Ana Vang. LS00376_001 South Burlington- 1961

Transcription

1 The Hydrologic Impacts of the Vermont Interstate Highway System Ana Vang LS00376_001 South Burlington- 1961

2 Outline Project Goals Interstate History Vermont Interstate Build- out and Impervious Surface Vermont s Exits and Study Site SelecMon Aerial and Ground Based Rephotography Summer 2012 Fieldwork Hydraulic Modeling

3 Landscape Change Program Funded by NEH Documents change in Vermont Interstate photos Summer team of 4

4 Goals Determine how the building of the interstate has changed the hydrology of Vermont Hypothesis: I will test whether construcmon of the interstate and the associated build- out increased the amount of impermeable surface sufficient to change peak flow and run off volume, and if so whether I can relate this to changes in stream planform, incision depth, and bed material.

5 Interstate History Federal- Aid Highway and Highway Revenue Acts of km long >170 km 2 paved area 32 billion m 3 moved $215 billion (2012) LS37411_000- Middlesex Kaszynski, 2000; Missouri Department of TransportaMon, 2012; Obenberger and DeSimone, 2011

6 Vermont Interstate System Constructed from km long 12 km 2 area 53 exits?@%(/ekb/i,#78/c/*%$,/ade 9,:+)#(?@%(/EAB/5:<&()&/C/*%$,/AEG?@%(/EDB/9,:+)#(/C/*%$,/ADP?@%(/EPB/5(4/;$7<&6/C/*%$,/AAD 5(4/;$7<&6?@%(/EMB/T#$,<&6/C/*%$,/AMA?@%(/AFB/5(4/;$7<&6/C/*%$,/AAG $!?@%(/ELB/!<#()&/C/*%$,/ALL?@%(/AKB/W,)#'%</C/*%$,/APM!"?@%(/ADB/V)$3.,6(,#/C/*%$,/FD?@%(/AMB/V)$3.,6(,#/C/*%$,/FA?@%(/EHB/S8&>)&/C/*%$,/AHP?@%(/ALB/-%&))6N%/C/*%$,/FP?@%(/AHB/!"#$%&'()&/C/*%$,/KK?@%(/EGB/S8&>)&1%$$,/C/*%$,/AGD!"#$%&'()&?@%(/AGB/5.,$7"#&,/C/*%$,/KD?@%(/EEB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AGE?@%(/AEB/-%$$%6()&/C/*%$,/KH 5(4/2).&67"#8?@%(/AB/?<6(/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/D "$!?@%(/AAB/0%3.J)&>/C/*%$,/DK?@%(/EAB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AGP!#?@%(/AB/!"#$%&'()&/C/*%$,/A?@%(/EPB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AEK 9,:/[)#N?@%(/EEB/O%'.'<(,/C/*%$,/AEF?@%(/APB/-<(,#7"#8/C/*%$,/MG?@%(/FB/*%>>$,6,@/C/*%$,/LK?@%(/KB/*)&(+,$%,#/C/*%$,/LG?@%(/MB/5)"(./!<##,/C/*%$,/HM?@%(/LB/9)#(.=%,$>/C/*%$,/HG?@%(/HB/0<&>)$+./C/*%$,/GP?@%(/GB/!,(.,$/C/*%$,/EE?@%(/EB/5.<#)&/C/*%$,/AG?@%(/AB/U",3.,,/C/*%$,/G U",7,3B/V<&<><?@%(/AFB/-<(,#=)#>/C/*%$,/AEK?@%(/AKB/!<#&,(/C/*%$,/AEP *)&(+,$%,#?@%(/DB/!,#$%&/C/*%$,/LP?@%(/ADB/-,$$6/0%1,#/C/*%$,/AAP $!!"?@%(/AMB/!#<>=)#>/C/*%$,/FD?@%(/ALB/R<%#$,,/C/*%$,/FA?@%(/AHB/Q.,(=)#>/C/*%$,/KH?@%(/AGB/9)#:%3./C/*%$,/DH?@%(/AEB/-%$>,#/C/*%$,/DE -.%(,/0%1,#/23(4?@%(/AAB/O<#(=)#>/C/*%$,/DP?@%(/APB/-.%(,/0%1,#/C/*%$,/MF?@%(/FB/O<#($<&>/C/*%$,/MP?@%(/KB/;63"(&,8/C/*%$,/LA?@%(/EFB/I,#78/S%&,/C/*%$,/ADD 9,:/O<J+6.%#,!" 5+#%&'=%,$>?@%(/DB/5+#%&'=%,$>/C/*%$,/HA?@%(/MB/0)3N%&'.<J/C/*%$,/GL?@%(/LB/-,6(J%&6(,#/C/*%$,/EK *<66<3."6,((6!#<(($,7)#)?@%(/HB/I"JJ,#6()&/C/*%$,/AK?@%(/GB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/AA?@%(/EB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/F?@%(/AB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/D %&'()*+,-./*+&'-+0+&.12-+&( *6.7&-+.8'&0-0,6(/;#,<6 X&(,#6(<(,6 Y5/<&>/ZQ/0)"(,6 Smith, 2006; Vermont Department of Highways, 1965; Vermont Agency of TransportaMon, 2012

