C o n t e n t s. Mehdi Boroumand, Majid Noorallah Doost, Current status of PHOTOMOD in Iran... 2

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1 C o n t e n t s Mehdi Boroumand, Majid Noorallah Doost, Current status of PHOTOMOD in Iran... 2 Koshechkin I.S., Nizhegorodtsev I.V., Digital photogrammetry in Eastern Siberia by the example of East- Siberian Federal state unitary enterprise Goszemkadastrsyomka (VISKHAGI)... 9 Gromov М.О., Production of map materials for automated system of state land cadastre on testing area of Megin-Kangalass ulus of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Madzharova T., Ivanova K., Koeva M., Digital orthophotoplans on the territory of Sofia Municipality Serebryakov S.V., Nepeina N.N., Practical experience of digital topographic mapping and orthophotos creation using PHOTOMOD software system Osintseva T.V., Essin A.S., Update of digital map in 1:100,000 scale for Omsk Oblast Territory by space images using PHOTOMOD system Ante Sladojević, Goran Mrvoš, Experimental aerial photogrammetry with professional non metric camera Canon EOS 5D Razumova Ya.V., Digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD in SurgutNefteGaz Company Kochergin D.V., Scornyakov M.V., Using laser scanner data (ALS50) along with digital camera images (DSS) for the orthomosaicking in PHOTOMOD system Kolesnikova O.N., Possibilities of satellite remote sensing data Gershenzon O.N., Kucheiko A.A., Multimission solution for regional operative satellite remote sensing monitoring Byeloshapkin M.A., Digital automatic aerial survey complex Photolite Panteleeva N. A., Experience of corporate GIS creation Malyavsky B.K., Bykov L.V., Bykov V.L., Makarov A.P., Images calibration on testing polygon Inozemtsev D. P., About increasing of the quality of space scanner images K.N.Makarov, Organization of training course Aerospace methods in forestry and landscape design in Sochi State University using PHOTOMOD System

2 Current status of PHOTOMOD in Iran Mehdi Boroumand, Majid Noorallah Doost, NPR Co, Iran Introduction Since the year 1997 Nama Pardaz Rayaneh (NPR) 1 has introduced itself as exclusive local agent of Racurs company 2 in Iran, along with providing geomatics solutions in other aspects like field surveying instruments, airborne and terrestrial laser scanners and etc. The cooperation started with version 2 and currently PHOTOMOD is the most famous and reasonable photogrammetric software, which is being used in almost all the surveying-related departments of colleges and universities of IRAN. Meanwhile it is hard to say that geomatics engineers, students of geomatics engineering and even related fields are not familiar with PHOTOMOD. Despite PHOTOMOD has been applied by five prominent consulting-engineers companies 3, but most of the consulting engineers tend to utilize such a photogrammetric software which has already been proved by the market as well as a supervising and inspecting department (either governmental or from private sector). Upon this reason PHOTOMOD along with StereoLink have been assessed by the largest governmental map producing organization in IRAN (NCC) 4 and successfully met the photogrammetric local standards and protocols in photogrammetric evaluation department. Applying PHOTOMOD at NCC Holding about 50 years of experience since 1953, NCC is one of the two main governmental centers who are responsible for map production and photogrammetric aerial triangulation. In 1997 NCC sponsored a team doing research on designing a digital photogrammetric workstation. The research ended to an analytical stereo-plotter locally so called SOFTCOPY in which digital images are utilized. However this analytical stereo-plotter generally is presented as the main hand-wheel based photogrammetric drawing station but basically it is not a digital photogrammetric workstation (DPW) National Cartographic Center (

3 After accepting the proposal of NPR about applying PHOTOMOD as a test digital photogrammetric workstation, NCC also came to an agreement to make a complete report on power and weak points in accordance to its local protocols and standards and considering the points which ease the operation in experienced operators point of view. Furthermore discussing the bugs of StereoLink and giving constructive suggestion by NCC were the other items of the win-win proposal. Concurrently NPR as the local supporter of PHOTOMOD with support of RACURS prepared a limited registration key lasting for 6 months and provided full interactive support along with quick and ever-accessible support team of Racurs Co. The reported cases including bugs and some complementary features for StereoLink were responded effectively and as soon as possible by StereoLink developers via Racurs support team. NPR provided the software key, professional VGA card (for page flipping 3D view), 3D mouse and shutter glasses. Code Table in FARSI language Fig.1 Evaluated 3D model in StereoLink at NCC

4 Fig.2 Entrance door of NCC Hardware and software configuration Computer specification The computer which was used for installing PHOTOMOD had the following specification: CPU 2.2 MHZ RAM 512 Mb Graphic card NVIDIA Quadro Fx-500 LG 700P monitor supporting 120HZ vertical refresh rate 3D GeoMouse with sixteen user-defined functional keys IBIK shutter glasses Software specification PHOTOMOD version 3.8 build 368 with StereoLink MicroStation J StereoLink from version 2.6 to 3.2 (within 6 months) Results of assessment As compromised in NPR s proposal, NCC prepared a complete report on pros and cons of PHOTOMOD and StereoLink as follows. Nearly most of the NCC s operators as well as the consulting engineers ones are accustomed to using hand-wheel for 3D feature extraction on 3D models. After six months of experiencing 3D mouse and benefiting sixteen functional keys, it was figured out that in comparison with 3D mouse, using hand-wheel makes the drawing process faster, specially for drawing water courses in which the operator has to change floating mark elevation continuously. Despite, faster 3D feature extraction with hand

5 wheel is substantially a kind of habit and one can get used to drawing with 5-button mouse faster than a hand-wheel accustomed operator but the fact is, in IRAN s photogrammetric market hand-wheel gets the highest priority than 3D mouse. Therefore for having a better market on selling PHOTOMOD in IRAN an alternative should be strongly considered beside 3D and normal mice for drawing stereo pairs. Rayan Naghshe ( the consulting engineers company, is one of the PHOTOMOD users who designed a set of hand-wheel for StereoLink, but the project is not yet accomplished. Fig.3 Hand wheel plus its foot kits As mentioned above, StereoLink was chosen for feature extraction by NCC because their CAD station for map editing is MicroStation J and the operators are totally dominant on MicroStation tools and facilities. One of the greatest advantages of StereoLink is its capability of being run in MicroStation. Therefore customization through MDL and visual basic is accessible for the user and the program can be localized in a way that the users need. For automatic cartography purposes, NCC provides some MDL applications which can be applied along with 3D features extraction in StereoLink. Not only by the use of these MDL applications editing operation will be reduced but also editing tasks will be done in 3D viewing instead of 2D view of DGN file without the existence of the 3D model. Fortunately all the tested MDL applications were compatible with StereoLink and during feature extraction, there was no conflict between 3D viewing in StereoLink and NCC s local MDLs. At KNT 5 university of technology one of the MS students of photogrammetry has designed a visual basic program which assists the operators to make GIS ready maps during feature extraction in 3D model. This program reduces the editing process to

