Keywords:. Consumer Acceptance, Purchasing Power, Root Mean Square Error, Theil U Statistics

Transcription

1 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: APPLICATION OF THE LOTKA-VOLTERRA MODEL IN EXPLORING THE SALES VOLUMES INTERACTIONS OF SMARTPHONES BETWEEN ASIA AND NORTH AMERICA Bi-Huei Tsai Professor, Deparme of Maageme Sciece, Naioal Chiao Tug Uiversiy, 00 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsichu 300, Taiwa ABSTRACT This sudy uilizes Smarphoe sales volumes o predic he relaioships of Smarphoe sales volumes i Asia ad Norh America. The empirical resuls show ha he Smarphoe sale i Asia subsaially ehaces he sales growh i Norh America, whereas he Smarphoe sales i Norh America curail he sales growh i Asia. The Smarphoe are firs sold o Norh America because of he srog cosumer purchasig power ad cosumer accepace i Norh America. As he Smarphoe vedors sell more Smarphoe i Norh America, he sale i Asia will decrease due o he limied producio capaciy. Uil he producio capaciy of Smarphoe is exeded, he sales volumes of Smarphoe i Asia icreases. Whe Smarphoe ge popular i Asia, he widespread of Smarphoe eeraimes ad commercial aciviies i Asia simulae he Smarphoe sales i Norh America. The real sales volumes are close o he prediced sales volumes calculaed by our proposed model, idicaig ha our proposed model ca accuraely predic he red of Smarphoe sales. This sudy furher predics ha he log-erm Smarphoe sales volumes will o coverge o a sable levels i Asia ad Norh America, suggesig ha heir sales volumes will icrease ifiiely if o iovaive commuicaio producs ca compleely replace Smarphoe. Keywords:. Cosumer Accepace, Purchasig Power, Roo Mea Square Error, Theil U Saisics INTRODUCTION This ivesigaio employs he Loka-Volerra model o explore he correlaios of Smarphoe sales bewee Asia ad Norh America regios. Previous sudies aalyzed he rade ierdepedecy amog various regios, bu few sudies have highlighed he quaiaive evidece of ed user relaioships. Thus, his sudy uilizes Smarphoe sale volumes o predic he compeiive relaioships of marke sales bewee Asia ad Norh America. A he begiig, Page 38

2 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Norh America marke becomes he major marke of Smarphoe for four reasos: commuicaio specificaios, advaages of echological developme, cosumer purchasig power ad cosumer accepace. Regardig commuicaio specificaios, he developme of commuicaio specificaios i Norh America is he mos rapid ad advaced. Also, he commuicaio specificaios of major operaors are uiig. As a resul, he facories of Smarphoe brads ca focus o few produc lies ad ehace produc price i Norh America. I coras, commuicaio specificaios i he regio differ from hose i Norh America due o differe developme siuaios of ifrasrucure ad commuicaios equipme i various couries. Cosequely, Smarphoe brad facories i he global marke oher ha Norh America have o cocer he produc lies wih a variey of commuicaios specificaios ad price rages, resulig i resource dispersio. For he advaages of echological developme, sice here are may high ech compaies i Norh America, such as Apple, Blackberry, Google, Face book, ec., he relaed applicaio services of Smarphoe i Norh America are he mos complee, which ca improve cosumers demad for producs ad willigess o ge a ew phoe (Eer, 0). The 4G developme i Norh America is he mos complee. I is quick ad easy o surf he iere o Smarphoe, which promoes o oly he video ad game markes bu also cosumers requiremes i highspecificaio Smarphoe (Behe, Campbell, Hall, Khacharya, Deis, ad Yue, 03). Referrig o cosumer purchasig power, higher average icome i Norh America leads o sroger purchasig power o high-priced cosumer elecroic producs because Torkildse (005) reveal ha icome is criical of leisure aciviies. Also, cosumers i Norh America have esablished heir habis o elecroic producs. Their purchase ie o ew producs is higher, so cosumers i Norh America replace heir mobile phoes wih ewly developed Smarphoe more frequely (Moberg, Borggre, Ambell, Fivede, Guldbradsso, Bodesso, ad Bergmark, 04). I he respecive of cosumer accepace, as a global leader of echology developme, Norh America has he mos abuda echology produc caegories so ha cosumers here ca beer accep ew simuli i he marke. Their cosumpio habis may be chaged more easily, ad he degree of public accepace o iovaive producs ad ew echologies is higher (Hsieh, Wu, ad Hsu, 04). Cosumers i Norh America accep Smarphoe easily, so Norh America marke became he major marke of Smarphoe whe Smarphoe eered io marke. Alhough Norh America was oce he global greaes cosumpio area of Smarphoe before he secod quarer of 0, he cumulaive sales volume of Smarphoe i Asia is over ha i Asia sice 0 due o he huge populaio ad ecoomic developme i Asia. As he maufacurig capaciy of Smarphoe is limied, a grea amou of Smarphoe sold o oe regio would reduce he Smarphoe volumes sold o oher regios. As he Smarphoe sales Page 39

