVAD 75.6 W, 45.5 N TRE_G3TH DELTA ADIS 60 JPS LEGACY 38.8 E, 9.0 N OHI3 88 LEICA GR W, 63.3 S SUTV 60 JPS EGGDT 20.8 E, 32.4 S IQQE 79 TRIMBLE NETR W, 20.3 S SVTL 74 JAVAD 29.8 E, 60.5 N TRE_G3TH DELTA LAMA 80 LEICA GRX1200+GNSS 20.7 E, 53.8 N DAKR 71 TPS NET-G3A 17.4 W, 14.7 N MAW1 78 LEICA GRX1200GGPRO 62.9 E, 67.6 S DUND 80 TRIMBLE NETR E, 45.9 S ULDI 79 TRIMBLE NETRS 31.4 E, 28.3 S / 30
23 Figue 1. Schematic diagam of the cutomay DF appoach (in black), and that of ou SF appoach (in ed); the middle pat hown in blue i common to both appoache. 23 / 30
24 Figue 2. Geogaphic location of a few hunded of eceive (olid ed dot) that povide the econd et of GPS data analyzed in thi wok. The blue line mak the geomagnetic equato. The black ta highlight 12 eceive, deployed in the high-, middle- and low-latitude egion. 24 / 30
25 Figue 3. Ionopheic obevable (in TECU) extacted fom GPS L1 o L1+L2 data fo eceive SPU3 and SPA8 on May 5 (DOY 126), 2016, and hown a a function of Local Time (UTC+8). Diffeent colo coepond to diffeent atellite. In each panel, the aow point to the eult fo GPS atellite / 30
26 Figue 4. Time eie of zenith VTEC etimate with a 5-min time eolution fo a ingle expeimental day that i andomly elected. We aange a total of ix panel in two ow, with each ow epeenting the eult fo one pai of mixed eceive (one ma-maket and one geodetic-gade). Each panel contain five line. The olid blue and ed line (efeed to the left y axi) epeent two daily time eie obtained uing, epectively, L1+L2 and L1 GPS data fom a geodetic-gade eceive (SPA8 o CUT2); the geen line (efeed to the left y axi) epeent the time eie obtained uing L1 data fom a low-cot eceive (SPU3 o CUAU). The dahed ed and geen line with ateik (efeed to the ight y axi) how, epectively, the two SF time eie (olid ed and geen line) that each ha been diffeenced with epect to the coeponding DF time eie (olid blue line). 26 / 30
27 Figue 5. Abolute offet between the daily etimate of SDCB, obtained along with daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate depicted in Figue 4, and the coeponding monthly poduct publihed by the Cente fo Obit Detemination in Euope (CODE). The aangement of thi figue i the ame a that of Figue 4. In all panel, the eult fo each GPS atellite ae hown by tacking the thee ba on top of each othe. 27 / 30
28 Figue 6. Two daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate with a 5-min time eolution, etimated, epectively, fom GPS L1+L2 data (in blue) and fom GPS L1 data (in ed) collected by a common eceive on a day in Mach Six panel, aanged in thee column, how the eult fo thee pai of eceive, which, fom left to ight, ae located in high-, middle- and low-latitude egion. 28 / 30
29 Figue 7. Panel (a)-(f) ae analogou to thoe in Figue 6, except that they how eult fo anothe ix eceive pead thoughout the globe and fo a few day in Mach / 30
30 Figue 8. Panel (a)-(f): daily etimate of SDCB, obtained along with daily time eie of zenith VTEC etimate depicted in Figue 6a, 6b, 6c, 7d, 7e and 7f. In each panel, the eult ae given a abolute offet in nanoecond elative to the coeponding monthly poduct publihed by the Cente fo Obit Detemination in Euope (CODE). 30 / 30
Analysis of influence of the ionosphere onto GNSS positioning. WP 4.4 Real Time positioning related issues
WP 4.4 Real Time poitioning elated iue Kinga Wezka (ESR8) Techniche Univeitat Belin Depatment fo Geodey and Geoinfomation Science Nottingham 20-21. Mach, 2012 Intoduction abolute poitioning elative poitioning
More informationNovel Analytic Technique for PID and PIDA Controller Design. Seul Jung and Richard C. Dorf. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Novel Analytic Technique fo PID and PIDA Contolle Deign Seul Jung and Richad C. Dof Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing U niveity of Calif onia; Davi Davi, CA 9566 e-mail:jung@ece.ucdavi.edu,
More informationRotating Field Voltage Analysis on the Stator and Rotor of the Inverted Rotor Induction Motor
Poceeding of the 6th WSEAS Intenational Confeence on Application of Electical Engineeing, Itanbul, Tukey, May 7-9, 007 17 Rotating Field oltage Analyi on the Stato and Roto of the Inveted Roto Induction
More informationREPORT ITU-R SA Means of calculating low-orbit satellite visibility statistics
