11 Biology Revision Notes

Transcription

1 QCE Biology Year 2015 Mark 0.00 Pages 25 Published Jan 24, Biology Revision Notes By Sophie (1 ATAR)

2 Powered by TCPDF ( Your notes author, Sophie. Sophie achieved an ATAR of 1 in 2016 while attending Shalom Catholic College Currently studying Bachelor of Science at The University of Queensland Achievements: Attended National Youth Science Forum 2016 Biology Subject Prize Chemistry Subject Prize Sophie says: Hi! I am an enthusiastic learner and in Years 11 and 12, I spent a lot of time making revision notes to make sure I was prepared for exams. The way you revise is completely up to you, however, I hope you can get a head start through my notes. Best wishes for your endeavours over the next years, Sophie.

3 Terms and Notation (SRAM pg. 28) General Terms Data facts collected for analysis Quantitative can be expressed in numbers e.g. 23cm, 35 degrees Qualitative can t be expressed in numbers e.g. Colour, shape Investigation Design Hypothesis a statement (not a prediction) that can be tested Control a standard/reference treatment to ensure that the results are changing for the right reasons (fair test) Dependant variable the variable that changes as a result of altering another Independent variable a variable whose values are altered purposely Controlled variables factors that if changed, may effect results unintentionally. So therefore they are controlled to remain the same Parameter a numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population e.g. the height of 17-year-old males Prediction (not a hypothesis) a guess as to the response of the dependant variable upon altering the independent variable Random sample a way of fairly choosing a sample from a population without being biased Trial/repeat carrying out the entire investigation again to ensure consistent results Replicate having the exact same investigation running at the same time as the first Sample a sub-set of the whole (e.g. having 10 roses in each jar) to ensure results aren t effected by individual responses (e.g. 1 rose is unhealthy already) Sample size the number of samples taken (e.g. having 3 test tubes at the same temperature 3 is the sample size) Statistic an estimate of the parameter obtained from a sample (e.g. the mean height) Treatments well defined conditions applied to a sampling unit (how it is treated) Precision and significance Accuracy the correctness of measurement (usually influence by function of measuring tool)

4 Measurement error difference between your result and the real thing Objective measurement measurement that doesn t involve subjective or personal judgment (if someone else were to repeat it, thy should get the exact same answer) Precision how close the statistic is to the value of the parameter. Assess precision by repeatedly measuring Variables and Data (SRAM pg. 25) Defining Variables Qualitative (e.g. colour, shape) Ranked (e.g. birth order in family) Quantitative (e.g. numbers) Discontinuous/discrete - has to be a whole number (e.g. number of children in family) Continuous can be decimal places (e.g. height) Writing the Methods (SRAM pg. 55) Field Studies Study site and organisms Site location and features Why the site was chosen Species involved Specialised Equipment ph and oxygen meters Thermometer Nets, traps, rulers Data Collection Number of and timing of observations Time, day, date Temperature and weather conditions Sample sizes and sampling unit size Methods of preservation Methods of measurement or sampling Methods of recording

5 Laboratory Studies Data Collection Material pre-treatment Treatment and control details Duration and timing Temperature Sample size and replication Methods of measuring Methods of recording Experimental Organisms Species or strain Age and sex Number of individuals used Specialised Equipment ph meters Water baths / incubators Centrifuges Aquaria and choice chambers Microscopes Special Preparations Techniques for preparing a material (eg, grinding, polishing) Indicators, solutions, buffers and special dilutions (watering down) General Guidelines for Method Writing Choose appropriate level of detail Don t include details of standard procedures (e.g. using scales) Outline your reasons for your order. Justify it If complicated information is needed in the method, you can refer the reader to the original source

6 Microscope Parts and Functions Number Name of Part Function of Part 1 Coarse focus Adjusts stage height/body tube so that the specimen is in focus adjustment 2 Fine focus adjustment Adjusts stage height/body tube so that the specimen is in focus on a much finer level 3 Pivot and lock Adjusts stage/barrel angle for ease of viewing 4 Mirror Focuses light into a parallel beam through the hole in the stage 5 Ocular lens/eye Brings the image into focus for the eye. Magnifies x 10 piece 6 Body tube/barrel Route for light rays from the objective lens to the ocular lens 7 Rotating nose piece/turret Rotates for ease of changing objective lenses. Usually has 2-4 different lenses with varying magnification 8 High power Controls magnification and resolution of the object. Magnifies x 40 objective lens 9 Low power Controls magnification and resolution of the object. Magnifies x 10 objective lens 10 Iris diaphragm Adjusts amount of light through to the specimen. Best definition is sometimes with reduced light intensity 11 Condenser Focuses the light from the illuminator to the specimen 12 Condenser Adjusts the condenser focusing control 13 Stage clips Holds the slide firmly on the stage 14 Stage Supports specimen and has a hole to allow light through See diagram on worksheet for matching numbers

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