3 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: volumes i Norh America icrease, he sales volumes i Asia decrease. I addiio, people use Smarphoe s for he purpose of eeraime, wireless commuicaio, global posiioig ad media. Cabras e al. (07) ad Clausse ad Grohsjea (0) hi he widespread of elecroics video games hrough Smarphoe. As Asia ad Norh America eerprises impleme worldwide eeraime, media, game ad commercial aciviies hrough Smarphoe s, he ierrelaioships of Smarphoe sales bewee Asia ad Norh America is icreasig, affecig he global Smarphoe idusry. The feaure of a compeiive-cooperaive relaioship, which exiss i Smarphoe sales across differe areas. However, previous sudies focused more o he rade ierdepedecy of producs whe aalyzig he ecoomic relaioship (Wag, 003; Xig, 0; Yeh, 0), ad geerally egleced sale depedecy. Thus, his sudy explores he relaios of smarphoe sales bewee Asia ad Norh America regios. This work for he firs ime uilizes he Loka-Volerra model o objecively quaify he compeiive ad cooperaive relaios of sales relaios bewee Norh America ad Asia. Mos previous sudies applied S-curve diffusio models o deermie he marke dyamics of durable producs (Bass, 969). Shao (999) sudied he adopio of exper sysems ad uilized he diffusio models. Chie e al. (00) furher modified diffusio model o forecas he diffusio of semicoducor produc demad. However, hese previous models excluded he aalysis of reciprocal cooperaio or compeiio amog various cosumpio regios. If we apply he coveioal diffusio model o explai he Smarphoe sales volumes io Asia ad Norh America, he esimaio resuls may be biased. Tsai (06) ad Tsai e al. (03) ypically use Loka-Volerra models o describe he compeiive ieracio bewee wo groups. The Loka- Volerra model cosiders he self-diffusig evoluio siuaio based o he radiioal S-shape curve (Chie e al., 00; hag, 0) ad icludes compeiive ieracio bewee wo groups (Teg ad Huag, 03). Thus, he purpose of his sudy is o use he Loka-Volerra model o cosider hese ieracive effecs ad predic Smarphoe sales volumes i Norh America ad Asia. Secod, our forecasig aalysis examies he abiliy of he Loka Volerra model o accuraely predic sales volumes of Smarphoe i Asia ad Norh America. Furhermore, based o log-erm equilibrium aalysis, his work clarifies wheher Smarphoe sales of Asia ad Norh Chia will sably reach ad maiai i he log-erm equilibrium level. The res of his paper is orgaized as follows: Secio saes our mehodology. Secio 3 preses a summary of he resuls of he aalysis. Fially, secio 4 offers a coclusio.. Mehodology. Loka-Volerra model Page 30

4 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: The Loka-Volerra model uses he logisic equaio ad a erm ha accous for he ieracio of Smarphoe sales, which is expressed by he followig wo differeial equaios: dx d ( a b X c Y X a X b X c XY, () ) ad dy d ( a b Y c X Y a Y b Y c YX, () ) where dx d ad dy d deoe he quarerly sales volume of Smarphoe from Asia ad Norh America a each quarer. X ad Y are he cumulaive sales volume of Smarphoe from Asia ad Norh America up o quarer. The cumulaive sales volume calculaio sars wih he firs quarer of 008, ad accumulaes quarerly uil he fourh quarer of 03. Addiioally, Y ad refer o he same sales volumes ieracig wih hemselves. ad deoe compeig sales volume ieracios bewee Norh Amarica ad Asia. Equaios () ad () coai all of he fudameal parameers ha affec he growh raes of Asia ad Norh America sales volumes. Regioal compeiio ad cooperaio ca be deermied hrough he parameers a i, b i ad c i. Parameer a i Page 3 XY YX represes he abiliy of Asia (or Norh America) o muliply or grow is sales volumes by iself. The sales volume i oe regio will simulae he growh of is sales volume, so his erm should have posiive sigs. Parameer b i refers o he limiaio parameer of Asia (or Norh America). Parameer a i sales volumes affec each oher. This work uilized he parameers c i represes how Asia ad Norh America a i, b i ad c i X o examie how Asia ad Norh America Smarphoe sales volumes are relaed. The proposed Loka-Volerra model forms a pair of oliear differeial equaios, which are solved umerically usig he geeic algorihm (GA) approach combied wih he simulaeous oliear leas squares (NLS) mehod i order o opimize he parameers. The reaso of adopig GA approach by his work is o avoid iadequae iiial values. This sudy iiially used GAs o radomly selec 3,000 differe ses of iiial values ad applied he simulaeous NLS mehod o solve umerically he oliear Equaios () ad (). 3,000 ses of esimaed parameers, b i, ad c i are obaied so ha his work ca use he -saisics o examie direcly he saisical sigificace of he compeiive evoluioary process bewee Asia ad Norh America. a i

