and ( * corresponding author)

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1 Technical aticle 1 FTIR stuctual analysis of epoxy paints on steel stuctue fo coating fingepinting cetificate as benchmak fo paint industy CHAN Chin Han 1*, Max ONG Chong Hup 2, TAN Winie 1, Mohamad Kamal HARUN 1, LEE Jia Yin 3 1 Univesiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Shah Alam, Selango, Malaysia cchan@salam.uitm.edu.my and cchan_25@yahoo.com.sg ( * coesponding autho) tan_winie@yahoo.com, mkhaun@gmail.com 2 Noimax Sdn Bhd, 2, Jalan TPP 5/17, Taman Peindustian Puchong, Seksyen 5, Puchong, Selango, Malaysia maxong54@gmail.com 3 Reseach Instuments (M) Sdn. Bhd., D7-1-G, Block D7, Pusat Pedagangan Dana 1, Jalan PJU 1A/46, Petaling Jaya, Selango, Malaysia michelle.lee@i.com.my Abstact Most of the oil and gas companies in Malaysia ae facing challenge to ensue the fabication & constuction woks ae caied out in full compliance to the specifications. The geneal phenomenon is the jobs o pojects offeed by the oil and gas companies ae secued at ock-bottom pices by the supplies. The question is: has it been possible to maintain (o impove) the quality of the jobs despite the challenge of lowe pices o sometimes below the cost pices of supplies. One of the identified and common challenges fo the oil and gas companies is the failue of polymeic coatings on steel stuctues, which has led to huge cost of epainting jobs. This pogessive study showcases the pacticality and simplicity of the povision of Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo 2-component epoxy coatings fo the supply of polymeic coatings fom local paint manufactues as quality assuance equiement of the coatings supplied. This will educe the possibility of failues of the polymeic coatings and hence enhance the quality, integity and safety. Fouie-tansfom infaed (FTIR) is a simple and eliable tool fo the study of epoducibility of the epoxies and hadenes as well as to diffeentiate diffeent types of epoxies and hadenes without any intusion of paint fomulations. Simple (and softwae assisted) step-by-step guides ae poposed in this wok fo the geneation of efeence FTIR spectum fom one sample, which subsequently is to estimate the degee of similaity () with the FTIR specta fom othe samples. We note hee, FTIR can be to fingepint diffeent types of coatings. In othe wods, FTIR stuctual analysis shall be extended to inoganic zinc coating, epoxy-zinc coating, polyuethane coating, acylic coating, polyeste coating etc. Intoduction The uge fo povision of Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo polymeic coatings supplied to the oil and gas companies soas since 2000 in Malaysia. This is the consequence of the uses of the oil and gas companies suffeing fom high cost of epainting the steel stuctues and pipelines when the coatings fail. One of the attibuting factos fo the failue of the coatings is the efomulation of polymeic coatings o in othe wods adulteated polymeic coatings supplied, whee the quality of the coatings deviates fom the submitted specifications fo pequalification and tende pupose. The backgound fo the ugent call of Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo polymeic coatings fom the oil and gas companies and the up-to-date pogess of the FTIR stuctual analysis of epoxy paints initiated by Institute of Mateials, Malaysia (IMM) ae summaized in Table 1. We note hee, the complete Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 polymeic coatings consist of two pats, i.e. (1) physical analyses (e.g. viscosity, solids, specific gavity, opacity, finess-of-gind, pigment-volume-concentation, adhesion test, pencil hadness test, colo etc. ae pefomed in the in-house laboatoy duing the paint manufactuing pocess [1]) and (2) stuctual analysis by Fouie-tansfom infaed (FTIR) (which shall be caied out immediately afte each batch of the poduction in the paint factoy). We diect ou discussion on the stuctual analysis by FTIR on polymeic coatings in this study. Pevious study on single-component systems (the colo oganic pigment) and multi-component systems (the epoxy paints) [2] concludes