Rep. ITU-R SA.066 1 REPORT ITU-R SA.066 Mean of calculating low-obit atellite viibility tatitic (006) CONTENTS 1 Intoduction... Page Pecentage of time and maximum duation fo a low-obiting pacecaft occupying
More informationAn Evaluation of Various Ionospheric Error Mitigation Methods used in Single Frequency PPP
Jounal of Global Poitioning Sytem (2008) Vol. 7, No. 1 : 62-71 An Evaluation of Vaiou Ionopheic Eo Mitigation Method ued in Single Fequency PPP S. Choy, K. Zhang, and D. Silcock Royal Melboune Intitute
More informationDesign of composite digital filter with least square method parameter identification
Intenational Jounal of eeach in Engineeing and Science (IJES) ISSN (Online): 3-9364, ISSN (Pint): 3-9356 www.ije.og Volume 3 Iue ǁ Decembe. 5 ǁ PP.-4 Deign of compoite digital filte with leat quae method
More information2) Calibration Method and Example
Calibating Receive Fequency and Soundcad Sampling Rate uing an O-i Standad Fequency Jim Moitz, M0BMU ) Intoduction When uing a yntheied eceive and PC with ound cad with weak-ignal otwae uch a WOLF [http://eenet-homepage.de/dl4yh/wol/index.html],
More informationPPP-RTK PLATFORM PERFORMANCE BASED ON SINGLE-FREQUENCY GPS DATA
PPP-RTK PLATFORM PERFORMANCE BASED ON SINGLE-FREQUENCY GPS DATA Dennis Odik *, Pete J.G. Teunissen, and Baocheng Zhang Reseach Fellow, GNSS Reseach Cente, Depatment of Spatial Sciences, Cutin Univesity,
More informationTOTAL LUMINOUS FLUX AND CHROMACITY MEASUREMENT FOR LED LUMINAIRES USING ABSOLUTE INTERATING SPHERE METHOD
TOTAL LUMINOUS FLUX AND CHROMACITY MEASUREMENT FOR LED LUMINAIRES USING ABSOLUTE INTERATING SPHERE METHOD Pan, J. 1, Qian, F. 2, Min, F. 1 and Li, Y. 1 1 EVERFINE PHOTO-E-INFO., CO., LTD.,Hangzhou, China
More informationA Novel Algorithm for Blind Adaptive Recognition between 8-PSK and /4-Shifted QPSK Modulated Signals for Software Defined Radio Applications
A ovel Algoithm fo Blind Adaptive Recognition between 8-PSK and /4-Shifted QPSK Modulated Signal fo Softwae Defined Radio Application A. Abaviani, M. Soleimani and V. Tabatabavakili Electical Engineeing
More information12th WSEAS International Conference on SYSTEMS, Heraklion, Greece, July 22-24, Feedback Signals Estimation of an Induction Machine Drive
2th WSEAS Intenational Confeence on SYSEMS, Healion, Geece, July 22-24, 28 Feedbac Signal Etimation of an Induction Machine Dive CONSANIN APOSOAIA, ZOAN SZEKEY, and DONAD GRAY Electical and Compute Engineeing
More informationDevelopment of a New Duct Leakage Test: Delta Q
LBNL 47308 Development of a New Duct Leakage Tet: Delta Q Walke, I.S., Sheman, M.H., Wempen, J., Wang, D., McWilliam, J.A., and Dickehoff, D.J. Enegy efomance of Building Goup Lawence Bekeley National
More informationSimulation and Analysis of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) of Three Phase Induction Motor with Various PWM Techniques
ol. 2, ue 2, Aug 2015, SSN 2349-0780 Simulation and Analyi of ndiect Field Oiented Contol (FOC) of Thee Phae nduction Moto with aiou PWM Technique Teja H Panchal 1, Amit N Patel 1, Saga Soniga 2 1,2 Electical
More informationFrequency Separation Actuation Resonance Cancellation for Vibration Suppression Control of Two-Inertia System Using Double Motors
Fequency Sepaation Actuation Reonance Cancellation fo Vibation Suppeion Contol of Two-Inetia Sytem Uing Double Moto enji Inukai, and Hiohi Fujimoto The Univeity of Tokyo ahiwa, Chiba, Japan Email: inukai@hflab.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp,
More informationStochastic Modelling of GPS Phase Observations for Improved Quality Estimation
Stochatic Modelling of GPS Phae Obevation fo Impoved Quality Etimation Neil Bown 1, Allion Kealy 2 and Ian Williamon 3 1 PhD Candidate Email: neb@unie.li.unimelb.edu.au 2 Lectue Email: akealy@unimelb.edu.au
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementay Figue Supplementay Figue 1 Optical etup chematic diagam. See Supplementay Method fo detailed deciption. Supplementay Figue 2 lectical ignal flow diagam. A function geneato (AFG1) geneate two
More informationTHE RADIO CHANNEL IN THE VEHICULAR IDENTIFICATION
THE RADIO CHANNEL IN THE VEHICULAR IDENTIFICATION Ricado Menee*, Robeto Linae, Laua Monte Intituto Politécnico Nacional Ecuela Supeio de Ingenieía Mecánica y Eléctica, Campu Zacatenco U.P.A.L.M. Edif.