6 produce such maps which are ready to be inserted into GIS layers too. Another advantage of using StereoLink is benefiting MicroStation drawing tools and features like line styles, line types, color tables and etc. Among the above mentioned points, when using MicroStation the drawing file format is DGN which is considered as a common language over the existing CAD and GIS softwares. 3D viewing limitations in PHOTOMOD According to the type of 3D viewing method many hardware items are involved in photogrammetric software. PHOTOMOD uses three methods for this purpose as follows - Anaglyph - Interlaced - Page Flipping The hardware which is involved in the above mentioned methods are listed in the following table: 3D viewing method Anaglyph Interlaced Page Flipping Hardware LCD & CRT monitors no special graphic card- normal red-blue glasses CRT monitors which supports 75 HZ refresh rate Special graphic card shutter glasses CRT monitors which supports 120 HZ refresh rate Special graphic card shutter glasses As technology improves CRT monitors are substituted with LCD monitors, so interlaced and page flipping method which are dependant on CRT cannot be utilized anymore. Thus other methods like using polarized filters should be available for PHOTOMOD in future

7 Fig.4 3D viewing with LCD monitors Future of IRAN s photogrammetry market In addition to NCC, there is a second governmental organization in IRAN named NGO 6 who is responsible for photogrammetric map production and triangulation. Recently this organization purchased UltraCAM which is equipped with GPS and IMU for fully automated digital imagery and direct geo-referencing purposes. Currently the camera is flying in imagery missions and after a while the market is going to be congested with digital direct geo-referenced images. Therefore consulting engineers companies will have to find a solution to process such images which are not only oriented interiorly in a different way but exteriorly through different type of data. Unlike the traditional photogrammetry in which exterior orientation is carried out with ground control points, exterior orientation of these images are done through coordinates of exposure station gained by GPS and rotation angles acquired from IMU. The most affordable and effective local solution for companies who are involving in photogrammetric map production is PHOTOMOD. Since version 4 the PAT-B format became more complete than before and supports all kinds of aerial triangulation data from other softwares and related equipments like IMU and GPS. So a successful market is expected for PHOTOMOD in the current year. Another hopeful point which can cause great sale is the application of PHOTOMOD in monitoring and supervising organizations like NGO and NCC. In IRAN, consulting engineers companies produce map from triangulated blocks and the above mentioned

8 governmental organizations monitor their work and prove their accuracy. Because NCC or NGO are the organizations who carry out photogrammetric triangulation, all the results are available for them so one thing which can be very helpful in this case is regenerating the whole block through the triangulation results in PAT-B format and overlaying the drawing file came from the companies on regenerated stereo models to evaluate produced maps. At the moment NCC uses stereoscope for controlling the accuracy of the maps which is considered as an old method and can be replaced with PHOTOMOD in near future. Applying PHOTOMOD as the monitoring station at NCC is assumed a turning point for PHOTOMOD because NCC is considered as a reference for consulting engineers companies and in case of controlling their project by PHOTOMOD, they inevitably accept PHOTOMOD as their first choice for getting their projects done. Fig.5 UltraCAM equipped with GPS and IMU Conclusion By the entrance of UltraCAM to photogrammetric map production chain of IRAN, a revolution could be anticipated in using digital photogrammetric softwares which are capable of processing digital images. Particularly when the camera is equipped by GPS and IMU the existence of a digital photogrammetric workstation is necessitated more than ever. Therefore PHOTOMOD could get the highest priority in this dynamic market. Above all mentioned, localization is an important factor which can help selling the software. StereoLink as a third party of PHOTOMOD functions this role properly, because it gives the user the utilities of customization through MDL applications or the 6 National Geographic Organization (

9 visual basic ones. In addition to 3D mouse an alternative, such hand-wheel, should be considered for feature extraction. Digital photogrammetry in Eastern Siberia by the example of East-Siberian Federal state unitary enterprise Goszemkadastrsyomka (VISKHAGI) Koshechkin I.S., Nizhegorodtsev I.V., East-Siberian Federal state unitary enterprise Goszemkadastrsyomka (VISKHAGI), Russia There are several enterprises in Eastern Siberia dealing with processing of remote sensing data. Some of them started their work in analogue photogrammetry. Our enterprise is providing a cartographic support of state land cadastre and monitoring and uses methods of digital photogrammetry. For digital images processing we purchased digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD (in 1998 it was 1.52 version). The main advantages of the system are user convenience and high speed and quality of digital images processing. Digital photogrammetry development in our region started from During this time there were created more than 3.5 thousand sheets of digital orthophotomaps in different scales covering the territory more than 26 thousand sq. km. Airborne as well as space images were used for production as an initial data. All processed images had both advantages and disadvantages. Aerial images have indisputably much better quality than space borne data, but they were late a bit in the processing workflow. To save images processing time on some territories aerial images were used along with space ones. For example, during production of digital topographic maps in 1:10,000 scale the field works were combined with field images interpretation. For this we purchased IKONOS scanner images with 1m resolution, then created digital orthophotomaps and used them for field interpretation during field referencing. This method allowed to reduce time and expenses for field works

10 In this year we work on creating of digital orthophotomaps in 1:25,000 scale on the area of more than 17 thousand sq. km using SPOT 5 space data. Both archive and new acquired images are used in the project

11 Production of map materials for automated system of state land cadastre on testing area of Megin-Kangalass ulus of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Gromov М.О., Head of GIS and Automation Department, ZAO NPF GEO, Russia Russian government has approved state programs on land cadastre management and state registration of real estate objects. For these programs realization it is necessary to have up-to-date cartographic data. However in many cases, particularly in littleinhabited areas, there are only outdated initial materials in different scales, created in different coordinate systems. Our organization had an order from Real Estate authority of Sakha Republic on digital maps production in 1:10,000 scale with height step 5 m on territory of Megin- Kangalass ulus with area of 8,700 sq.km in GIS Map 2005 format. The initial data was aerial survey materials of 2000 in 1:10,000 scale, interpretation templates, topographic maps in 1:25,000 scale as the source of semantic information and additional interpretation data. Analysis of aerial survey data acquired in 2000 shows number of the following disadvantages, which do not allow to obtain high-quality production. Selected survey scale of 1:10,000 is not good for mapmaking in 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 scales due to time and financial expenses for photogrammetric processing and referencing of aerial survey data. Big number of images (more than 12,000) and strips (more than 100) on the testing territory forced to divide survey materials on several photogrammetric blocks, further merging of which causes errors accumulation during measurement and adjustment, and they will influence considerably on the production accuracy. Considering such huge work on relative orientation we have applied to Racurs company specialists - developers of PHOTOMOD system and asked them to speed up the release of new module on automatic relative orientation. Images blocks acquired in 2000 were taken