that diffeent chemical stuctues of the fou yellow colo oganic pigments and diffeent paint fomulations of the two epoxy paints can be deduced by efeing to the fingepint egion of FTIR specta. Thee ae existing standads on sampling standads of the intemediate mateials of the polymeic coatings fom the mixing tank immediately afte each batch of the poduction in the paint factoy, e.g. ASTM D [3], ISO 1513 [4], ISO [5] and so on. To fingepint polymeic coatings, ASTM D [6] standad is followed. As mentioned befoe [2], thee is lack of guide in ASTM D fo the intepetation of FTIR specta, i.e. the pactical appoaches on estimation of the degee of similaity between two FTIR specta fo the same o diffeent polymeic coatings. Intemediate mateials of epoxy esin (o base) and hadene (o cuing agent) wee studied. The objectives of this study ae: 1. To geneate the efeence FTIR specta fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks fom Batch 1 fo epoxies and hadenes. 2. To check the homogeneity of epoxies and hadenes at Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks by estimation of coelation (o degee of similaity) () using QCheck High Sensitivity featue by Themo Nicolet FTIR at fingepinting egions. 3. To check the epoducibility of the epoxies and hadenes of Batch 2 as compaed to Batch 1 by estimation of coelation (). 4. To estimate the coelation () fo Epoxy1 as compaed to othe two diffeent epoxies o polyuethane (PU). 5. To estimate the coelation () fo Hadene1 as compaed to othe two diffeent Hadenes o isocyanate (CNO). 29

2 Although numeous FTIR analyses wee caied out on vaious epoxy, hadene, PU and CNO coating samples, this pape highlights the esults of the FTIR analyses on selected samples. Table 1 Backgound of Coating Fingepinting Cetificate Yeas 1970s & 1980s 1980s Late 1980s Desciption The oil and gas industy to blame the blastes & paintes fo paint failues. The Steel Stuctues Painting Council SSPC in USA, the authoity on Paints woldwide, poposed to the industy to develop suface-toleant coatings i.e. an epoxy coating which can be applied on not-so-well pepaed steel sufaces and yet can pefom fo >10 yeas offshoe. Why? the blastes and paintes wee not vey educated people and thee wee no pope taining pogams those days, the industy decided to take this diection to impove painting quality. The majo intenational anti-coosion paint manufactues such as Ameon, Intenational Paints, Sigma, Jotun and Hempel developed excellent suface-toleant epoxy coatings which pefomed fo >10 yeas offshoe in USA, Euope & Asia. 1990s Stiff competition amongst all these manufactues because of many new-comes (PPG, Bege, Shewin-Williams, Leighs, Coocoat, Cown, etc), the pices of the suface-toleant epoxies fell yea afte yea, and paint failues became a nom. The blame continued to be put on the blastes & paintes PETRONAS and IMM initiated the IMM Blaste & Painte Cetification Pogam to impove the skills of the blastes & paintes The IMM Coating Inspecto Cetification pogam was also conducted to help the blaste & paintes impove quality of paints applied. Hence, suface pepaation & application and quality assuance & quality contol measues wee enhanced. Despite these effots, paint failues continue both onshoe & offshoe in the oil and gas facilities. Duing the Cost Reduction Alliance o CORAL, the concen of paint poduct quality was aised if paint companies begin to dop thei poduct pices. A peliminay poposal to initiate a mill cetificate fo potective coatings in the oil and gas industy was not suppoted by the paint manufactues. Why? 2 key easons (i) intenational paint companies have a eputation to upkeep and will neve adulteate o change paint fomulation abuptly & (ii) it was impossible o too time-consuming & too costly to ty to poduce mill cetificates fo evey poduction batch unlike metal poducts now 22 nd Mach 2013 Apil th Octobe th June 2014 The industy has seen numeous cases of paint poduct pice-dopping below poduction costs and poo pefomance of potective coatings. Coatings which passed the Qualification Tests of PETRONAS, Shell & ExxonMobil have often failed within months o less than 