More informationLECTURE 24 INDUCTION MACHINES (1)
ECE 330 POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS LECTURE 24 INDUCTION MACHINES (1) Acknowledgment-Thee handout and lectue note given in cla ae baed on mateial fom Pof. Pete Saue ECE 330 lectue note. Some lide
More informationPerformance Evaluation of an Enhanced Distance-based Registration Scheme Using the Normal Distribution Approximation
Peomance Evaluation o an Enhanced Ditance-baed Regitation Scheme Uing the Nomal Ditibution Appoimation Jang Hyun Bae * Jae Young Seo and Dougla C. Sice Depatment o Inomation Sytem Engineeing Chonbu National
More informationTechniques for Input Ripple Current Cancellation: Classification and Implementation
Techniue fo Input Ripple Cuent Cancellation: Claification and Implementation N.K. Poon J.C.P. Liu C.K. Te and M.. Pong Abtact Switching powe upplie due to thei high-feuency witching opeation daw a ubtantial
More information4. Space-Time Block Coding
. Space-Time Block Coding. Intoduction. Delay Diveity Scheme. Alamouti Space-Time Code. Space-Time Block Code.5 Decoding of STBC.6 Simulation Reult.7 Impefect Channel Etimation: A Pefomance Analyi.8 Effect
More informationMaximum Likelihood Detection for Detect-and-Forward Relay Channels
Int. J. Communication, Netwok and Sytem Science,, 4, 88-97 doi:.436/ijcn..4 Publihed Online Febuay (http://www.scirp.og/jounal/ijcn) Maximum Likelihood Detection fo Detect-and-Fowa Relay Channel Abtact
More informationwhere and are polynomials with real coefficients and of degrees m and n, respectively. Assume that and have no zero on axis.
function whee is an unknown constant epesents fo the un-modeled dynamics The pape investigates the position contol of electical moto dives that can be configued as stuctue of Fig 1 This poblem is fomulated
More informationInternational Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development
Scientific Jounal of Impact Facto SJIF:.7 Intenational Jounal of Advance Engineeing and eeach Development olume, Iue, Novembe -7 e-issn O: 8-7 p-issn P: 8-66 otalk Modeling and Analyi of oupled Inteconnect
More informationN2-1. The Voltage Source. V = ε ri. The Current Source
DC Cicuit nalysis The simplest cicuits to undestand and analyze ae those that cay diect cuent (DC). n this note we continue ou study of DC cicuits with the topics of DC voltage and cuent souces, the idea
More informationS11 PHY114 Problem Set 8
S11 PHY114 Poblem Set 8 S. G. Rajeev Apil 4, 2011 Due Monday 4 Ap 2011 1. Find the wavelength of the adio waves emitted by the Univesity of Rocheste adio station (88.5 Mhz)? The numbe of bits pe second
More informationFigure Geometry for Computing the Antenna Parameters.