7 Impervious Surface US EPA: 2003

8 Vermont s Impervious Surface Interstate (22.8 m) Normal Road (9.6 m) Interstate: 516 km Area/km: 22,800 m 2 Total Area: 11.8 km 2 Paved Road: 10,878 km Area/km: 9600 m 2 Total Area: 92.2 km 2

9 Vermont s Impervious Surface Interstate (22.8 m) Normal Road (9.6 m) Interstate: 516 km Area/km: 22,800 m 2 Total Area: 11.8 km 2 Paved Road: 10,878 km Area/km: 9600 m 2 Total Area: 92.2 km 2 The interstate is 4.5% of paved roads by length but 10% by area

10 Interstate Build- Out Catalyzed build- out Increased impervious surface LS37361_000- South Burlngton- 1959

11 Why do we care? Changes in: Flow paths Flood peak Stream morphology Water quality Ground water recharge Increased impervious area = Landscape change USFWS: 2011 Bethel

12 How do we study changes and test hypothesis? Rephotography Fieldwork Hydraulic Modeling Nomad Tales- NSW/Flickr US ACE

13 How do we study changes and test hypothesis? LS38134_000- Braoleboro Ground Based Rephotography

14 How do we study changes and test hypothesis? 1927 Aerial Rephotography 2004 LS01472_000- Middlesex LS01472_001- Middlesex

15 How do we study changes and test hypothesis? HEC- HMS Inputs Drainage area % Impervious PrecipitaMon Outputs Hydrograph data Time to peak discharge Runoff contribumon

16 How does this all work together? Aerial Rephotography (% impervious) Hydraulic Model Hydrograph, run off, peak discharge data Hydrograph, run off, peak discharge data Aerial Rephotography (stream planform) Test Hypothesis Ground Based Rephotography (incision, aggradamon, etc) I will test whether construcmon of the interstate and the associated build- out increased the amount of impermeable surface sufficient to change peak flow and run off volume, and if so whether I can relate this to changes in stream planform, incision depth, and bed material.

17 Work Completed Photo processing Interstate exit classificamon Site selecmon

18 Vermont Interstate Photos 50,000 images >13,000 Public Interstate Images >36,000 Interstate CollecMon

19 What do Vermont s exits look like?!"#$ Undeveloped/Basic Services

20 What do Vermont s exits look like?!"#$% Commercial

21 What do Vermont s exits look like?!"#$ ResidenMal

22 What do Vermont s exits look like??@%(/eeb/o%'.'<(,/c/*%$,/aef U",7,3B/V<&<><?@%(/EFB/I,#78/S%&,/C/*%$,/ADD Undeveloped/Basic Services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ommercial: 21?@%(/FB/*%>>$,6,@/C/*%$,/LK?@%(/KB/*)&(+,$%,#/C/*%$,/LG?@%(/MB/5)"(./!<##,/C/*%$,/HM?@%(/LB/9)#(.=%,$>/C/*%$,/HG?@%(/HB/0<&>)$+./C/*%$,/GP $! *)&(+,$%,#?@%(/DB/!,#$%&/C/*%$,/LP!"?@%(/AKB/!<#&,(/C/*%$,/AEP?@%(/ADB/-,$$6/0%1,#/C/*%$,/AAP?@%(/AMB/!#<>=)#>/C/*%$,/FD?@%(/ALB/R<%#$,,/C/*%$,/FA ResidenMal: 16 9,:/[)#N?@%(/GB/!,(.,$/C/*%$,/EE?@%(/EB/5.<#)&/C/*%$,/AG?@%(/AB/U",3.,,/C/*%$,/G -.%(,/0%1,#/23(4?@%(/AHB/Q.,(=)#>/C/*%$,/KH?@%(/AGB/9)#:%3./C/*%$,/DH?@%(/AEB/-%$>,#/C/*%$,/DE?@%(/AAB/O<#(=)#>/C/*%$,/DP?@%(/APB/-.%(,/0%1,#/C/*%$,/MF?@%(/FB/O<#($<&>/C/*%$,/MP?@%(/KB/;63"(&,8/C/*%$,/LA 9,:/O<J+6.%#,!" 5+#%&'=%,$>?@%(/DB/5+#%&'=%,$>/C/*%$,/HA?@%(/MB/0)3N%&'.<J/C/*%$,/GL?@%(/LB/-,6(J%&6(,#/C/*%$,/EK Key Basic Services/ Undeveloped Commercial *<66<3."6,((6!#<(($,7)#)?@%(/HB/I"JJ,#6()&/C/*%$,/AK?@%(/GB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/AA?@%(/EB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/F?@%(/AB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/D Residential %&'()*+,-./*+&'-+0+&.12-+&( *6.7&-+.8'&0- Rest Areas Interstates 0,6(/;#,<6 X&(,#6(<(,6 US and VT Routes Y5/<&>/ZQ/0)"(,6 Modified from Vermont Agency of TransportaMon, 2012

