9/13/2011. Training Course Remote Sensing Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011
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1 Training Course Remote Sensing Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS Introduction Michiel Damen (April 2011) 1
2 Digital Elevation and Terrain Models A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a quantified representation of terrain made from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Examples of terrain variables derived from a DEM: Terrain elevation Slope steepness Slope length & slope form Slope & aspect SRTM West coast Sri Lanka Colour Hill-shade A Digital Surface Model includes also features like vegetation, buildings, etc. Michiel Damen 2 2
3 Digital Elevation (surface) and Terrain Models Digital Terrain relief Model (DTM): model of the shape of the ground surface Digital Surface Model (DSM): model of shape of the surface including vegetation, infra-structure, etc. Michiel Damen 3 3
4 Digital Elevation and flow accumulation (a) Contributing cells at observed location (b) Effective contour lengths at cardinal and diagonal directions (L1 and L2) in a 3*3 window Michiel Damen 4
5 Digital Elevation Model Removal of errors Reduction of obvious artefacts Reduction of local outliers Adjustment of DEM elevation by incorporating additional information Michiel Damen (Source: Hengl et al, 2004) 5
6 Digital Elevation Model Cell size of DEM GLOBEDEM SRTM Global ASTER 1 km 90 m 30 m Figures: USGS SRTM Website Michiel Damen 6
7 Digital Terrain Models (DEM) DEM combined with satellite image Michiel Damen 7 7
8 Stereoscopy: Anaglyph vision Science of producing three-dimensional (3D) visual models Basic requirements: images of the same object from two different positions Can be viewed at the computer screen Anaglyph : red & blue (or green) Michiel Damen 8 8
9 Stereoscopy: Screen-scope In ILWIS software 3D visualization possible by combining a. overlapping aerial photographs b. drape of (satellite) image over DEM Examples: - Landsat & SRTM - Aster VNIR & DEM - Google image & Lidar Michiel Damen 9 9
10 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Alvaro valley, Italy Aerial photo draped over contour interpolated DTM Michiel Damen 10
11 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Alvaro valley, Italy Colour aerial photograph Michiel Damen 11
12 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Bromo volcano, Indonesia Quickbird image draped over Aster DTM Michiel Damen 12
13 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Bromo volcano, Indonesia Quickbird image draped over Aster DTM Michiel Damen 13
14 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Doon valley, North India Aster image draped over Aster DTM Michiel Damen 14
15 Digital Terrain Models (DTM) Sources Doon valley, North India Aster image draped over Aster DTM Michiel Damen 15
16 Digital Elevation Models (DEM) Sources Topographical maps - Interpolation of contours Stereoscopic 3-D images (aerial photos, optical satellite images) Aster SPOT Radar (SRTM & Terra SAR-x) Airborne Laser Scanning (LiDAR) Michiel Damen 16 16
17 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Space shuttle Shuttle mission: February 2000 Single-pass SAR interferometry, C & X-bands Digital Surface Model (a raw DEM ) Near-to-global coverage (80% of landmass) 1 arc second spatial resol. = approx. 91 m. Interferogram Mount Kilimanjaro Michiel Damen 17 17
18 RS sensors Spaceborne :Stereo Stereo capability Example: SPOT Day + 10 Day Day Day Day 0 0 Day Day -5-5 Stereo capability Example: ASTER Combining i Nadir & Backward looking image Acquisition Nadir Image ASTER Sensor Acquisition Backward Image 3N 3B Michiel Damen Steerable mirror Stereo overlap 18 18
19 Air-borne Laser Scanning LiDAR : Light Detection And Ranging The laser scanner emits laser beams with a high frequency and collects the reflections. The laser-scanner records the time difference between the emission and reflection. Together with accurate information about the position and orientation of the air-plane during the flight, the elevation of the scanned area is measured Reflection strength depends on terrain type and wavelength Multiple reflections possible: for instance on the vegetation and the ground Vosselman, ITC GEODESIE Michiel Damen 19 19
20 Airborne Laser Scanning Interpretation of landslides Cameron Highlands, Malaysia GEODESIE Lidar DEM with colour hill-shade in tea area. Vegetation filtered out Processing; Khamarrul Razak, ITC Interpretation: Michiel Damen, ITC Michiel Damen 20 20
21 Active RS Laser Scanning LiDAR : Light Detection And Ranging The laser scanner emits laser beams with a high frequency and collects the reflections. The laser-scanner records the time difference between the emission and reflection. Together with accurate information about the position and orientation of the air-plane during the flight, the elevation of the scanned area is measured Reflection strength depends on terrain type and wavelength Multiple reflections possible: for instance on the vegetation and the ground Vosselman, ITC GEODESIE Michiel Damen 21 21
22 Active RS Laser Scanning LiDAR : Light Detection And Ranging Multiple reflections possible: for instance on the vegetation and the ground Canbeusedfor: o biomass estimation and analysis of tree structure, GEODESIE o determining height of houses Digital Surface Model Digital Elevation Model o filtering out of vegetation for (morphological) landslide mapping or..many more applications Michiel Damen 22 22
23 Active RS : Laser Scanning Interpretation of landslides Cameron Highlands, Malaysia GEODESIE Lidar DEM with colour hill-shade in tea area. Vegetation filtered out Processing; Khamarrul Razak, ITC Interpretation: Michiel Damen, ITC Michiel Damen 23 23
24 Active RS : Laser Scanning Examples of Digital Surface models River area Urban Michiel Damen 24 24
25 Stereoscopy (3) remote sensors Aerial photos Along track Across track Michiel Damen 25 25
26 Airborne damage surveys g g Airborne Unmanned Vehicle High resolution orthophotos Digital elevation models DEM Michiel Damen 26 26
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