12 as test data for module testing. This module is now part of PHOTOMOD system of 4.0 version. In some places was insufficient photogrammetric quality of imagery acquired in 2000 (small vertical and horizontal overlap), big water area (Lena river) surveyed on several images of the strip and in sub-blocks, that do not allow to perform photogrammetric processing according to the requirements of national photogrammetric works standard. Survey data of 2000 became outdated during 5 years and the imagery needs significant field updating. All the above reasons brought us to decision to perform new aerial survey in 1:40,000 scale to provide quality and actuality of production. New survey was done in September 2005 using camera RC-30 with mm focus. There were 530 images in 27 strips. Phototriangulation and adjustment were performed in digital photogrammetric system (DPS) PHOTOMOD, versions 3.8 and 4.0 by usual digital photogrammetric technology and were completed in 2.5 months. Old survey data processing may take years of work by the same technology. First, we compiled the project using Instruction on topographic survey in 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 scale. Then GCP on aerial images were recognized and referenced. GCP heights were obtained from topographic maps of 1:25,000 scale. In total 81 plainheight and 151 height points were measured. Tested terrain is densely forested and has highly developed river network. Adjustment results are as follows: RMS errors: Ex, Ey, Ez, Exy (m) Ground control 0.629, 0.492, 0.531, Tie 0.219, 0.148, 0.314, Tie projection centers Maximal errors: Ex, Ey, Ez, Exy (m) Ground control 2.388*, 1.739, 1.998*, 2.388* Tie 1.980, 1.231, 2.924*, 2.116* Tie projection centers

13 According to requirements of Instruction on photogrammetric works the adjustment results allow to suppose that we can reach the accuracy of 1:5,000 scale in plain and accuracy of 5-meter relief step in height. To find out an optimal mapping technology we tried two workflows: 1. Objects stereo vectorization in PHOTOMOD system (using interpretation materials) using code table with completeness and accuracy of 1:10,000 scale with further data conversion and editing in GIS Map In this workflow Racurs company specialists performed stereo vectorization in PHOTOMOD StereoDraw module of territory fragment (about 30 sq.km. area) using classifier imported from GIS Map Then models created for each stereopair were exported to GIS Map 2005, where some edition was done: merging of stereopairs fragments into common map, names input, topology verifying, etc. On this map all objects are three-dimensional that could be used for various design tasks. 2. Creation of orthophotomap in PHOTOMOD system as a raster layer and map vectorization in GIS Map 2005 (using interpretation materials). For this workflow we used terrain relief from topographic maps of 1:25,000 scale. After vectorization of contours and height points and further transformation of semantic data to metrics by GIS Map 2005 tools, the 3D relief model was built and used then for DEM creation. Using this DEM the orthophotomap with 0.6 m resolution in RSW format for the whole territory was created. The orthophotomap accuracy satisfies the accuracy of 1:10,000 scale: X Y XY RMS: Maximal "+": Minimal "-": Orthophotomap was verified by GCP and objects vectorized over stereo model. Discrepancies were from 0.4 to 5 meters. Mapmaking was done in GIS Map 2005 using orthophotos as raster background for vectorization

14 Both workflows allowed to obtain necessary result, however, stereo vectorization is more labor-intensive process. So the research and analysis shows that for mapmaking in 1:10,000 scale the most optimal technology in accuracy and expenses is vectorization of orthophotomaps, which were produced using existing topographic maps in 1:25,000 scale and other auxiliary materials. This choice is the best also because there is no need to create a relief over stereo model, that reduces time expenses significantly. Landmarks cameral referencing, cameral interpretation using 1:25,000 scale maps and interpretation etalons allow to omit almost all field works. This is especially important in little-inhabited almost impassable regions with poor infrastructure

15 Digital orthophotoplans on the territory of Sofia Municipality Tanya Madzharova, Katerina Ivanova, Mila Koeva, GIS SOFIA Ltd., Bulgaria Photogrammetry Department of GIS SOFIA Ltd. produced color digital orthophotoplans at 1:1000 scale of two projects on the territory of Sofia Municipality Vitosha Yaka and Balkan, covering 58 and 11,4 km 2 area. The terrain is flat, lightly hilly and hilly not dense urban area with predominantly low buildings. The average height of the terrain above sea level is 700 m. The fieldwork, consisting of pre-marking of ground control points, as a basis of aerial triangulation, and their determination by GPS Topcon GGD receiver with an accuracy of ±2 cm in position and ±3 cm in height, is performed by GIS SOFIA Ltd. The aerial photography, development of the film and its scanning are performed by Hansa Luftbild Sentronik und Photogrammetrie GmbH (Münster, Germany). Cessna 404 Titan aircraft executes the photo-flight. Totally 405 photographs at approximate 1:5800 scale are taken by aerial camera Zeiss RMK TOP 30/23 (Z/I Imaging). The Kodak Aerocolor Negative Film 2444 III is developed by Colenta processor and scanned at 21µm pixel size (12 cm on the terrain) by scanner PhotoScan 2002 (Z/I Imaging). For performance of the orthorectification a DTM in 5 m square grid is generated by contours with 1 and 5 m interval from available digital information in GIS SOFIA Ltd. The orthophotoplans are produced by digital photogrammetric workstation PHOTOMOD 4.0 version