23 Site SelecMon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

24 Site SelecMon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

25 Site SelecMon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

26 Site SelecMon Basic Services/Undeveloped: Bethel Springfield U",7,3B/V<&<>< Commercial: Harjord Lyndonville Montpelier St. Albans Williston Winooski ResidenMal Barton Dummerston Richmond!"#$%&'()& -.%(,/0%1,#/23(4!" Key Basic Services/ Undeveloped Commercial Residential %&'()*+,-./*+&'-+0+&.12-+&( Rest Areas *6.7&-+.8'&0- Interstates 0,6(/;#,<6 X&(,#6(<(,6 US and VT Routes Y5/<&>/ZQ/0)"(,6 Modified from Vermont Agency of TransportaMon, 2012

27 Summer/Fall Work Ground based rephotography Fieldwork Final study site selecmon Aerial rephotography Hydraulic modeling

28 Ground Based Rephotography LS00376_000/LS00376_003- South Burlington- 1961/1964

29 Ground Based Rephotography

30 Fieldwork Rephotography Bridge piers Near slopes Drainage Walking stretches of river with air photos in hand Scour AggradaMon Boston Globe

31 Final Study Sites 4 Sites Spectrum of variables Placement within watershed?@%(/eeb/o%'.'<(,/c/*%$,/aef U",7,3B/V<&<>< 9,:+)#(?@%(/EAB/5:<&()&/C/*%$,/AEG?@%(/EPB/5(4/;$7<&6/C/*%$,/AAD 5(4/;$7<&6?@%(/AFB/5(4/;$7<&6/C/*%$,/AAG $!?@%(/AKB/W,)#'%</C/*%$,/APM!"?@%(/ADB/V)$3.,6(,#/C/*%$,/FD?@%(/AMB/V)$3.,6(,#/C/*%$,/FA?@%(/ALB/-%&))6N%/C/*%$,/FP?@%(/AHB/!"#$%&'()&/C/*%$,/KK!"#$%&'()&?@%(/AGB/5.,$7"#&,/C/*%$,/KD?@%(/EEB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AGE?@%(/AEB/-%$$%6()&/C/*%$,/KH "$!?@%(/AAB/0%3.J)&>/C/*%$,/DK?@%(/EAB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AGP?@%(/AB/!"#$%&'()&/C/*%$,/A?@%(/EPB/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/AEK?@%(/AFB/-<(,#=)#>/C/*%$,/AEK?@%(/APB/-<(,#7"#8/C/*%$,/MG?@%(/FB/*%>>$,6,@/C/*%$,/LK *)&(+,$%,#?@%(/KB/*)&(+,$%,#/C/*%$,/LG?@%(/DB/!,#$%&/C/*%$,/LP?@%(/MB/5)"(./!<##,/C/*%$,/HM?@%(/LB/9)#(.=%,$>/C/*%$,/HG $!!"?@%(/HB/0<&>)$+./C/*%$,/GP?@%(/EFB/I,#78/S%&,/C/*%$,/ADD?@%(/EKB/I,#78/C/*%$,/ADE?@%(/EDB/9,:+)#(/C/*%$,/ADP?@%(/EMB/T#$,<&6/C/*%$,/AMA?@%(/ELB/!<#()&/C/*%$,/ALL?@%(/EHB/S8&>)&/C/*%$,/AHP?@%(/EGB/S8&>)&1%$$,/C/*%$,/AGD 5(4/2).&67"#8?@%(/AB/?<6(/5(4/2).&67"#8/C/*%$,/D!#?@%(/AKB/!<#&,(/C/*%$,/AEP?@%(/ADB/-,$$6/0%1,#/C/*%$,/AAP?@%(/AMB/!#<>=)#>/C/*%$,/FD?@%(/ALB/R<%#$,,/C/*%$,/FA 9,:/[)#N?@%(/GB/!,(.,$/C/*%$,/EE?@%(/EB/5.<#)&/C/*%$,/AG?@%(/AB/U",3.,,/C/*%$,/G -.%(,/0%1,#/23(4?@%(/AHB/Q.,(=)#>/C/*%$,/KH?@%(/AGB/9)#:%3./C/*%$,/DH?@%(/AEB/-%$>,#/C/*%$,/DE?@%(/AAB/O<#(=)#>/C/*%$,/DP?@%(/APB/-.%(,/0%1,#/C/*%$,/MF?@%(/FB/O<#($<&>/C/*%$,/MP?@%(/KB/;63"(&,8/C/*%$,/LA 9,:/O<J+6.%#,!" 5+#%&'=%,$>?@%(/DB/5+#%&'=%,$>/C/*%$,/HA?@%(/MB/0)3N%&'.<J/C/*%$,/GL?@%(/LB/-,6(J%&6(,#/C/*%$,/EK Key Basic Services/ Undeveloped Commercial *<66<3."6,((6!#<(($,7)#)?@%(/HB/I"JJ,#6()&/C/*%$,/AK?@%(/GB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/AA?@%(/EB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/F?@%(/AB/!#<(($,7)#)/C/*%$,/D Residential %&'()*+,-./*+&'-+0+&.12-+&( *6.7&-+.8'&0- Rest Areas Interstates 0,6(/;#,<6 X&(,#6(<(,6 US and VT Routes Y5/<&>/ZQ/0)"(,6 Modified from Vermont Agency of TransportaMon, 2012