2 yeas afte commissioning of a facility when they ae supposed to pefom fo moe than 5 yeas. Much of the blame continues to be aimed at the suface pepaation & application. As such, it would appea that the poducts appoved afte the qualification testing, despite impoved QA/ QC on suface pepaation & application can still pefom pooly. The uge fo povision of Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo polymeic coatings supplied to the oil and gas companies soas. Foum on "Towads Fingepinting of Polymeic Coatings" I Question asked: Can we fingepint polymeic coatings? Highlighted the pime concens of the local paint manufactues, e.g. the potection of poduct fomula, lack of expetise on spectoscopic analyses and intepetation of esults. The uses of the oil and gas companies suffe fom high cost of epainting the steel stuctues and pipelines when the coatings fail. A Task Foce on Coatings Fingepinting fomed. The end deliveable of this Task Foce is to enhance the oveall painting coating quality assuance [7, 8]. Foum on "Towads Fingepinting of Polymeic Coatings" II [9, 10] Fingepinting of intemediate mateials of epoxy coatings, i.e. epoxy esin (o base) and hadene (o cuing agent) using FTIR spectomete is possible and eliable. The FTIR spectoscopy testing shall be pefomed on these intemediate mateials immediately afte poduction in the paint factoy, in addition to the standad quality contol tests conducted on the poduced intemediate mateials. Pesentation of the daft of the Coating Fingepint Cetificate by Chaipeson of the Task Foce, Ms. Nuul Asni Mohamed fom PETRONAS GTS was attempted. Final Foum on "Towads Fingepinting of Polymeic Coatings" III Fingepinting of intemediate mateials of epoxy coatings, i.e. epoxy esin (o base) and hadene (o cuing agent) using FTIR spectomete is eliable and epoducible. Fingepinting egions of FTIR fo epoxy esin and hadene ae poposed and the confidence level of acceptance fo QA & QC contol is poposed at 90%. Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 30

3 Expeimental FTIR sample collection Polymeic coatings, i.e. epoxy esin (o base) and hadene (o cuing agent) fom local Paint Manufactue A wee analyzed. A total of 3 samples/batch o 3 samples/mixing tank with minimal of 50 g of sample mass fo epoxy esin as well as hadene wee supplied. Sampling of samples at the end stage of poduction (befoe packing) shall be done fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks (efe to Figue 1). Samples wee sent fo FTIR analysis within 4 days afte sample collection. A total of 2 batches of samples wee fo this study on the epoducibility of the esults. These samples wee analyzed as eceived. Summaies of epoxy and hadene samples wee depicted in Tables 2 and 3. By visual inspection, the thee diffeent epoxies ae opaque and the thee diffeent hadenes ae tanslucent as displayed in Figues 2 and 3. Epoxy_BxT(o M o B)y-z denotes epoxy esin of x th Batch fo y th sample at the location of Top (o Middle o Bottom) and with the z th FTIR scanning. Analogue sample coding was adopted fo Hadene_ BxT(o M o B)y-z. Table 3 Hadene samples fom Paint Manufactue A Hadene1_B1B1 Hadene1_B1M1 Hadene1_B1T1 Hadene1_B2B1 Hadene1_B2M1 Hadene1_B2T1 Hadene2_B1B1 Hadene2_B1M1 Hadene2_B1T1 Hadene2_B2B1 Hadene2_B2M1 Hadene2_B2T1 1 st Batch Date eceived (analysis date) 7/3/14 (11/3/14) 7/3/14 (11/3/14) 2 nd Batch Date eceived (analysis date) Hadene3_B1B1 Hadene3_B1M1 Hadene3_B1T1 Hadene3_B2B1 Hadene3_B2M1 Hadene3_B2T1 7/3/14 (11/3/14) Figue 1 Mixing tank of the immediate mateial (e.g. epoxy o hadene) Table 2 Epoxy samples fom Paint Manufactue A 1 st Batch 2 nd Batch Date eceived Date eceived (analysis date) (analysis date) Epoxy1_B1B1 Epoxy1 _B1M1 7/3/14 (11/3/14) Epoxy1 _B1T1 Epoxy1 _B2B1 Epoxy1_B2M1 Epoxy1_B2T1 Epoxy1 Epoxy2 Epoxy3 Figue 2 Thee diffeent epoxies (50 g each) Epoxy2_B1B1 Epoxy2_B1M1 Epoxy2_B1T1 Epoxy2_B2B1 Epoxy2_B2M1 Epoxy2_B2T1 Epoxy3_B1B1 Epoxy3_B1M1 Epoxy3_B1T1 Epoxy3_B2B1 Epoxy3_B2M1 Epoxy3_B2T1 Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 7/3/14 (11/3/14) 7/3/14 (11/3/14) Hadene1 Hadene2 Hadene3 Figue 3 Thee diffeent hadenes (50 g each) FTIR analysis Spectoscopic studies wee pefomed on the intemediate mateials of polymeic coatings, i.e. epoxy esin and hadene independently. FTIR analysis was caied out using the Attenuated Total Reflection accessoy (ATR) on Nicolet is5 (Madison, UK). FTIR specta wee ecoded in the tansmittance mode ove the ange of by aveaging 32 scans at a maximum esolution of 4. 31