16 Practical experience of digital topographic mapping and orthophotos creation using PHOTOMOD software system Serebryakov S.V., Nepeina N.N. Uralgeoinform, Russia Uralgeoinform Center works on the following main directions: - Production of digital topographic maps and plans of the whole scale range. - Digital topographic map-making in various thematic content. - Development, implementation and support of geoinformation systems. - Creation and updating of digital topographic maps and plans using digital stereo photogrammetric stations. - Creation of digital orthophotomaps using airborne and space imagery. Department of digital photogrammetry is one of the production departments of the Center. Photogrammetric works on creation and updating of topographic maps and plans of different scales are carried out in this department using modern digital technologies. The technological workflow includes the following stages: - Preliminary works; - Phototriangulation; - Digital orthophotomaps creation; - Stereoscopic survey of terrain features and relief; - Digital maps editing and final design in predefined format. We would like to present a project on creation of digital heights model and digital model of obstacles heights (DMOH) of Kamensk-Uralskiy city, executed in 2005 using PHOTOMOD software system. The customer of these products developed electronic altimeters and software for them, which used our digital 3D maps. The area of terrain for processing is about 180 sq.km. This presentation includes the description of technical requirements and technological workflow. Results of work executed on digital photogrammetric system CFS TSNIIGAIK (phototriangulation

17 data, scanned aerial negatives and updated digital city plan in 1:10,000 scale) were used as the initial data. On the first stage phototriangulation project was restored in PHOTOMOD system. For that it was performed interior orientation, relative orientation and accuracy control and block adjustment. In this stage we processed 114 stereopairs and created terrain models on the whole processed territory. The second stage digital terrain model (DTM) creation. Vector map was imported from DXF format into inner PHOTOMOD format (in StereoDraw module). We saved contour lines in individual map, and then checked them for height errors. In DTM module we created TINs for each stereopair using contour lines. After that we built digital terrain model, which is regular set of points with absolute height data (in this case DTM consist of 4 blocks). On the customer s request DTM was converted into text format. On the third stage the 2D map in MIF/MID format was imported to PHOTOMOD StereoDraw module and projected on the obtained DTM. Thus we got 3 coordinates of each object s point, and then exported topographic map to SHP format. During the work the customer specified that they need rather set of pickets with coordinates in text format instead of digital model of obstacles heights (DMOH). On this stage we vectorized objects on stereopairs considering technical specifications (each point of DMOH should be created by selecting maximal height of the obstacle on the terrain square with side length 10m). Objects higher than 2 m were considered as obstacles. It was necessary to consider absolute height of road objects, settlements, industrial, agricultural and cultural objects, waterworks and vegetation. In forest areas we draw break lines over treetops, on the buildings higher than 2 m we put pickets on the roof. In rural areas one picket for each building was enough. In PHOTOMOD DTM module irregular TINs were built. And TIN nodes located on the high terrain objects were exported into text format

18 As a final result or our work we delivered to the customer digital 3D map in SHP format, DTM in text format and set of pickets of high objects (obstacles) in text format. These particular formats were suitable for the customer for conversion into their software. In practice the results used for navigation on 3D terrain map, i.e. when the object moves, the distance to the object was detected by radiolocation method, and its location was detected using our map

19 Update of digital map in 1:100,000 scale for Omsk Oblast Territory by space images using PHOTOMOD system Osintseva T.V., Essin A.S. West-Siberian Federal state unitary enterprise Goszemkadastrsyomka ( VISHAGI), Russia In accordance with state contract, digital map of Omsk oblast of 1:100,000 scale is created in Western-Siberian branch of VISHAGI. Mapping was executed in two stages: - orthophotomaps creation in 1:100,000 scale; - creation of thematic layers of digital map. The initial data for orthophotomaps building were space images acquired by LandSat-7 satellite. Colored images were obtained by pan-sharpening from set of white-black multispectral images, corresponding to one image. Ground control points for images referencing were taken from topographic maps in 1:25,000 scale. In order to improve the accuracy of GCP coordinates, the coordinates of quasi GCP were measured. This methodology is based on change of GCP s group by the only ground control point what is resulting in improving the accuracy of images orientation. Images orientation using quasi GCP and images transformation was executed in PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic software module. In parallels with orthophotomaps building, the following thematic layers of digital map were created: geodetic base, settlements, rivers network, vegetation, roads, utilities, and administrative boundaries. PHOTOMOD VectOr software module was used for line objects vectorization using topographic maps of 1:100,000 scale. In order to update changed objects created orthophotos were used and also agricultural maps of 1:25,000 and 1:100,000 scales. For semantic data update we collected necessary information from appropriate organizations. Updated metric and semantic data about objects was input into appropriate layers and visualized on digital map. The presentation contains accuracy features of particular work stages, and also wishes for Racurs company developers

20 Experimental aerial photogrammetry with professional non metric camera Canon EOS 5D Ante Sladojević, Goran Mrvoš Galileo Geo Sustavi, Croatia 1. Introduction With this project we wanted to test professional non metric digital camera Canon EOS 5D in aerophotogrammetry purposes. For this purpose we used this equipment: digital non metric camera, wide angle lens, airplane, camera box, camera carrier. Project was made to see how will digital non metric camera work as an aerial photogrammetry camera. The full featured digital aerial photogrammetry system is very expensive and with this project we can see what can be done with much less expenses. Camera specification: Canon EOS 5D (Fig.1) Sensor type 35.8 x 23.9 mm CMOS 12.8 million effective pixels Records RAW/JPEG images Image sizes: 4368 x x x 1664 Dimensions: 152 x 113 x 75 mm (6.0 x 4.4 x 2.9 in) Weight No battery: 810 g (1.8 lb) With battery: 895 g (2.0 lb)

21 Fig.1 Canon EOS 5D with 50mm lens Lens type used in project: Canon lens EF 24mm 1:1.4 (Fig.2) Fig.2 Canon lens EF 24mm 1:1.4 This is wide angle lens that has spherical aberration in the corners of the photograph. In optics, spherical aberration is an image imperfection that occurs due to the increased refraction of light rays that occurs when rays strike a lens or mirror near its edge, in comparison with those that strike nearer the center. Because of spherical aberration we had problems with parallax and correlation on the edges of the photograph. Camera box and carrier:

22 Camera carrier is made of light and strong material and adopted for loading the camera box and other devices that were needed for the project. Camera carrier with the box was set into horizontal position during the flight manually. Fig.3 Picture of the devices in the box Fig.4 Picture of the airplane, carrier and the box

