Suveying Lectures for CE 498

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1 Suveying Lectures for CE 498 SURVEYING CLASSIFICATIONS Surveying work can be classified as follows: 1- Preliminary Surveying In this surveying the detailed data are collected by determining its locations in the field. Its location s referenced to a coordinate system that is defined for the project. 2- Layout surveying In this surveying the designed plans and landscape are set out in the field as points or axis according to the design drawings. It is a procedure for setting out the construction on its proposed location on earth. 3- Control Surveying It is the main surveying work that controls the accuracy of all surveying procedures. In this surveying a control points are established, distributed over the site area, measured through distances and angle, and adjusted. It is considered the reference for the surveying work in terms of coordinates and determination of other measurements accuracy. Control surveys are surveys accomplished using procedures for first, second or third order work. TYPES OF SURVEYING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERINGS 1- Route Surveying Route surveying is a branch of surveying concerned with fieldwork and calculations necessary to fix the line and grade of proposed routes of transportation and communications. Generally, route surveying may be accomplished by employing either ground or aerial surveying procedures and techniques, or a combination of both. 2- Cadastral Surveying Cadastral surveying deals with the laying off or the measurement of lengths and directions of lines forming the boundaries of land or real property. Cadastral surveys are made for one or more of the following purposes:

2 3- DESIGN SURVEYS Design surveys are detailed project locations. These surveys establish the final alignment of the project and provide designers with accurate and specific data required to design the various elements of the proposed project and to incorporate them into contract plans. 4- LAND SURVEYS Land surveys tie in all land lines and land corners, so as to draw plats of surveys. 5- CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS Construction surveys are basically the transfer of plan details to field staking.

3 Staking out main building axis Sewer level positioning

4 6- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS Photogrammetric surveys are surveys that provide location and/or design survey data acquired from photography (aerial or terrestrial). It includes also mobile mapping (moving vehicle with cameras) and mapping using satellite imagery.

5 Mobile mapping can be used for road maintenance purposes and or traffic studies. Equipment For Surveying Works Global Positioning Systems, total stations, electronic distance measuring equipment, electronic bar code levels, tapes, range poles and various accessories are available for measurement of distances, angles and elevations. GPS equipment is available for establishing first order horizontal control and third order vertical control.

6 Total station is available for maintaining coordinates of points. The accuracy desired will normally dictate which instrument should be used for a given situation.

7 Levels, spirit, automatic, laser, digital, hand levels, level rods, bar-coded rods. Digital level and Bar-code Two-way radios, portable computers, DEFINITIONS Definitions of some of the common terms used in surveying Alignment: A series of tangents and curves identifying a centerline for an existing or proposed highway. Azimuth: The direction of one point or object, with respect to another, where the direction of the line is expressed as the clockwise angle from 0º to 360º Bar-code Level: A level instrument designed to electronically read a special leveling rod with a bar-code face. Readings are automatically recorded on an electronic data recorder. Bench Mark: A relatively permanent material object, bearing a marked point whose elevation above or below an adopted datum is known. Central Angle: The angle at the center of radius of a circular arc included between the radii that pass through the beginning point (P.C.) and the ending point (P.T.) of the arc. Also known as the delta angle.

8 Coordinate System: A reference system for defining points in space or on a particular surface by means of distances or angles, or both, with relation to designated axes, planes, or surfaces. Corner, Quarter Section: A corner midway between the controlling section corners, depending on location within the township. Corner, Section: A corner established at the junction of surveyed section lines. Cross-Section: The elevations of the surface of the ground measured along a line perpendicular to the centerline or base line at any given station on the alignment. Datum: A reference system whereby the position of one point can be directly related to another. Deflection Angle: The horizontal angle measured from the prolongation of the preceding tangent line, right or left, to the following tangent line. Digital Terrain Model (DTM): A model of the existing terrain that is developed from elevation data collected with reference to a coordinate system. EDMI: An Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument used to measured distances between points by using phase differences between transmitted and returned electromagnetic waves of known frequency and speed. GPS: The Global Positioning System. The navigational and positioning system that provides location of a position on or above the Earth by a special receiver that interprets signals received simultaneously from several of a constellation of satellites. Level Circuit: The measurement of elevations commencing on a known elevation point and ending on a known elevation point. Leveling Rod: A straight rod or bar with a flat face graduated in linear units with zero at the bottom, used in measuring the vertical distance between a point on the ground and the horizontal line of sight of a leveling instrument. Photogrammetry: A method of surveying that makes measurements of the ground surface using photographs. Reference Point: A point set and used at a survey point or alignment point to help reestablish it or recover it during a survey or during construction. Survey Point Code: A numerical code system established by the surveyor to allow the surveyor to collect survey design data by electronic means and use a computer aided drafting system to plot the data. TBM: A temporary bench mark set on a project and used to control elevations for surveys and construction of a highway project. Total Station: A survey instrument consisting of a theodolite for andle measurements and an EDMI for distance measurements built as a composite unit. Survey data can be recorded directly to an electronic recording device. Trigonometric Leveling: The determination of differences in elevation using trigonometric procedures with observed vertical angles and measured or computed horizontal or inclined distances.