4 Tiplicate analysis fo each sample was caied out, whee a fesh sample was fo each analysis. The mateial of ATR cystal is Diamond coated with ZnSe gemanium. The specta of FTIR wee analyzed by OMNIC Softwae Suite (Madison, UK). Quality contol of the intemediate mateials Absobance specta wee baseline coected. The aveage FTIR spectum of sample fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank was adopted as the efeence spectum. The degee of similaity, which is temed as coelation (), of a spectum was geneated by compaing the specta of the samples to that of the efeence using the QCheck High Sensitivity featue of the FTIR softwae. Bief desciption of QCheck High Sensitivity featue is discussed in Appendix A. We emphasize hee, high sensitivity featue (o equivalent, whee the coelation seach algoithm of the FTIR softwae shall depend on both x- (wavenumbe) and y- (absobance) vectos) should be in all cases fo the puposes of quality assuance and quality contol. Quantities (fom 0 to 1) wee estimated fistly fo spectum with wavenumbes fom (i) , and subsequently fom (ii) (C-O-C) & (iii) (C-O-C) fo epoxy esin; and (iv) (C-N) fo hadene. Degee of similaity is diectly popotional to quantities of, i.e. = 1 epesents complete matching of the sample spectum to that of the efeence spectum. Results and discussion Geneation of efeence FTIR spectum fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank ASTM D is limited to the scope of FTIR analysis as descibed in sub-section of FTIR analysis. It is silent on the geneation of efeence spectum to be fo the compaison of the degee of similaity between two FTIR specta and the appopiate fingepint egions fo diffeent samples. Moeove, nothing is mentioned on the confidence level of the acceptance of a sample fo the pupose of quality assuance and quality contol. Hee, we fistly popose a eliable and simple appoach to geneate the efeence FTIR spectum fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank. Afte automatic baseline coection, the specta in tansmittance mode shall be conveted to absobance mode (which can be done easily by using any commecial FTIR softwae). The thee specta fom Top, Middle and Bottom wee aveaged using the commecial FTIR softwae fo the geneation of efeence spectum. A step-by-step guide of the pocedue is evealed in Appendix B. Homogeneity of epoxies and hadenes at Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks The degee of similaity () (in tem of paint fomulation), of Epoxy1_B1 collected fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank was geneated by compaing the specta of the sample to that of the efeence spectum (Epoxy1_B1) using the QCheck High Sensitivity featue of the FTIR softwae. Quantities wee estimated fistly fo spectum with wavenumbes fom i) (the whole spectum), and subsequently fom (ii) (C-O-C) & (iii) (C-O-C) fo epoxy esin; and ae tabulated in Table 3. A simple step-by-step guide of the pocedue is evealed in Appendix C. The quantities in this study may be coelated to the paint fomulation. It is elatively common to set 0.90 as the acceptable toleance in ode to suggest the similaity of diffeent samples o diffeent batches of simila samples. By Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 taking in all the consideations of the andom eos deived fom the opeato pefoming the analysis, consistency of sample pepaation, allowing the paint manufactues to adjust paint heology by using solvents etc.; quantity 0.90 is poposed as the acceptable toleance in this case. Fo the whole FTIR egion [Figues 4(a)] and fingepinting egions [Figues 4(b) and 4(c)], quantities 0.90 ae noted fo Epoxy1_B1 (as well as fo Epoxy1_B2) collected fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank as compaed to Refeence fo