23 Airplane Cessna 172 Rocket: Cessna 172 Rocket is a four-seat, single-engine, high-wing airplane. It is likely the most popular flight training aircraft in the world. Specifications: Crew: One Capacity: 3 passengers Length: 27 ft 2 in (8.28 m) Wingspan: 36 ft 1 in (11.0 m) Height: 8 ft 11 in (2.72 m) Wing area: 174 ft² (16.2 m²) Empty weight: 1,620 lb (743 kg) Useful load: 881 lb (400.5 kg) Max takeoff weight: 2,450 lb (1,111 kg) Powerplant: 1 Lycoming IO-360-L2A piston engine, 160 hp at 2,400 rpm (119 kw) Performance: Never exceed speed: 185 mph (300 km/h) Maximum speed: 142 mph at sea level; (228 km/h) Stall speed: 49 mph (79 km/h) Range: 790 mi at 60% power at 10,000 ft (3,040 m) (1,270 km) Service ceiling: 13,500 ft (4,115 m) Rate of climb: 720 ft/min (3.7 m/s) Wing loading: 14.1 lb/ft² (68.8 kg/m²) Power/mass: 15.3 lb/hp (6.9 kg/hp)

24 Fig.5 Picture of the aeroplane Flight plan and flight specification: - Focal length: mm - Flight height above ground is: 300m - Flight speed: 140 km/h - Aperture value: automatic - Exposure: 1/ Scale 1: Images overlapping: 60 % - Strips overlapping: 30% - Resolution of images: 4368pix x 2912pix - Type of images: JPG - Size of images: ~ 6.5MB - Ground sampling distance: 0.10 m 2. Project work flow For this project work flow was by this order:

25 camera calibration making flight plan flying and taking images of selected area loading images in PHOTOMOD, aerotriangulation creation of DEM and digital orthophoto 3. Camera calibration Camera Calibration is the process of determining the characteristics of a camera such as focal length and lens distortion so it can be used as a measurement device. Calibration was made with software PhotoModeler pro 5.0. Determining camera interior orientation parameters was done using 2D dimensions calibration grid that goes with software PhotoModeler Pro 5.0. Results of camera calibration: Focal Length Value: mm Deviation: Focal: mm Xp - principal point x Value: mm Deviation: Xp: mm Yp - principal point y Value: mm Deviation: Yp: mm Correlations over 90.0%: P2:91.5% Fw - format width Value: mm Deviation: Fw: 7.5e-004 mm K1 - radial distortion 1 Value: 1.376e-004 Deviation: K1: 6.5e-007 Fig.6 Calibration grid

26 K2 - radial distortion 2 Value: e-007 Deviation: K2: 3.6e-009 K3 - radial distortion 3 Value: 0.000e+000 P1 - decentering distortion 1 Value: 9.774e-006 Deviation: P1: 1.5e-006 P2 - decentering distortion 2 Value: 8.374e-006 Deviation: P2: 1.4e-006 Correlations over 90.0%: Yp:91.5% 4. Flight plan Area for the project is 2.2 km long area of the highway near city Zagreb. The area will be taken in two strips end every strip will have ~ 25 images. Base of the images is 120 m, distance between strips is 310 m. Garmin hand GPS is used for navigation of the airplane. The flight plan was made on 1:25000 scale map. Fig.7 Flight plan 5. Aerotriangulation Whole process from loading images into project to crating digital orthophoto was made in Photomod 4.0. Normal configuration of Photomod was used in this project

27 For aerotriangulation we used correlation not less then 0.94 and parallax not greater then 0.010mm. We used 10 ground control points, 4 at the beginning and the end of the strips and 2 in the middle of the strips. Ground control points were measured by RTK with accuracy of 2-3 cm. Results of aerotraingulation: Fig.8 Positions of GCP Ground control point residuals N Xm-Xg Ym-Yg Zm-Zg Exy (meter) limit: OR OR OR2A OR3A OR * OR * OR OR OR7A OR * mean absolute: RMS: maximum: * Tie point residuals (between stereopairs) N X1-X2 Y1-Y2 Z1-Z2 Exy (meter) limit: mean absolute: RMS:

28 maximum: 0.449* 0.584* 0.629* 0.640* number of points (differences): 933 ( ) between stereopairs N X1-X2 Y1-Y2 Z1-Z2 Exy (meter) limit: mean absolute: RMS: maximum: 0.352* 0.514* 0.629* 0.565* number of points (differences): 764 ( ) between strips N X1-X2 Y1-Y2 Z1-Z2 Exy (meter) limit: mean absolute: RMS: maximum: 0.440* 0.469* 0.621* 0.586* number of points (differences): 316 ( ) In the result of the aerotriangulation you can see that the accuracy of ground control points is: N Xm-Xg Ym-Yg Zm-Zg Exy (meter) mean absolute: RMS: maximum: * Creation DEM and digital orthophoto The DEM (1m) for project was created using vectors and breaklines vectorized manually in Photomod StereoDraw. Digital elevation model was used for creating digital orthophoto. Ground sampling distance of orthophoto image is 0.10 m in tiff format

29 Fig.9 DEM of the project area After creating digital orthophoto we used some existing data of project area to see does orthophoto overlap with that data. The results were very good - max overlap error was 0.3m. 8. Conclusions Despite some problem during project creation the accuracy of the data is satisfying. Because small size of image made by Canon EOS 5D camera this type of creating orthophoto images is not good for projects that involve taking images of large areas. The number of images would be much larger then normal aerial photogrammetry camera creates. We can see that digital non metric camera are getting better and better. In near future there will be larger sensors of digital cameras (16 Mpix, 32 Mpix...). This kind of non metric camera will bring better accuracy s of images and with good calibration they could be used for projects involving aerial photogrammetry

30 Digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD in SurgutNefteGaz Company Razumova Ya.V., Senior engineer SurgutNefteGaz Company, Russia SurgutNefteGaz Company is one of the most stable oil companies in Russia during last 30 years. According to the plan of GIS development the company annually performs airborne survey of its oil fields. The works are usually performed using big aviation. But this data is not enough for supplying of databases and keeping them in actual state. For the variety of tasks it is necessary to obtain aerial data on local terrain objects. For operational aerial survey of local objects SurgutNefteGaz has purchased powered glider and airborne camera. Aerial data is scanned on photogrammetric scanner Photoscan and processed using DPS PHOTOMOD and ImageStation. Since 2003 the aerial survey has been executed using hydroplane. In 2005 we purchased also digital camera HasselBlad H1 for aerial survey and for data processing we updated PHOTOMOD software from version 3.11 to 3.8. During August-September 2005 and summer season of this year we performed aerial survey of areal and linear objects located on oilfields territory. The main task was to create orthophotomaps and use them to update surveying plans and get actual information about oilfield objects. Areal objects were surveyed from 500 m height (with ground resolution of 0.12m), and linear objects from 1000 m (with ground resolution of 0.24m). Acquired data was processed using DPS PHOTOMOD 3.8 and then using PHOTOMOD 4.0 and 4.1. Adjustment results on ground control points were in average 0.097m, on check points 0.105m. Created orthophotomaps are corresponding to the accuracy of scale 1:500-1:1000 for areal objects and for scale 1:2000-1:5000 for linear objects. This raster data are handed to surveyors, planners, ecologists to perform their tasks. Now we are also executing test works on using photogrammetric processing of digital images for measuring of volume of ground, relocated during oilfield works. This July