Spheical Coodinate Systems Definitions Figue 1.2.1 Geomety fo Computing the Antenna Paametes. Antenna Radiation Patten: The distibution of adiated enegy fom an antenna ove a suface of constant adius centeed
More information7. Inverter operated induction machines
7. Invete opeated induction machine Souce: Siemen AG, Gemany Dept. of Electical Enegy Conveion Pof. A. Binde 7/1 Invete-fed induction machine Fequency convete (invete) geneate thee-phae voltage ytem with
More informationIAS 2.4. Year 12 Mathematics. Contents. Trigonometric Relationships. ulake Ltd. Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent
Yea 12 Mathematics IS 2.4 Tigonometic Relationships Robet Lakeland & al Nugent ontents chievement Standad.................................................. 2 icula Measue.......................................................
More informationOptimal Design of Smart Mobile Terminal Antennas for Wireless Communication and Computing Systems
Optimal Design of Smat Mobile Teminal Antennas fo Wieless Communication and Computing Systems Autho Lu, Junwei, Yang, Shiyou Published 2007 Confeence Title 2007 4th Intenational Symposium on Electomagnetic
More informationQAM CARRIER TRACKING FOR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
QAM CARRIER TRACKING FOR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO M Jame D. Scheude (Scheude Engineeing, Sydney, NSW, Autalia; jame.cheude@cheude.com.au) ABSTRACT Thi pape invetigate Quadatue Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
More informationNear-field Computation and. Uncertainty Estimation using Basic. Cylindrical-Spherical Formulae
Nea-field Computation and Uncetainty Estimation using Basic Cylindical-Spheical Fomulae Poject... IEC 63 Subject... Basic Nea-Field Computation Document numbe... N/A Revision... 3 Autho... F.D. du Plessis
More informationPost-Fault Speed Sensor-Less Operation Based on Kalman Filter for a Six-Phase Induction Motor
Pot-Fault Speed Seno-Le Opeation Baed on Kalman Filte fo a Six-Phae Induction Moto Ilam M. Soliman 1, Elhuien A. Mahmoud 2, Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik 3, Huein F. Soliman 4 1 Depatment of MEA-Sytem & Infatuctue,
More informationA Theoretical Model for Corrosion Assessment in Overhead Line Conductors
Theoetical Model fo Cooion ement in Ovehead Line Conducto Celio F. Baboa Geência de Soluçõe Tecnológica paa o Seto Elético Cento de Pequia e Deenv. em Telecomunicaçõe - CPqD Campina, SP, Bail gcelio@cpqd.com.b
More informationNICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW?
NICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW? BACKGROUND: EN 1811 is the intenationally ecognised test method which was devised almost 12 yeas ago to detemine the ate of nickel elease fom jewelley,
More informationSpectrum Sharing between Public Safety and Commercial Users in 4G-LTE
1 Spectum Shaing between Public Safety and Commecial Uses in 4G-LTE Haya Shajaiah, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi and Chales Clancy Badley Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing Viginia Tech, Alington, VA, 22203,
More information/17/$ IEEE
IEEE PEDS 017, Honolulu, USA 1 15 Decembe 017 Enhancing Wiele Powe Tanfe Capability of Inductive Powe Tanfe Sytem Uing Matix Powe Repeate Rong Hua*, Student membe, IEEE, Bo ong, Aiguo Patick Hu, Senio
More informationPI and Fuzzy DC Voltage Control For Wind Pumping System using a Self-Excited Induction Generator
PI and Fuzzy DC Voltage Contol Fo Wind Pumping Sytem uing a Self-Excited Induction Geneato Rachid E AKHRIF, Ahmed ABBOU, Mohamed BARARA, Youef MAJDOUB and Noueddine SKIK Electic Engineeing Depatment, The
More informationFrequency Calibration of A/D Converter in Software GPS Receivers
Frequency Calibration of A/D Converter in Software GPS Receiver L. L. Liou, D. M. Lin, J. B. Tui J. Schamu Senor Directorate Air Force Reearch Laboratory Abtract--- Thi paper preent a oftware-baed method
More informationMinimizing Ringing and Crosstalk
Minimizing Ringing and Cosstalk By Glen Dash, Ampyx LLC, GlenDash at alum.mit.edu Copyight 1998, 26 Ampyx LLC When viewed on a schematic, a wie is just a wie. Howeve, when isetimes shink to a few nanoseconds
More informationChapter 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
Chapte 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios 9. Cascode Stage 9. Cuent Mios CH 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Boosted Output Impedances S O S m out E O E m out g g Bipola Cascode Stage [ g ( )] out m O O O