5 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Page 3. Forecas Accuracy This work assesses he predicive abiliy of he Loka-Volerra model by mea absolue perceage error (MAPE), mea absolue deviaio (MAD), roo mea square error (RMSE), ad wo Theil U saisics, U ad U. This work expresses he five crieria as followig equaios: MAPE ˆ, (3) MAD ˆ, (4) RMSE ) ˆ (, (5) T T U ˆ ) ˆ (, (6) T U ] ) ˆ ( [, (7) i which is he acual sales volume, Ẑ is he prediced sales volumes calculaed by our proposed model. Parameers are esimaed usig i-sample daa from he firs quarer of 008 o he secod quarer of 03 ad ou-sample daa from he hird quarer of 03 o he fourh quarer of 03 are he forecased. Mari ad Wi (989) divided he prediced value of he model io four levels wih MAPE. Whe MAPE is less ha 0%, he predicive abiliy is excelle. Whe MAPE is bewee 0% ad 0%, he predicive abiliy is good. Whe MAPE is bewee 0% ad 50%, he predicive abiliy is raioal. Whe MAPE is greaer ha 50%, he predicive abiliy is irraioal.

6 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research.3 Equilibrium Aalysis Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Equilibrium aalysis ivesigaes he log-erm saus. The wo lies, dx/d = 0 ad dy/d = 0, cross each oher o he equilibrium poi. Sice sales volumes of Smarphoe from Asia ad Norh America cao be zero, ha is, or Y 0. The equilibrium soluio of Eqs. () ad a cy a () ca be obaied from X ad c X Y. b b.4 Daa ad sample X 0 This work collecs he quarerly Smarphoe sales volumes o Asia ad Norh America from Garer echology research daabase. The sudy period lass 4 quarers i oal from he firs quarer of 008 o he fourh quarer of 03. This work divides our sample period io wo periods: i-sample period ad ou-sample period. The i-sample period rages from he firs quarer of 008 o he secod quarer of 03. The ou-sample period rages from he hird quarer of 03 o he fourh quarer of 03. Parameers of he proposed Loka-Volerra model are esimaed usig he daa i he i-sample period. This work uilized he esimaed parameers of i-sample daa o illusrae he relaios of smarphoe sales across various areas. Furhermore, his work uilized he esimaed parameers of i-sample daa o calculae he prediced sales volumes i he ou-sample period ad he he forecasig capabiliies of our proposed models are examied by comparig he real ad prediced sales volumes i he ousample period. 3. Empirical Resuls 3. Resuls of esimaed parameers The 3,000 ses of esimaed parameers were esimaed usig he Smarphoe sales volumes bewee Asia ad Norh America from he firs quarer of 008 o he secod quarer of 03 ad heir meas ad sadard deviaios of he 3,000 ieraios are show i Table. The self-effec parameers of Norh America, b are posiive, idicaig ha Norh America sales volumes would compee amog hemselves i he same regio. Because Smarphoe are firs eered io Norh America ad heir diffusios achieved he maure sage of produc life cycle i Norh America, he margial growh of Smarphoe sold i Norh America is decreasig. The more he Smarphoe sold io Norh America, he less exe i which he Smarphoe sales volume will grow. This suggess he severe sauraio pressure exisig wihi Norh America areas. As Smarphoe sales volumes amou approaches marke sauraio, he growh rae of sales volume decreases. I oher words, he Smarphoe cosumpio faces heavy ieral rivalry wihi he same regio. Page 33