32 Aerial Rephotography Edwards

33 Aerial Photo Availability Bailey Howe Map Library Year Coverage Type Source Scale 1937 Most of Chittenden County Panchromatic 1:20, Fragmentary Coverage of Vermont Panchromatic Statewide Panchromatic 1:18, Select Town Centers Panchromatic 1:6, Central and Southern Vermont Panchromatic 1:24, Northern Half of the State Panchromatic 1:20,000 Southern Half of the State Panchromatic 1:62, Statewide CIR 1:80, Statewide Panchromatic 1:40, Most of Chittenden County Panchromatic 1:7,800 VCGI - Select Datasets Year Coverage Type Source Scale 2003 Statewide Truecolor 1:40, Most of Chittenden County Truecolor 1:1, Most of Chittenden County Color IR 1:1, Chittenden County Panchromatic 1:1, Statewide Truecolor and Infared 1:40, Statewide Truecolor 1:40, Statewide Panchromatic 1:5,000

34 Hydraulic modeling: HEC- HMS Input: Delineate sub- basins Impervious % from aerial photos Compare model outputs to field data

35 Thesis Outcomes QuanMfy amount impervious surface, over Mme, at 4 study sites of varying character Document current condimons in streams with summer fieldwork Document change in condimons with aerial and ground rephotography Model the effect of increased impervious on surface hydrology Aoempt to link the amount and type of impervious change with channel change

36 Timeline Timing Spring 2012 Summer 2012 Fall 2012 Spring 2013 Task - Contact local historical sociemes, town clerks, and listers - Determine method for quanmfying imperviousness in historical photos - Photograph and enter ground- based rephotography in LSC Database - Choose 4 final study sites - Learn to use HEC- HMS model - Write introducmon/methods - RecMfy and analyze rephotographs - RecMfy and analyze aerial photographs - Run HEC- HMS model for final study sites - Prepare and present progress report - Finish running models - Compare model results to field data - Write results/conclusions and defend thesis

37 QuesMons? LS Fairlee- 1970

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39 Hydraulic modeling: HEC- RAS Sediment transport/movable boundary computamon Range of simulamon Mmes Simulate hydraulic sormng EsMmate scour in floods EsMmate sedimentamon

40 Other slide ideas Expand on summer work Expand on modeling In summary Comments from presentamon Stream geomorphology, exp pics, list exactly what data I m looking for. Go over how I m surveying Go over inputs and outputs of models Go over method for quanmfying impervious space Break up wrimng thesis along the way Data flow diagram for numerical inputs Split up fieldwork slide