More informationCRITICAL VOLTAGE PROXIMITY INDEX INVESTIGATION FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
anaction on Powe anmiion and Ditibution ISSN: 9-87 Online Publication, June 0 www.pcoglobal.com/gjto.htm P-I3/GJO CRIICL VOLGE PROXIIY INDEX INVESIGION OR RNSISSION SYSES lexi Polycapou, Haan Noui, Dan
More informationLAAS/GBAS Ground Reference Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of Ground Multipath
LAAS/BAS ound Refeence Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of ound Multipath Alfed R Lopez, BAE Systems BIORAPHY Alfed R Lopez is a Life Fellow of the IEEE He is a Hazeltine Fellow and Engineeing Fellow with
More informationABSTRACT. Human perception of sound arises from the transmission of action-potentials (APs) through
Repint fom Poceeding of the 7 th Autalian Confeence onneual Netwok, 996, Canbea ACT A Multi-Thehold Neual Netwok fo Fequency Etimation L. S. Ilicht and Ian C. Buce and G.M.Clak The Bionic Ea Intitute,
More informationVariable Speed Drive Volumetric Tracking (VSDVT) for Airflow Control in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems
EL-HH--5-4 Vaiable peed Dive Volumetic Tacking (VDVT) fo Aiflow Contol in Vaiable Ai Volume (VAV) ytem Mingheng Liu, Ph.D., P. E. Enegy ytem Laboatoy, Univeity of Nebaka-Lincoln ABTRACT An aiflow contol
More informationFeasibility of a triple mode, low SAR material coated antenna for mobile handsets
Loughboough Univesity Institutional Repositoy Feasibility of a tiple mode, low SAR mateial coated antenna fo mobile handsets This item was submitted to Loughboough Univesity's Institutional Repositoy by
More informationA New Technique to TEC Regional Modeling using a Neural Network.
A New Technique to TEC Regional Modeling uing a Neural Network. Rodrigo F. Leandro Geodetic Reearch Laboratory, Department of Geodey and Geomatic Engineering, Univerity of New Brunwick, Fredericton, Canada
More informationImage Enhancement. To process an image so that output is visually better than the input, for a specific application.
Image Enhancement To poce an image o that output i viually bette than the input, fo a pecific application. Enhancement i theefoe, vey much dependent on the paticula poblem/image at hand. Enhancement can
More informationParameters of spinning AM reticles
Paametes of spinning AM eticles onald G. Digges, Cal E. Halfod, and Glenn D. Boeman A new method of obtaining amplitude modulation (AM) fo detemining taget location with spinning eticles is pesented. The
More informationVoltage Stability in Power Network when connected Wind Farm Generators
PEDS009 oltage Stability in Powe Netwok when connected Wind Fam Geneato P. N. Boonchiam Membe, IEEE Electical Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, Rajamangala Uni. of Tech. Thanyabui Pathumthani
More informationDirect Torque Control of Induction Motor Based on Space Vector Modulation Using a Fuzzy Logic Speed Controller
Volume 54, Numbe, 013 139 Diect Toque Contol of Induction Moto Baed on Space Vecto Modulation Uing a Fuzzy Logic Speed Contolle Abdeelem CHIKHI ABSTRACT - In the pape, the popoed diect toque contol uing
More informationDemosaicking using Adaptive Bilateral Filters
Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateal Filtes Ekine Akuiyibo Timothy Atobatele EE 362, Winte 2006 0. Abstact Digital cameas sample the continuous spectum using an aay of colo filtes such that each pixel
More informationAnalysis of a Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna
124 Analysis of a Factal Micostip Patch Antenna Vibha Rani Gupta and Nisha Gupta* Bila Institute of Technology, Mesa, Ranchi-835215, Jhakhand, India. vgupta@bitmesa.ac.in, ngupta@bitmesa.ac.in Abstact-
More informationAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Inteface Pactices Subcommittee AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/SCTE 48-1 2015 Test Method fo Measuing Shielding Effectiveness of Passive and Active Devices Using a GTEM Cell NOTICE
More informationDESIGN OF A ROBUST LINEAR CONTROLLER FOR PROPER TRACKING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
4 th ITERATIOAL SYMPOSIUM on POWER ELECTROICS - Ee 27 XIV Međunaodni impozijum Enegeta eletonia Ee 27 OVI SAD, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, ovembe 7 th - 9 th, 27 DESIG OF A ROBUST LIEAR COTROLLER FOR PROPER TRACKIG
More informationSmall Loop Antenna and Duality Theorem
Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Page 1 Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Having studied the ideal electic dipole we now tun ou attention to an inteesting antenna closely elated to the electic