9 Triangulation point: point of known coordinates in the National coordinate system. Bench-Mark : Point of known elevation ( vertical distance above mean sea level) Surveying Tasks for a Project Studying phase During project studying phase site surveying is required in order to know the site boundary dimension, site area and topography, location of services (electric power and water supply, surroundings, etc Tasks are: 1- Constructing a control system that could be used for land surveying and to be used as reference points in the future for the purpose of construction. - Control system consists of control points that are precisely measured coordinates, adjusted and permanently fixed so that it could be used for at least 6 years. Shape and dimension of the point are determined by the client or according to specifications. Also accuracy must be realized according to project specifications. - Coordinates of control points are determined either through constructing closed traverse that could be adjusted, or directly using accurate Differential GPS procedure - All control points must have description cards that show the point (photo) and all information about its coordinates and reference datum, direction etc. - Points must be distributed so that it covers all the site, and during construction can be used directly for locating all project elements. - Control points should be tied to National Triangulation Points if required by the specification. 2- Mapping - Through this task all features details in the site and surroundings should be observed in both horizontal and vertical directions ( buildings, borders, roads, curbs, electric lines and boxes, telephone line and boxes, sweet and waste water pipes, railways, fences, etc..) and drawn to reasonable scale.

10 3- Output and Deliverables - In this task a complete report about surveying work accomplished for the project should be prepared including all difficulties or obstacles that are faced during the work ;if exist. - Also a complete hard copy which include mainly: 1- site layout, 2- control points and its coordinates, 3- details map for the site, 4- contour map, 5- grid elevation points at reasonable spacing. All drawings must include name of project, owner, date, responsible and reviewer names, and scale. - Deliverables includes also a softcopy of the drawings (AutoCAD file) with layers for each of the drawing listed above as well as a layer for the actual observed field points in 3D accompanied with its code that is used for drawings.

11 Control Surveying Can be done by two methods: I- Using ordinary method by means of total station, measuring angles and distances. - Constructing closed traverses, maximum number of points per traverse 10 points and distances between each two consecutive points not more than 1000m. closing error is determined by classifications 1:5000 1: Points must be seen from at least another two control points. - Control point elevations are measured by means of spirit leveling in closed loops with closing error according to specs c K where k is leveling route distance in Km, C ranges from 5 20 according to accuracy needed. - Calculations and adjustment are made for both horizontal and vertical coordinates. - Coordinates may be measured with respect to a local suggested system or tied to the National Triangulation points to get coordinates in the National system. - II- Using direct GPS` observations - Intervisibility is not necessary among points. - At least one reference point of known coordinates is required to start with. - Time of receiving signal at each point depends on the accuracy of the receiver and distance from the known point.

12 - Adequate number of satellite in the range of reveiver must be available at least 4 satellites at the same time. - Static method is used for dterminin the coordinates of the main control points with the reasonable session time. Kinematic method could be used for less accurate points positioning : two procedures Stop and Go or RTK.

13 RTK procedure Stop-and-Go procedure - Differential GPS method that used two receivers is required for accurate coordinates determination. - Transfer of coordinates to a local system may be required to continue construction using total station. Distances calculated from GPS coordinates are transferred to total station distances by multiplying with a scale factor that could be found when choosing the working zone ( for Saudi Arabia 37, 38, 39) and UTM projection..

14 - Points must be chosen far from buildings or high constructions or electric tower to prevent error in received signals. Generally in both methods control points must be fixed for permanent use in a safe place and far from the traffic paths that are used for construction.

15 Mapping Details and Construction: 1- For large open areas or extended projects the differential GPS procedure is preferred because it is fast, accurate and more economic than ordinary method by total station if it is well planned. 2- For constructing purposes and areas with dense features the ordinary procedure using total station will be more effective since and can work with more than one reflector.

16 RELATIVE POSITIONAL ACCURACY The following relative positional accuracies are provided as a guide for the placement of stakes or other materials utilized to mark the location of proposed fixed works: Positional Accuracy Positional Accuracy Meters Meters Horizontal Vertical Rough Grading Stakes ± 300 mm ± 60 mm Subgrade Red Head Stakes ± 150mm ± 15 mm Finish Grade Blue Top Stakes ± 150 mm ± 15 mm Building Offset Stakes ± 10 mm ± 10 mm Sewer Offset Stakes ± 30 mm ± 10 mm Waterline Offset Stakes ± 30 mm ± 30 mm Hydrant Offset Stakes ± 30 mm ± 15 mm Street Lights ± 60 mm ± 30 mm Curb Offsets ± 15 mm ± 10 mm Positional Accuracy is given at the 95 percent confidence level

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