7 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Table The meas ad sadard deviaios of he esimaed coefficies of he Loka- Volerra model over 3,000 ieraios of smarphoe sold io Asia ad Norh America Asia a b c Mea *** *** *** Sadard Deviaio saisics Norh America a b c Mea *** *** *** Sadard Deviaio saisics * Sigifica a he 0% level. ** Sigifica a he 5% level. *** Sigifica a he % level. By corac, he self-effec parameers of Asia, b are egaive, idicaig ha Asia sales volumes would simulae sales growh i he same regio. The margial growh of Smarphoe sold i Asia is icreasig. The more he Smarphoe sold i Asia, he greaer exe i which he Smarphoe sales volume will grow. This suggess ha he grea effec of word of mouh i Asia areas ehaces he sales growh as he viewpois ha he word of mouh affec cosumer decisios proposed i Julie ad Nzorubara (07). Because Smarphoe eered io Asia laer ha Norh America, Asia Smarphoe marke is far from marke sauraio uil ow, he icumbe Asia cosumers of Smarphoe share he fucios of eeraime, wireless commuicaio global posiioig ad media o oher people ad arac he successive Asia cosumers o purchase Smarphoe. Thus, he srog effec of word mouh accelerae he diffusios of Smarphoe i Asia. Page 34

8 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: O he oher had, he ieracio parameer of he Asia sale volumes affeced by Norh America, c, is posiive ad sigifica, idicaig ha he Asia sales volume is squeezed by he massive sress of Norh America sales volumes. The ieracio parameer of he Norh America sale volumes affeced by Asia, c, is egaive ad sigifica, idicaig ha he Asia sales volume ehaces Norh America sales volumes. Sale growh i Asia subsaially promoes ha i Norh America, whereas he sale growh i Norh America curails ha i Asia. Norh America is he arge marke of Smarphoe. Thus, he Smarphoe firms are firs sold o Norh America. As he Smarphoe sale o Norh America icreases, he sale i Asia decreases. Uil he producio capaciy of Smarphoe is sable ad large eough, he sale o Asia icreases. Whe Smarphoe ge more ad more popular i Asia, he widespread of Smarphoe eeraimes ad commercials i Asia simulae he Smarphoe sales i Norh America. 3. Resuls of forecas accuracy This work he compares he acual ad he simulaed cumulaive sale volumes. Figures ad depic he acual ad simulaed cumulaive sales volumes usig he proposed Loka-Volerra model for Asia ad Norh America sales volumes, respecively i he i-sample ad ou-sample periods. Figures ad depic he prediced sales volumes. Obviously, he prediced sales volume is exremely close o he acual volumes prediced by our proposed Loka-Volerra model. I addiio, he acual ad prediced cumulaive sales volumes have he cosise red. Figures ad summarize he resuls of he model goodess ad forecas accuracy i i-sample ad ou-samples, respecively..x0 6 smar phoe (housad shipme).x0 6.0x x x x x0 3 Real Loka Volerra 750.0x0 3 03Q 03Q3 03Q4 Time Page 35

9 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Figure The real ad simulaed sales volumes of smarphoes sold io Asia areas durig ou-sample period. 540x0 3 smarphoe (housad shipme) 50x x x x0 3 Real Loka Volerra 440x0 3 03Q 03Q3 03Q4 Time Figure The real ad simulaed sales volumes of Smarphoe sold io Norh America areas durig ou-sample period. Table liss he forecas accuracy resuls of our proposed Loka Volerra model usig MAPE, MAD ad RMSE. A smaller MAPE implies a closer red of he prediced sales volumes o he acual sales volumes of Smarphoe i Asia or Norh America; oherwise, he predicio accuracy is irraioal. The MAPEs of Smarphoe sales volumes form Asia ad Norh America prediced by usig he Loka Volerra model are 3.37% ad 7.7% for he ou-sample ad 0.05% ad 0.7% for he i-sample, respecively. This forecas accuracy of he ou-sample suggess ha he boh Smarphoe sales predicios i Asia ad Norh America are excelle accordig o he crieria of Mari ad Wi (989). The forecas accuracy of he i-sample suggess ha boh he Smarphoe sales predicios i Asia ad Norh America are good accordig o he crieria of Mari ad Wi (989). The proposed Loka Volerra model ca hus accuraely predic he red of Smarphoe sales. Table 3 liss he forecas accuracy resuls of our Page 36

10 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: proposed Loka Volerra model usig U ad U. From Table 3, he proposed Loka Volerra model predics he Smarphoe sales volumes i Norh America beer ha hose i Asia i boh i-sample ad ou sample daa. Table Compariso of real sales volumes ad prediced sales volumes from Loka- Volerra models i he ou-sample ad i-sample periods usig MAPE, MAD, ad RMSE. Ou-sample MAPE MAD RMSE Asia / Pacific Norh America I-sample MAPE MAD RMSE Asia / Pacific Norh America Page 37