Epoxy1_B1 (o Epoxy1_B2). In othe wods, all epoxies ae homogenous in the mixing fo Epoxies 1, 2 and 3 fo Batches 1 and 2 at diffeent locations of Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks. The FTIR specta of Hadene1_B1 fo whole egion [Figue 5(a)] and fingepint egion [Figue 5(b)] ae shown. Refeing to Table 4, quantities 0.90 ae ecoded fo Hadenes 1, 2 and 3 fo Batches 1 and 2 at diffeent locations of Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks. Hence, all hadenes ae homogenous in the mixing tanks. Table 3 Estimation of fo Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy1_B1T(o M o B) fo 1 st FTIR scanning (C-O-C) (C-O-C) Epoxy1_B1B Epoxy1 _B1M Epoxy1 _B1T Epoxy1 _B2B Epoxy1_B2M Epoxy1_B2T Refeence spectum Refeence fo Epoxy1_B1 Table 4 Estimation of fo Refeence Hadene1_B1 to Hadene1_B1T(o M o B) fo 1 st FTIR scanning (C-N) Hadene1_B1B Hadene1_B1M Hadene1_B1T Hadene1_B2B Hadene1_B2M Hadene1_B2T Refeence spectum Refeence fo Hadene1_B1 Repoducibility of the epoxies (o hadenes) of Batch 2 as compaed to Batch 1 by estimation of One of the pime concens fom paint manufactues is the eliability and the epoducibility of the estimation of degee of similaity of paints by FTIR with simila paint fomulations but fom diffeent batches. 32

5 Figue 5 FTIR specta of Hadene1_B1 fo (a) whole egion and (b) fingepint egion With efeence to Tables 5 and 6, quantities 0.90 ae ecoded fo Epoxies (o Hadenes) 1, 2 and 3 when Batch 1 was compaed to Batch 2 at diffeent locations of Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks. Results of Batch 1 and Batch 2 fo all epoxies (hadenes) ae epoducible. In shot, fingepinting of polymeic coatings using FTIR spectomete is possible and eliable. Figue 4 Compaison of Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy1_B1T(o M o B); (a) whole egion and; (b) & (C) fingepint egions Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 Table 5 Estimation of fo Refeence Epoxy_B1 to Epoxy_B2T(o M o B) Refeence spectum (C-O-C) (C-O-C) Epoxy1 _B2B Refeence Epoxy1_B2M fo Epoxy1_B1 Epoxy1_B2T Epoxy2 _B2B Refeence Epoxy2_B2M fo Epoxy2_B1 Epoxy2_B2T Epoxy3 _B2B Refeence Epoxy3_B2M fo Epoxy3_B1 Epoxy3_B2T

6 Table 6 Estimation of fo Refeence Hadene_B1 to Hadene_B2T(o M o B) To estimate the of fo Epoxy1 as compaed to Epoxy2, Epoxy3 and PU Epoxy1, Epoxy2, Epoxy3 and poly(uethane) (PU) ae with diffeent paint fomulations. Without the intusion of the paint fomulation, the FTIR specta of the samples eveal the dissimilaity of the paint fomulation fo these samples (c.f. Table 7) with < Values of (less than 0.1) of PU ae extemely low, because the chemical stuctues of the main ingedients of PU ae of maked diffeence as compaed to that of the epoxy. We suggest hee, FTIR analysis is a simple tool to diffeentiate diffeent types of epoxies; and between epoxy & PU. Table 7 Estimation of fo Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy2, Epoxy 3 and PU Sample code (C-O-C) (C-O-C) Epoxy2 _B Epoxy3_B PU_B Refeence spectum Refeence fo Epoxy1_B1 Estimate the of fo Hadene1 as compaed to Hadene2, Hadene3 and NCO Hadene1, Hadene2, Hadene3 and isocyanate (NCO) ae with diffeent paint fomulations. Again, FTIR analyses is a simple tool to diffeentiate diffeent types of hadenes; and between hadene & NCO with < 0.90 (c.f. Table 8) Table 8 Estimation of fo Refeence Hadne1_B1 to Hadene2, Hadene3 and NCO (C-N) Hadene2_B Hadene3_B NCO_B Conclusion (C-N) Hadene1_B2B Hadene1_B2M Hadene1_B2T Hadene2_B2B Hadene2_B2M Hadene2_B2T Hadene3_B2B Hadene3_B2M Hadene3_B2T We conclude hee, the stuctual analysis by FTIR fo Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 Refeence spectum Refeence fo Hadene1_B1 Refeence fo Hadene2_B1 Refeence fo Hadene3_B1 Refeence spectum Refeence fo Hadene1_B1 complete Coating Fingepint Cetificate fo epoxy esin and hadene is pactical, simple and epoducible. Fingepint egions fo epoxy and hadene ae ecommended in this study. We summaize ou findings as below: 1. Refeence FTIR specta fo epoxies and hadene s can be easily geneated. 