More informationSynopsis of Technical Report: Designing and Specifying Aspheres for Manufacturability By Jay Kumler
OPTI 51 Synopsis (Gad Requiement #1) G. Desoches Synopsis of Technical Repot: Designing and Specifying Asphees fo Manufactuability By Jay Kumle Novembe 1, 007 Reviewed by: Gead Desoches Abstact Since asphees
More informationInvestigation. Name: a About how long would the threaded rod need to be if the jack is to be stored with
Think Unit bout 6 This Lesson Situation 1 Investigation 1 Name: Think about the design and function of this automobile jack. Use the uto Jack custom tool to test ou ideas. a bout how long would the theaded
More informationDesign of A Circularly Polarized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications
VNU Jounal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 2 (2015) 1-7 Design of A Ciculaly Polaized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth fo 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications Hong Van Tam 1, Luong
More informationVTU NOTES QUESTION PAPERS NEWS VTU RESULTS FORUM BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP UNIT-4
NTENN & PROPGTION 6EC6 1EC6 UNIT- Unit : Loop and Hon ntenna: Intoduction, small loop, compaison of fa field of small loop and shot dipole, loop antenna geneal case, fa field pattens of cicula loop, adiation
More informationNear-field emission prediction of CESAME
Nea-field emission pediction of CESAME E. Sicad, S. Ben Dhia, E. Lamoueux INSA-GEI, 135 Av de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Fance B. Vignon, L. Couau ST Micoelectonics, Cental R&D Colles, Fance Contact : etienne.sicad@insa-toulouse.f
More informationAbsolute calibration of null correctors using twin computer-generated holograms
Absolute calibation of null coectos using twin compute-geneated hologams Poteep C.V. Mallik a, Rene Zehnde a, James H. Buge a, Alexande Poleshchuk b a College of Optical Sciences, The Univesity of Aizona,
More information(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/ A1. Hsu et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 6, 2011
(19) United State US 2011 0001683A1 (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0001683 A1 Hu et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 6, 2011 (54) ANTENNA ARRAY Publication Claification 51) Int. C.
More informationThe Periodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value
The Peiodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value Nadav Levanon Dept. of Electical Engineeing Systems Tel Aviv Univesity Tel Aviv, Isael nadav@eng.tau.ac.il Abstact The peiodic ambiguity function (PAF)
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
THE UNIESITY OF NEW SOUTH WAES School of Electical Engineeing & Telecommunications EE97 POWE EETONIS FO ENEWABE AND DISTIBUTED GENEATION EXAMINATION Session (Supplementay Exam) TIME AOWED: 3 hous TOTA
More informationONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION
ONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION The one-way (tansmitte to eceive) ada equation is deived in this section. This equation is most commonly used in RWR o ESM type of applications. The following is
More informationAnalysis of Occurrence of Digit 0 in Natural Numbers Less Than 10 n
meican Intenational Jounal of Reseach in Fomal, pplied & Natual Sciences vailable online at http://www.iasi.net ISSN (Pint): 2328-3777, ISSN (Online): 2328-3785, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3793 IJRFNS is a efeeed,
More informationA Discussion about a Start-up Procedure of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator System
1 A Dicuion about a Stat-up Pocedue o a Doubly-Fed Induction Geneato Sytem J. L. Da Silva*, R. G. de Oliveia*, S. R Silva*, B. Rabelo** and W. Homann** *Fedeal Univeity O Mina Geai/Electic Engineeing Reeach
More informationDesign of an LLC Resonant Converter Using Genetic Algorithm
Design of an LLC Resonant Convete Using Genetic Algoithm H. H. Nien, C. K. Huang, S. K. Changchien, C. H Chan Dept. of Electical Engineeing, Chienkuo Technology Univesity E-mail: nien@ctu.edu.tw Dept,
More informationPublished in: International Journal of Material Forming. Document Version: Peer reviewed version
A Vitual Inspection Technique fo Assessing the Dimensional Accuacy of Foged Compesso Blades Using FE Modeling and CMM Inspection Makem, J., Ou, H., Amstong, C., Rennie, A., & Nikov, S. (2008). A Vitual
More informationISSN: [Reddy & Rao* et al., 5(12): December, 2016] Impact Factor: 4.116