11 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Table 3 Compariso of real sales volumes ad prediced sales volumes from Loka- Volerra models i he ou-sample ad i-sample periods usig U ad U. Asia / Pacific U U I- sample Mea I- sample Sadard Deviaio Ou-Sample Mea Ou-Sample Sadard Deviaio Norh America U U I- sample Mea I- sample Sadard Deviaio Ou-Sample Mea Ou-Sample Sadard Deviaio Resuls of equilibrium aalysis Equilibrium aalysis reveals ha he equilibrium poi for he sales volumes of Asia ad Norh America cao sabilize. Figure 3 shows ha he fuure rajecory of Smarphoe s sales volumes will o coverge o he equilibrium pois i Asia ad Norh America, respecively. Sice he equilibrium saus is usable, he sales volumes from boh Asia ad Norh America icrease ifiiely. I is possibly caused by he fac ha people mus depeds o he commuicaio fucios hrough Smarphoe s before oher iovaive producs eer io he marke. The Smarphoe s will be broke, so cosumers should buy a ew oe afer he Smarphoe disposals. Sales volumes of Smarphoe s i Asia icrease i greaer exe ha hose i Norh America. This coiuous growh could be aribued o he grea populaios i Asia. The fuure reds of smar phoe sales deped o he cosumers populaios, icome ad accepace i Asia ad Norh America i he fuure. Page 38

12 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Figure 3 Log erm predicio rajecory of he smarphoe sales volumes i Asia ad Norh America usig our proposed Loka-Volerra models. 4. Coclusios This sudy used he Loka-Volerra model o ivesigae Smarphoe sales ad cosidered he ieracive depedece amog various regios i he Smarphoe idusry. Specifically, how cosumpio ceers shifed from Norh America o Asia is explored by focusig o he iimae relaioship of compeiio ad cooperaio bewee Smarphoe marke i Asia ad Norh America. Empirical resuls of his ivesigaio show ha he Loka-Volerra model ca be used o deermie he reciprocal ifluece amog sales volumes of hese wo cosumpio regios i he Smarphoe idusry. Sale growh i Asia subsaially promoes ha i Norh America, whereas he sale growh i Norh America curails ha i Asia. Norh America is he arge marke of Smarphoe. Thus, he Smarphoe are earlies sold o Norh America. As he Smarphoe sale o Norh America icreases, he sale i Asia decreases. Uil he producio capaciy of Smarphoe is sable ad large eough, he sale o Asia icreases. Whe Smarphoe ges more ad more popular i Asia, he widespread of Smarphoe eeraimes ad commercials i Asia simulae he Smarphoe sales i Norh America. Page 39

13 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Aalyical resuls demosrae ha Smarphoe sale i Asia subsaially promoes sales growh wihi Asia, whereas he Smarphoe sales i Norh America curails sales growh wihi Norh America. A possible explaaio for his pheomeo is ha, i he Smarphoe marke, Norh America ad Asia are a he maure ad early sages of he produc life cycle. Thus, he sale of Smarphoe deers he sale growh i Norh America, while he sale of Smarphoe acceleraes he sale growh i Asia. Regardig he ieracio effec bewee Asia ad Norh America markes, he parameer esimaio resuls of he Loka-Volerra model show ha he Smarphoe sale growh i Asia subsaially promoes ha i Norh America, whereas he Smarphoe sale growh i Norh America curails ha i Asia. As he Smarphoe sale i Norh America icreases, he sale i Asia decreases. Uil he producio capaciy of Smarphoe is sable ad large eough, he sale i Asia icreases. Whe Smarphoe ge more ad more popular i Asia, he widespread of eeraime, commercial, ad commuicaio aciviies i Asia simulae he Smarphoe sales i Norh America. Regardig forecas accuracy, he forecas errors of Smarphoe sales volumes form Asia ad Norh America prediced by usig he Loka Volerra model are small for he ou-sample. This suggess ha he boh Smarphoe sales predicios i Asia ad Norh America are excelle for ou-sample daa accordig o he crieria of Mari ad Wi (989). The proposed Loka Volerra model ca hus accuraely predic he red of Smarphoe sales. Equilibrium aalysis reveals ha he equilibrium poi for he sales volumes of Asia ad Norh America cao sabilize. Fially, his sudy forecass ha he sales volumes from boh Asia ad Norh America icrease ifiiely. Because people mus depeds o he commuicaio fucios hrough Smarphoe before oher iovaive producs eer io he marke o replace he Smarphoe s, he Smarphoe will be broke so ha cosumers should buy a ew oe afer he Smarphoe disposals. Sales volumes of Smarphoe i Asia icrease i greaer exe ha hose i Norh America due o he grea populaios i Asia. The fuure reds of Smarphoe sales deped o he cosumers populaios, icome ad accepace i Asia ad Norh America i he fuure. Ackowledgmes The auhor would like o hak Miisry of Sciece ad Techology of he Republic of Chia, for parially supporig his research uder Corac No. MOST H Refereces Bass, F. M. (969). A ew produc growh model for cosumer durables. Maageme Sciece, 5, Page 330