2. Homogeneity of epoxies and hadenes can be obseved at Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tanks fo Paint Manufactue A. 3. Repoducibility of the epoxies and hadenes of Batch 2 as compaed to Batch 1 is ecoded. 4. FTIR is a simple and eliable tool to diffeentiate diffeent types of epoxies, hadenes, epoxy with PU and hadene with NCO. Cuently, the 2-component epoxy coating was in the evaluation of the pacticality of the stuctual analysis by FTIR fo complete Coating Fingepint Cetificate. We note hee, this FTIR analysis shall not be limited to 2-component epoxy coating, but has to be extended to inoganic zinc coating, epoxy-zinc coating, polyuethane coating, acylic coating, polyeste coating etc. FTIR can be to fingepint all these types of coatings. Pogessive epots of the FTIR fingepinting studies on these types of coatings will be published in the fothcoming issues of Mateials Mind. Acknowledgement The authos gatefully acknowledge the eseach funding by Knowledge Tansfe Pogamme Gants [100-CAN(ICAN/ AIC.37/2/14) povided by Ministy of Education fo pats of the expeimental woks. Special thanks go to D. Chew Kong Chin fom Becke Industial Coatings (M) Sdn. Bhd., who povided useful tips and consideation in selection of fingepint egions fo epoxy and hadene. Refeences Note: all the documents elated to the backgound of Coating Fingepint Cetificate can be viewed at 1. Mills, D.J., Laboatoy testing of anti-coosive paints. Coosion Management, : p Chan, C.H. and Teo, Y.Y., Fouie-tansfom infaed analysis of polymeic coatings as benchmak fo paint industy, in Mateials Mind. 2013, Institute of Mateials, Malaysia: Selango, Malaysia. p ASTM D , Standad pactice fo sampling liquid paints and elated pigmented coatings. 2010, ASTM Intenational: United States. 4. ISO 1513:2010(E), Paint and vanishes - Examination and pepaation of test samples. 2010, The Intenational Oganization fo Standadization: Switzeland. 5. ISO :2013(E), Paints, vanishes and aw mateials fo paints and vanishes - Sampling. 2013, The Intenational Oganization fo Standadization: Switzeland. 6. ASTM D , Standad guide fo FT-IR fingepinting of a non-aqueous liquid paint as supplied in the manufactue's containe. 2011, ASTM Intenational: United States. 7. Asni, N., Coatings fingepint cetificate, in Mateials Mind. 2013, Institute of Mateials, Malaysia: Selango, Malaysia. p Asni, N., Coatings bith cetificate, in Mateials Mind. 2013, Institute of Mateials, Malaysia: Selango, Malaysia. p Chia, C.H., Winie, T., Samat, E., M Shaip, M.S.A., and Jaafa, R., Fingepinting foum appoteus epot, in Mateials Mind. 2013, Institute of Mateials, Malaysia: Selango, Malaysia. p Ong, M.C.H., Fingepinting Foum II in Joho, in Mateials Mind. 2013, Institute of Mateials, Malaysia: Selango, Malaysia. p

7 Biodata CHAN Chin Han is an associate pofesso at Univesiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. He eseach inteest is devoted to physical popeties of macomolecules. She was appointed as Visiting Scientist at China Univesity of Petoleum, Beijing, China ( ), as Chai Pofesso on Advances in Hybid Mateials at Mahatma Gandhi Univesity, Kottayam, India (2014), National Repesentative (Malaysia) of Intetional Union of Pue and Applied Chemisty (IUPAC) fo Polyme Division ( ) etc. She has been one of the editos of Malaysian Jounal of Chemisty, Beita IKM Chemisty in Malaysia, Deputy Edito of Mateials Mind of Institute of Mateials, Malaysia and books published by Royal Society of Chemisty (2013) and Apple Academic Pess (2014) (distibuted by CRC Pess). I. Max ONG Chong Hup gaduated fom Queen May Univesity of London in 1977 with B.Sc.