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION COMPARISONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH ESTIMATOR AND PLL V. Nasi Reddy *, S. Kishnajuna Rao*, S.Nagenda Kuma * Assistant
More information10! !. 3. Find the probability that a five-card poker hand (i.e. 5 cards out of a 52-card deck) will be:
MATH 0(001 Fall 2018 Homewok 2 Solutions Please infom you instucto if you find any eos in the solutions 1 Suppose that thee ae duck huntes, each with a pefect shot A flock of ducks fly ove, and each hunte
More informationSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. Fall 2007
School of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Conell Univesity ECE 303: Electomagnetic Fields and Waves Fall 007 Homewok 1 Due on Nov. 8, 007 by 5:00 PM Reading Assignments: i) Review the lectue notes. ii)
More informationExperimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destructive Testing by Form of Eddy Current Sensor Probe
Expeimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destuctive Testing by Fom of Eddy Cuent Senso Pobe Fengyun Xie * and Jihui Zhou School of Mechanical and Electonical Engineeing, East China Jiaotong Univesity,
More informationInduction Motors Direct Field Oriented Control with Robust On-Line Tuning of Rotor Resistance
Induction Moto Diect Field Oiented Contol with Robut On-Line Tuning of Roto Reitance Mohamed-Saïd Naït-Saïd, Mohamed Benbouzid To cite thi veion: Mohamed-Saïd Naït-Saïd, Mohamed Benbouzid. Induction Moto
More informationUNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 650 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS
XIX IMEKO Wold Congess Fundamental and Applied Metology Septembe 6 11, 29, Lisbon, Potugal UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 65 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS Fumihio Sakuma, Laina
More informationGAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC
GAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC Islam Md. Rafiqul, Mohammad Shawkat Habib and Khaizuan Abdullah Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Intenational Islamic Univesity Malaysia,
More informationDesign and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Architecture for OFDM Communication
Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Achitectue fo OFDM Communication R. Achitha 1, S. Bhagyalakshmi 2, V. Jaya Suthi 3, D. T. Menakadevi 4 U.G. Students, Depatment of ECE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineeing,
More informationOptic Cable Tracking and Positioning Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing
08 5th Intenational Confeence on Electical & Electonics Engineeing and Compute Science (ICEEECS 08) Optic Cable Tacking and Positioning Method Based on Distibuted Optical Fibe Vibation Sensing Zhang Chao,
More informationWhite Paper. Method of Modeling Differential Vias. Abstract. Issue: 2.1 Date: Jan25, 2011
White Pape Method of Modeling Diffeential Via Iue:. Date: Jan5, 0 Lambet Simonovich, Signal Integity & Backplane Specialit, Lamim Entepie Inc., limonovich@lamimentepie.com D. Eic Bogatin, Signal Integity
More informationDiscrepancies Between Euclidean and Spherical Trigonometry. David Eigen
Discepancies Between Euclidean and Spheical Tigonomety David Eigen 1 Non-Euclidean geomety is geomety that is not based on the postulates of Euclidean geomety. The five postulates of Euclidean geomety
More informationPPP-RTK: Results of CORS Network-Based PPP with Integer Ambiguity Resolution
2 International Sympoium on GPS/GNSS October 26-28, 2. PPP-RTK: Reult of CORS Network-Baed PPP with Integer Ambiguity Reolution P.J.G. Teunien,2, D Odik, and B Zhang,3* GNSS Reearch Centre, Curtin Univerity
More informationcos s Presentation Layout HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT
HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT Pesentation Layout GPS in Engineeing Monitoing. GPS Caie Phase Multipath Eo Multipath Sideeal-day Coection Technique Poposed Technique
More informationWireless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3)
COMPUCOM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION) Notes Wieless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3) Pepaed By: LOKESH KUMAR ARYA Class: B. Tech. IV Yea, VII
More informationKey Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, China Earthquake Administration, China
Shake Table Test fo Lage Indiect-Ai-Cooling Towe Stuctue of Fie Powe Plant Pat I Junwu DAI, Yongqiang YANG & Xuan WNG Key Laboatoy of athquake ngineeing and ngineeing Vibation, China athquake Administation,