14 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Behe, B. K., Campbell, B. L., Hall, C. R., Khacharya, H., Deis, J. H., ad Yue, C. (03). Smarphoe Use, Olie Search, ad Purchase Behavior of Norh Americas: Gardeig ad No-gardeig Iformaio ad Producs. HorSciece, 48(), Cabras, I., Goumagias, N. D., Ferades, K, Cowlig, P, Li, F., Kudeko, D, Devli, S. ad Nucciarelli, A. (07). Explorig survival raes of compaies i he UK video-games idusry: A empirical sudy, Techological Forecasig & Social Chage 7, Chie, C. F., Che, Y. J., ad Peg, J. T. (00). Maufacurig ielligece for semicoducor demad forecas based o echology diffusio ad produc life cycle. Ieraioal Joural of Producio Ecoomics, 8 (), Clausse, J. Falck, O. & Grohsjea T. (0). The sregh of direc ies: Evidece from he elecroic game idusry, Ieraioal Joural of Idusrial Orgaizaio 30 (), Eer, R. (0). Ieraioal Comparisos: The Hadse Replaceme Cycle. Reco Aalyics, Massachusses. Hsieh, C. H., Wu, C. G., ad Hsu, C. P. (04). Covergece or divergece: A compariso of accepace ad use of echology for smarphoes ad ables. Maageme of Egieerig ad Techology, Libada, J. ad Nzorubara, H.. (07). Likig Word of Mouh Commuicaio o Cosumer Decisio Makig Paers i he Markeplace. Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research (4), Mari, C.A., Wi, S.F., (989). Accuracy of ecoomeric forecass of ourism, A. Tourism. Res. 6 (3), Moberg, A., Borggre, C., Ambell, C., Fivede, G., Guldbradsso, F., Bodesso, A., ad Bergmark, P. (04). Simplifyig a Life Cycle Assessme of a Mobile Phoe. The Ieraioal Joural of Life Cycle Assessme, 9(5), Shao, Y. P. (999). Exper sysems diffusio i Briish bakig: Diffusio models ad media facor. Iformaio & Maageme, 35 (), -8. Teg, H. ad Huag, Y. (03). The use for he compeiio heory of he idusrial ivesme decisios a case sudy of he Taiwa IC assembly idusry. Ieraioal Joural of Producio Ecoomics, 4 (), Torkildse, G. (005). Leisure ad Recreaio Maageme, New York: Rouledge. Page 33

15 Ieraioal Joural of Ecoomics, Busiess ad Maageme Research Vol., No. 05; 07 ISSN: Tsai, B.-H., (06). Modellig compeiio of differe maufacurig sraegies based o Loka- Volerra equaios, Joural of Coemporary Maageme 5(), 3-6. Tsai, B.-H., Hsu, C.-S. ad Balachadra, B. K. R. (03). Modelig compeiio bewee mobile ad deskop persoal compuer LCD paels based o segme reporig sales iformaio, Joural of Accouig, Audiig ad Fiace, 8 (3), Wag,. (003). WTO accessio, he Greaer Chia free-rade area, ad ecoomic iegraio across he Taiwa Srai, Chia Ecoomic Review, 4 (3), Xig, Y. (0). Processig rade, exchage raes ad Chia s bilaeral rade balaces Joural of Asia Ecoomics, 3 (5), Yeh, K. C. ad Ho, T. K. (0). Magiude ad volailiy of Taiwa s e foreig asses agais Mailad Chia: , Chia Ecoomic Review, 3 (3), hag, Y. (0). A Loka-Volerra Evoluioary Model of Chia s Icremeal Isiuioal Reform, Applied Ecoomics Leers, 9(4), Page 33