31 we performed aerial survey of several open-cut mines from 500m height using small airplane equipped by HasselBlad camera. Data acquired several times within some period was processed in PHOTOMOD 4.1 software. Created TIN models were then exported to DGN format and processed in MGE Terrain Analyst software, which contains a set of tools for processing of digital data about terrain and allows to calculate volume difference between two TIN models and surfaces areas as well. Considering research on determining of space images accuracy and developing of technology of orthophotomaps creating with maximal precision, it was decided to use high resolution space imagery for GIS data updating. In June we ordered high resolution images acquired by QuickBird satellite on territory of Surgut region and on oil refining factory in Leningrad oblast. We purchased new survey executed on June 30, 2006, in QuickBird Orthoready Standart format ( ORStandard2A ), with deviation angle from nadir of 7.9. We also used as an initial data DEM created by contours and pickets from topographic maps of 1:5,000 scale and ground control points with accuracy of 1:500 scale. Exterior orientation was executed in PHOTOMOD 4.0 using RPC-coefficients, and also 11 points: 8 ground control and 3 check points. Adjustment accuracy was as follows: RMS on GCP 0.405m, maximal 0.628m, on check 0.661m, maximal 0.818m. Then images were orthorectified by DEM created using vector objects imported from DGN format. The results of orthomosaic building by check points is: RMS=0.561m, maximal deviation 0.745m. This orthophotomap meets the accuracy requirements for digital map in 1:2,000 scale. So we concluded that space survey is a good alternative for airborne survey considering its availability and easiness, fast and convenient further processing, and covering of big area by one image. In future we are going to use DPS PHOTOMOD for areal survey processing using projection centers coordinates and also processing of high resolution space data for different purposes in oil company

32 Using laser scanner data (ALS50) along with digital camera images (DSS) for the orthomosaicking in PHOTOMOD system Kochergin D.V., RACURS, Russia Scornyakov M.V., OAO Mosgiprotrans, Russia One of the main output products in photogrammetric production line is orthomosaics. The data preparation for the orthorectification process includes the exterior orientation of source aerial images and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) creation. The technology of orthomosaic creation represented in the report is based on using digital images from DSS camera, exterior orientation parameters from airborne Applanix system and DTM ( cloud of points ) created by ALS50 laser scanner. The exterior orientation parameters may be used either directly or after adjustment by using ground control and tie points, increasing the accuracy. The laser scanner data is pre-processed in order to filter points above the ground and downsample the cloud of points using TerraScan software from TerraSolid Ltd. PHOTOMOD 4.1 got some new features helpful in reference with the describing task: automatic interior orientation for images from digital camera, using exterior orientation parameters for the block layout creation, importing laser scanner data from LAS format with options of dividing data into different return ranges. The report illustrates steps of this kind of data processing. Mosgiprotrans Co. is the biggest in Russia institute of exploration and projecting of transportation objects. In 2006 one of the company projects included creating the 1:1000 scale orthomosaics along railroads in total length of 180 km. The aerial survey (240 images) was done from the helicopter Mi-8. The flight height is 300 meters. ALS50 data was pre-processed in TerraScan software and the final orthomosaics were created in PHOTOMOD 4.1. In case of using on-board exterior orientation parameters (Applanix) the accuracy of output mosaic by check points was about 30 cm (maximum residual). In case of block adjustment using both exterior orientation parameters and ground control points 15 cm

33 Possibilities of satellite remote sensing data Kolesnikova O.N., Business development manager Sovzond JSC, Russia Peculiarities of the current stage of the remote sensing data market development in Russia: Launch of new high resolution satellites; Price reduction for high resolution remote sensing data; Development of the national school of remote sensing data processing; National GIS developers in Russian market and abroad higher level of work; Wiliness of the management at all levels to get up-to-date information for the solution of practical tasks of land development in Russia. Present and Future of the Earth remote sensing market development in Russia: Comparison of cost parameters of the remote sensing data of the various spatial resolution, acquired from satellites; Comparative technical and economic analysis of the remote sensing and aerial imagery; The requirements to the up-to-date high resolution remote sensing data. Specific features of the use remote sensing data acquired from QuickBird satellite for the solution of tasks of oil-and-gas branch in Russia; The review of a current situation in the market of software for remote sensing data processing in Russia. The main tendencies of development. Practical use of remote sensing data acquired from QuickBird satellite for the management of infrastructure development of the oil-and-gas branch: Estimation of the perspectives of the exploitation of natural recourses based on remote sensing data; use of remote sensing data for projecting works; Land monitoring and tracking changes; Control of working trunking pipelines, forecast of proneness to accident;

34 Solution of inventory tasks, definition of exact borders and areas of the landtakes; Revealing of infringements of licensing; not authorized exploitation of natural recourses, arbitrary building of the areas of bedding of natural recourses; Ecological monitoring, risk management of extreme situation; Priority investments spheres. Practical use of remote sensing data for decision-making of town-planning management: Cartography and applications for GIS. Monitoring of city building and tracking of changes. Planning of development of the city infrastructure. Management of extreme situations. Ecological monitoring. Management of development of transport infrastructure. Management of development of infrastructure of telecommunication facilities and telecommunications. At the same time space images form a basis for creation of ecological databases, and also for maintenance of periodic monitoring changes in environment. For the ecological analysis are used as spatial and radiometric properties of the images, received from satellites, and also spectral characteristics, which allow to obtain additional data during decipherment of the images due to a combination of separate spectral channels. The information received from high resolution satellites, is applied to the analysis of pollution degree of natural and water resources, in works according to the damage, put to an environment as a result of acts of nature (earthquakes, forest fires, flooding and hurricanes) and anthropogenesis activity. Remote sensing data has received broad use for applications in the field of agricultural and a forestry service: for example, display of damages of forests massive, forecasting