More informationRealistic Simulation of a Wireless Signal Propagation in an Urban Environment
Realistic Simulation of a Wieless Signal Popagation in an Uban Envionment Keyukuma J. Patel Univesity of Southen Queensland Toowoomba, Austalia e-mail: keyupatel@ieee.og Andew Y. J. Lee Nanyang Technological
More informationAll-Digital DPWM/DPFM Controller for Low-Power DC-DC Converters
All-Digital DPWM/DPFM Contolle fo Low-Powe DC-DC Convete Kun Wang, Nabeel Rahman, Zdavko Lukic, and Alekanda Podic Laboatoy fo Low Powe Management and Integated Switch-Mode Powe Supplie Depatment of Electical
More informationDESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION
DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION RAHUL T. DAHATONDE, SHANKAR B. DEOSARKAR Dept. of E & TC, D. Babasaheb Ambedka Technological Univesity, Lonee,
More informationAnti-Forensics of Chromatic Aberration
Anti-Foensics of Chomatic Abeation Owen Maye and Matthew C. Stamm Dept. of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Dexel Univesity, Philadelphia, PA, USA ABSTRACT Ove the past decade, a numbe of infomation foensic
More informationDerangements. Brian Conrey and Tom Davis and March 23, 2000
Deangements Bian Coney and Tom Davis coney@aimath.og and tomdavis@eathlink.net http://www.geomete.og/mathcicles Mach 23, 2000 Seating Mixup Imagine that Yankee Stadium is completely sold out, but when
More informationDiscussion #7 Example Problem This problem illustrates how Fourier series are helpful tools for analyzing electronic circuits. Often in electronic
Discussion #7 Example Poblem This poblem illustates how Fouie seies ae helpful tools fo analyzing electonic cicuits. Often in electonic cicuits we need sinusoids of vaious fequencies But we may aleady
More information1 Performance and Cost
Pefomance and Cost Analysis and Reseach of Ai-Cooled Using Small Diamete Coppe Tubes Wu Yang, Li Changsheng and Deng Bin Abstact Replacing coppe tubes with aluminum tubes and using coppe tubes with smalle
More informationPERFORMANCE OF TOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN INDOOR MULTIPATH CHANNELS
PERFORMANCE OF TOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN INDOOR MULTIPATH CHANNELS Xinong Li, Kaveh Pahlavan, and Jacques Beneat Cente fo Wiele Infomation Netwo Studies Electical and Compute Engineeing Depatment, Woceste
More informationHIGH PERFORMANCE CONTROLLERS FOR SPEED AND POSITION INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE USING NEW REACHING LAW
Intenational Jounal of Intumentation and Contol ytem (IJIC) Vol., No., Octobe HIGH PERFORMANCE CONTROLLER FOR PEED AND POITION INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE UING NEW REACHING LAW alah Eddine Rezgui, Hocine Benalla
More informationDiagnosis method of radiated emission from battery management system for electric vehicle
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Enegy Pocedia 88 (2016 ) 662 667 CUE2015-Applied Enegy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low cabon cities and uban enegy systems Diagnosis method of adiated
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 100 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Pocedia Engineeing 1 (215 ) 1 14 25th DAAAM Intenational Symposium on Intelligent Manufactuing and Automation DAAAM 214 Measuement of Complex Pemittivity
More informationECEN326: Electronic Circuits Fall 2017
ECEN36: Electonic Cicuits Fall 07 Lectue 4: Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Sam Palemo Analog & Mixed-Signal Cente Texas A&M Univesity Announcements HW3 due 0/4 Exam 0/9 9:0-0:0 (0 exta minutes) Closed book
More informationA Miniaturization Technique of a Compact Omnidirectional Antenna
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 8, NO. 4, DECEMBER 9 373 A Miniatuization Technique of a Compact Omnidiectional Antenna Saah SUFYAR, Chitophe DELAVEAUD CEA-LETI MINATEC F-3854 Genoble, Fance aah.ufya@cea.f, chitophe.delaveaud@cea.f
More informationA Multi-hybrid Energy System for Hybrid Electric
Wold Electic Vehicle Jounal Vol. 4 - ISSN 03-6653 - 00 WEVA Page000505 EVS5 Shenzhen, hina, Nov 5-9, 00 A Multi-hybid Enegy Sytem fo Hybid Electic Vehicle Xiaodong Zhang, K. T. hau, and.. han Depatment
More informationExperimental Prototype of Open-End Stator Winding Induction Machine Fed by Three Phase Inverters
Expeimental Pototype of Open-End Stato Winding Induction Machine Fed by hee Phae Invete SAMI Guizani 1,, ABDELMONOEM Nayli,, FAOUZI Ben Amma 1 IPEIEM, Univeity of El Mana, uniia guizani_ami@yahoo.f Univeity
More information