(Hons) in Mateials Engineeing. He has ove 30 yeas expeience in Coosion Contol coveing Potective Coatings, Decoative Paints, Cathodic Potection, Coosion Monitoing & Inspection, Fie Poofing Coatings, Themal Spay Coatings, and Mateials Selection - as a manufactue, sevice contacto, and technical consultant. He was involved in paint manufactuing in Dimet/Ameon Potective Coatings ( ) and Leighs Paints ( ). He is cuently the Chaiman of the Education Committee of the Institute of Mateials, Malaysia. TAN Winie is a senio lectue at School of Physics and Mateial Science, Univesiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Solid State Ionics ae he main eseach aeas. She is an Associate Fellow of the Malaysian Scientific Association (2012 pesent), Council Membe of I nstitute of Mateials, Malaysia ( ) and membe of Malaysian Solid State Science and Technology Society (2009-pesent). She is appointed as one of the editos in Intenational Jounal of Institute of Mateials, Malaysia (IJIMM), Science Lettes, Mateials Reseach Innovation (2009) and Ameican Institute of Physics (2009). He contibution is also in the fom of witten chapte in books and ove 40 Intenational jounal publications. He eseach outcomes won he seveal medals and awads in intenational and national events. Pof. D. Mohamad Kamal HARUN is cuently the Deputy Vice Chancello (Reseach, Innovation and Entepeneuship) and head the Global Entepeneuship Reseach and Innovation Cente at Univesity Malaysia Kelantan. He was the Deputy Vice Chancello (Industial and Community Netwoking at Univesity Teknologi MARA fom He is also the Pesident and Fellow of the Institute of Mateials Malaysia, Fellow of the Intenational Institute of Plantation Management, Chaiman of the Malaysian Accedited Cetification Body fo the Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 Asian Welding Fedeation, Membe of the Industial Consultative Council, Malaysian Petoleum Resouce Coopeation unde Pemandu and cuently is also the Cluste Head fo Industy and Innovation, National Council of Pofessos. His aeas of eseach ae in coosion potection by paints and inhibitos including the study of polymeic baie coating degadation unde atmospheic conditions LEE Jia Yin has woked in commecial testing lab as a Technical Chemist. She is expeienced in handling vaious analytical instuments such as HPLC, LCMS, FTIR and UV spectomete. Cuently, she woks as an Application Chemist in Reseach Instuments, and specializes in Themo Fishe Scientific FTIR. She is esponsible fo installation, application taining and toubleshooting. Appendix A Check High Sensitivity featue of the FTIR softwae The standad coelation seach algoithms commonly in infaed (IR) spectoscopy ae well suited to identify unknown mateials o to disciminate between mateials that ae significantly diffeent. Howeve, these standad algoithms often lack the sensitivity equied when the mateials being compaed only exhibit vey minute diffeences, e.g. fo outine quality assuance and quality contol of batch-tobatch poduction of the intemediate mateials of the epoxy paints. The high sensitivity function in OMNIC QCheck is highly ecommended as a seaching function, which effectively povides bette sensitivity when the degee of similaity between samples is high. This algoithm depends on x- (wavenumbe) and y- (absobance) vectos. Pivate communication to M. Fedinand von Stein, Asia Pacific Commecial Manage - Molecula Spectoscopy Chemical Analysis Division, Themo Fishe Scientific. Appendix B A step-by step guide fo geneation of efeence FTIR spectum fom Top, Middle and Bottom of the mixing tank Step 1 Tansmittance mode: Epoxy1_B1 Step 2 Tansmittance mode: Epoxy1_B1 afte automatic baseline coection 35

8 Appendix C A step-by step guide fo estimation of degee of similaity () fo Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy1_B1T(o M o B) fo 1 st FTIR scanning Step 3 Absobance mode: Epoxy1_B1 afte automatic baseline coection Step 1 Compaison of Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy1_B1T(o M o B) by estimation of coelation () by using high sensitivity featue of QCheck setup Step 4 Refeence spectum of Epoxy1_B1: Add Epoxy1_B1B1-1, Epoxy1_B1M1-1 and Epoxy1_B1T1-1 Step 5 Refeence spectum of Epoxy1_B1: divide the addition spectum by 3 Step 2 Compaison of Refeence Epoxy1_B1 to Epoxy1_B1T(o M o B) (full ange of FTIR egion) (simila pocedue can be adopted fo othe fingepinting egions) SSPC Potective Coating Inspecto Level 1 & Level 2 Exams in Kuala Lumpu, Malaysia Date: 24 th 27 th August, 2014 Venue: Gading Institute Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpu Exam Registation includes: (Day 1) Refeshe Couse (Day 2) Level 1 Exam (Day 3) Level 2 Exam Apil - June 2014 Issue 7 36