35 of productivity and condition of agricultural crops, and also for estimation of productivity of areas under crops. Sovzond JSC is an authorized distributor of the world leaders in the Earth information providing its customers with digital data acquired from QuickBird, Ikonos, Orbview, Forosat-2, SPOT, Landsat and other satellites in combination with Remote Sensing and GIS capabilities, or, as a separate service. Russian remote sensing is also available. From June, 2006 Sovzond, JSC is a sole distributor of high resolution QuickBird imagery in CRS Countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadgikistan, Kirgizia and other. Sovzond, JSC is a sole distributor of the ITT Industries Visual Information Solution in Russian Federation and CRS Countries for digital satellite imagery processing software ENVI, IDL, IAS

36 Multimission solution for regional operative satellite remote sensing monitoring Gershenzon O.N., Kucheiko A.A RDC ScanEx, Russia The world market of Earth remote sensing from space has been changing quickly over the past years. The number of operators has increased, the RS data prices dropped and new data processing techniques have appeared. New complex solutions based on regional RS data reception centers have been invented, opening new horizons for the real-time territorial management and environmental monitoring. On the territory of Russia, Kazakhstan and some other countries 35 regional and national space monitoring centers have been functioning created based on the RDC ScanEx technologies. Business networks of the on-line satellite monitoring using these technologies have been implemented in the Ministry of the Natural Resources, Ministry of Emergencies and RosHydroMet (Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology & Environmental Monitoring). The small-size universal UniScan ground station, developed by RDC ScanEx, is the core of such regional centers, providing for the data reception from the RS satellites in X-band at the rate of up to 170 Mbps in one channel. The universal station also enables to deconflict the passes, when the number of data reception passes exceeds the channel throughput capabilities of an RS center. UniScan complex installed in Moscow is part of the international net of SPOT, RADARSAT-1, EROS, LANDSAT and IRS programs and enables to acquire the data from 12 remote sensing satellites, new Russian Monitor-E satellite included. All in all, there have been manufactured and installed 20 UniScan stations of different configurations in Russia, Kazakhstan, UAE (Dubai) and some other countries. Main activities, supported by the imagery of the Earth from space, are the following:

37 Environmental monitoring Environmental management supervision and control Design and planning (nature use, land use, forest inventory, town planning, territorial development planning) Stable economic development of the regions requires saturation of the inner geoinformatics market with updated space imaging data acquired at different resolution, revisit periods and using different sensors. The experience of the successful RS programs illustrates that the scheme of direct data downlink to the distributed international network of reception stations in X-band is in best demand. Largest international RS programs, such as SPOT, LANDSAT, IRS, RADARSAT, EROS, IKONOS and others comprise about ground stations in their networks, placed all around the world. Among the direct RS data downlink programs the most popular are the ones transmitting the data in direct broadcast mode: American EOS system (TERRA, AQUA satellites with MODIS radiometers), and SPOT program (as per the SPOT Image company agreement with the ScanEx Center, SPOT -2/4 satellites capture images on all passes over Russia). Combination of low resolution (Terra/Aqua) and middle resolution (SPOT-2/4) daily imagery results with the high resolution data (EROS-A, IRS-P6/LISS-4) and allweather RADARSAT-1 radar imaging allows for a flexible approach to the resolution of a wide range of territorial development and environmental monitoring tasks. Multi-satellite monitoring advantages are as follows: Coverage of large areas with space images within tight schedule (for example, 100 million hectares were covered within the frames of the illegal logging monitoring program of Rosleskhoz (Russian State Forest Service) in the summer season of 2006)

38 On-line sharpening of lower resolution images with higher resolution images of the natural disaster areas (fires, flooding) and of technological disasters On-line monitoring of construction activities progress of the remote facilities, agricultural activities; resolution of emergency tasks of environmental monitoring and land-use planning Available assessments point out a high economic efficiency of the remote sensing data use (per effect-to-cost criterion). The main efficiency factors are: reduced damage as a result of environmental management violations and natural calamities; prevention of technological impacts; cheaper geological survey, forest inventory and other mapping activities, as well as an increase in their scope. Purchase of raw telemetry instead of processed images and direct data reception of world leading RS programs to the universal UniScan ground stations in Russia, followed by further processing and storing, enable to decrease the end-user products price by 20-30% and to expedite the data delivery. Multi-satellite monitoring solutions, developed at the ScanEx R&D Center, stipulate for the implementation of territorial programs of nature management and environmental space monitoring for specific regions with a view to encourage decision-making. The Program of Baikal Lake territories space monitoring is a good example for that

39 Digital automatic aerial survey complex Photolite Byeloshapkin M.A., Director General AeroGIS, Russia Digital automatic aerial survey complex Photolite is designed by AeroGIS company specially for large scale aerial survey performed using digital cameras and light carriers. The complex is intended for the following tasks: cadastre air borne survey for mapmaking in scale range from 1:500 to 1:5,000; airborne survey for forest management, forest clearings and fires monitoring; operational survey of the areas assigned for building; airborne survey of linear objects: pipelines, roads and power lines; environmental monitoring, survey of accident s and disaster s consequences. Aerial survey complex Photolite provides high level of survey automation. Preset images overlap is provided by on-board navigational system considering current carrier speed and flight altitude. Magnetic system of airplane shift compensation turns aerial camera automatically each time prior to shutter release by the angle ± 60. Shift value is measured every second with accuracy ±1. The equipment is tight, its installation is possible on any carriers, including aircrafts, not intended for aerial works. On-board navigational system provides measuring coordinates of projecting centers during survey and export of measurements to MapInfo system. Coordinates measurement accuracy is ± 30 mm and depends on number and location of base stations of differential correction. Photolite technology is fully compatible with PHOTOMOD software. Transferring of projection centers coordinates to PHOTOMOD allows to reduce field work significantly, and for wide range of tasks excludes the necessity GCP measurement on terrain at all. Highest photogrammetric quality of color digital images with color deepness up to 14 bpp makes interpretation essentially easy. All digital cameras included to the complex are thoroughly calibrated using test-object of AeroGIS company on more than 200 measurements data. Along with calibration certificate full information is provided about calibration quality, including digital images of test-objects and residual distortion values on all calibration points

40 Experience of corporate GIS creation Panteleeva N. A., Senior developer KB Panorama, Russia The software of the company "Racurs" allow to conduct photogrammetric data processing of remote sensing (RS) data and provide acquisition and initial processing of various cartographical data. This data can be used for construction corporate, regional and municipal GIS. The experts of the company "KB Panorama" are engaged in the development of such systems since 1991 by the order of Roskartografia, Federal road service, Ministry of Finance of the Moscow region, Rostelecom, Gasprom, Krivorojstal companies, TNK-BP department and others. Data formats and classifiers used in the PHOTOMOD program complex are completely compatible with "KB Panorama" software. To process the geodata stored in DataBase Oracle, MS SQL Server, FireBird and others, the program "Monitoring of a Database" is used. This program is aimed at dynamic formation and updating of maps on the basis of the database information. Thus, other appendices at the same time can carry out direct access to the map without reference to the base, when it is not required. The map can be accessible to the users of the local network, it is possible to organize access to it of thin clients", it can be sent by electronic mail as an attachment etc. Updating of the map with the help of monitoring program can be made both once if necessary, and in an automatic mode at specified interval of time. Only those objects that were updated in the base change. GIS "Map 2005" contains built - in means for work with databases: the Constructor forms, Constructor queries and Constructor reports. The work with corporate GIS assumes remote access to the data and multi-user mode of operations. All software "KB Panorama" provides collective data processing both in local network, and in the Internet by means of "thin client". For maintenance of the work of "thin client" the program GIS WebServer realized on ASP.NET technology is

41 used. Description of the maps accessible to the user and databases is stored in the project, which can be adjusted with the help of the program GIS WebAdministrator. Manager of Maps is an additional module for GIS "Map 2005". It is aimed at ordering metadata about cartographical resources in the local network. The Manager of Maps allows a message hand-operated and automatic search of the geodata, to look through metadata, to make reserve copying and search of cartographical data in the base on meteo, to create cartographical regions. For work with three-dimensional model Editor Classifier GIS "Map 2005" allows to keep a library of the three-dimensional images, materials and texture, to create your own three-dimensional marks. Any three-dimensional image can be assembled from a set of typical units and supplemented by textures, which reflect the appearance of the real objects. The change of the shape of objects can be changed depending on their semantic characteristics. The program GIS "Navigator 2005" is intended to view three-dimensional model of district. It is possible to operate structure of displayed objects, light exposure of model, speed of movement on model etc. in it. The change of the positions of the observer allows to consider an arrangement of underground parts of the objects. Moving on three-dimensional model and on two-dimensional map can be synchronized. The trajectory of moving can be given in coordinates acting from the GPS-receiver in real time

42 Images calibration on testing polygon Malyavsky B.K., Bykov L.V., Bykov V.L., Makarov A.P. West-Siberian Federal state unitary enterprise Goszemkadastrsyomka (VISKHAGI), Russia Advantages of images calibration in field are well-known. This process received its new significance due to implementation of GPS technologies to aerial survey for measuring of projection centers coordinates on images. The prototype of suggested method of images calibration on testing polygon is laboratory method of photogrammetric calibration of digital cameras, based on multiple photographing of test-object by two cameras from fixed basis. But laboratory method is unavailable for large-format cameras calibration. Suggested way provides full camera calibration of any format with any focuses using photographs of plain test-object. That allows to obtain parameters which describe total influence of factors distinguishing real image from ideal central projection of object photographed in real airborne conditions. Then there is a description of field method of camera calibration. This method was verified in laboratory conditions using small-format cameras and on mathematical terrain models, calculated for large-format cameras conditions. For laboratory camera calibration a grid with 5 cm step printed on transparency and stuck on marble screen was used as a test-object. The test-object was photographed from two heights. Results of calibration are focal length and camera distortion parameters. Laboratory calibration results were evaluated by comparing orthophotomaps. Aerial survey was performed from 200 m height on 9 hectare terrain site. There were measured 20 landmarks, which were used as GCP. Orthophotomaps were created both considering calibration parameters and without them. Accuracy was evaluated by

43 differences in GCP coordinates. Average GCP shift on calibrated orthoimages was 0.2 m, and on non-calibrated 2.0 m. Then we make mathematical modeling of large-format camera calibration using our special method. This method allows to perform full cameras calibration of any formats with any focal length using images of plain test-object, and also to get parameters, which describe influence of factors, distinguishing real image and ideal central projection of photographed object, in real conditions. Comparing to laboratory calibration which is possible only in special laboratories, available in research institutions, the method suggested allows to calibrate surveying equipment during its exploitation without withdrawal from production functioning. Laboratory calibration parameters may differ significantly from interior orientation parameters in real airborne survey conditions. The method suggested could be used for research both of digital and analogue cameras. Test polygon is created in Western-Siberian Subsidiary of VISHAGI in Omsk oblast and will be used for operative specification of aerial cameras calibration parameters

44 About increasing of the quality of space scanner images Inozemtsev D. P., FGUP Zapsib AGP, Russia At processing of analogue aerial images on digital photogrammetric stations the main requirement for initial materials quality is scanning resolution. This characteristic naturally depends on features of used photographic materials, photographing conditions, wet process features, etc. Modern photogrammetric scanners allow to obtain raster images with 5 and more micrometers. Nevertheless, aerial images features sometimes do not allow to use the potential of photogrammetric scanners completely, since the best optical-photographing equipment finally allow to obtain raster images with 10 micrometers resolution. Images acquired by satellite photo cameras, are in digital form already. And it seems that there is no possibility to influence on the image quality. What will happen if you try to improve scanner images? It turned out, that if you apply mathematical interpolation and gamma correction to the initial image, you could get interesting results. In 2005 SPOT 5 satellite system acquired scanner images on Tumen oblast territory. Resulting images obtained by 6.5-micrometer sensors were used for creating of panchromatic digital images with terrain resolution of 2.5 m. Usually during photographic images processing on digital photogrammetric stations for orthophotomaps producing, the resulting product resolution is set up the same or not better as initial material resolution. During orthophotomaps creation in digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD the resulting orthoimage resolution was set to 1m (compared to initial resolution of 2.5m). As a result of transformation in PHOTOMOD there was occurred not only image pixel size change, but also redistribution of photographic brightness of the adjacent pixels. Resulting image is much more better than initial for recognizing of tiny objects. And

45 when compare orthophotomaps created with 2.5 and 1m resolution, even the most unprepared user can see the difference (see Fig.1, 2). Together with resolving power tests the geometric parameters of resulting image were checked. For space image georeferencing we used survey data in 1:2,000 scale, ground control points detection accuracy was not worse than 1 m, terrain model with 2m contours step was used for vertical transformation. Final RMS of image georeferencing is 3.7m and maximal 5.9m. Digital map in 1:2,000 scale was used for control of plane location of recognizable terrain features on the image. The average deviation of contours on image from contours on the map is not exceed 2.5 3m. Fig.1 Fragment of orthophotomap with 2.5 m resolution

46 Fig.2 Fragment of orthophotomap with 1 m resolution