Enrique Gonzalez-Velez Civil and Environmental Engineering University of South Florida

Transcription

1 Enrique Gonzalez-Velez Civil and Environmental Engineering University of South Florida

2 Background Objective Introduction Roadway Lighting Literature Review Study Area Data Illuminance, Crash, and Roadway Future Work Acknowledgements

3 2007 Nationwide Data 37,248 fatal crashes occurred in the USA 36% occurred during dark condition (non present of astronomical light - 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.) In Florida reports show 2,943 fatal crashes 8% of the nationwide fatalities 40% respectively occurred during dark period FARS Encyclopedia. USDOT and NHTSA:

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5 Nationwide Fatal Crashes Florida Fatal Crashes 39,500 39,000 38,500 38,000 37,500 37,000 36,500 36,000 35,500 35,000 34,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, FARS Encyclopedia. USDOT and NHTSA:

6 To find out the relationship between nighttime accidents and street illuminance lighting levels. This includes the analysis of crash data and the illuminance level measured.

7 Nighttime traffic accident rates are considerably higher. Only approximate 24 percent of the vehicle-miles traveled occur at night (Florida 24 hr counts data). Many research indicates a significant reduction in the number of crashes when roadway lighting is installed.

8 Roadway Lighting main objectives: supplement vehicle headlights, extending the visibility range beyond their limits improve the visibility of roadway features and objects on or near the roadway delineate the roadway ahead crime reduction traffic safety

9 Different methods: Luminance Small Target Visibility (STV) Illuminance

10 Used to evaluate lighting design Measure the reflectance of the roadway surface Inappropriate for the evaluation of lighting system

11 Source: AASHTO Roadway Lighting Design Guides (2005)

12 Source: AASHTO Roadway Lighting Design Guides Appendices (2005)

13 The total amount of visible light illuminating a point on a surface from all directions above the surface. This "surface" can be a physical surface or an imaginary plane. Standard units: Lux (lx) (lm/m 2 ) Footcandle (fc) (lm/ft 2 )

14 Source: IESNA Guide for Photometric Measurement of Roadway Lighting Illuminations (LM-50-99)

15 Author & Year Summary Findings Box (1972) Walker (1976) Present the findings of a study in were the relation between freeway accident and illumination level was analyzed. Accident frequency for rural at grade intersections was determined for 3 years periods immediately before and after lighting. Box (1976) Before and after study on 2.5 miles State Highway 60, Gulf to Bay Boulevard, Clearwater Florida. In this study lamps were turned off. An Average reduction of 40% on nighttime accidents was found as a result of lighting. Rate of accidents was reduced from 1.89 to 0.91 accidents/mev, representing a 52% reduction. In general, lighting significantly reduced the number of night accidents at ADT levels above 3,500. Before Gulf-to-Bay had 20% on night accidents, and after reduction on light had 25% (5% Increase)

16 Author & Year Summary Findings Elvik (1995) Analysis of 37 studies containing 142 results evaluating the safety effects of public lighting. Monsere (2008) 44 interchanges and 5.5 miles of interstate freeway were modified Interchanges from full lighting to partial, interchanges from partial plus design to partial lighting configuration, and interstate freeway mainline lineal lighting was reduced. Safety effects of roadway lighting was found as; a 65% reduction in nighttime fatal accidents, a 30% reduction in nighttime injury accidents, and a 15% reduction in nighttime property-damage-only accidents. The most robust finding of the analysis is that there was a rather significant increase in total and injury night crashes for lineal sections. The analysis found an increase in total night crashes at interchange locations and a decrease in injury night crashes at these same locations.

17 Author & Year Summary Findings Wanvik (2009) This study estimates the safety effect of road lighting on accidents in darkness on Dutch roads, using data from an interactive database containing 763,000 injury accidents and 3.3 million property damage accidents covering the period The mean effect of road lighting on injury accidents during the hours of darkness is 50% [ 53%, 47%]. The estimated effect of road lighting on injury accidents during darkness on rural roads is 54% [ 56%, 52%]. The average increase in risk with respect to pedestrian accidents is 141% on lit roads and 361% on unlit roads (rural).

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19 ID Roadway ID Road Name Length County Begin-Street End-Street US 41/SR Citrus Relief St Davidson Avenue US Citrus SE 8th Avenue NW 22nd St US Hernando SR 50 Lakeside Dr SR Hernando SR 50 US th St Hillsborough Adamo Dr E E Hillsborough Avenue Florida Avenue Hillsborough SR-60 Kennedy Blvd Nebraska Avenue Hillsborough Avenue Hillsborough Nebraska Avenue Orient Rd US 92 Reynolds St Hillsborough Thonotosassa Rd Park Rd US 92 Baker St Hillsborough Reynolds St Thonotosassa Rd Nebraska Avenue Hillsborough Kay St 142nd Avenue US Hillsborough 1st St SW Riverview Dr Kennedy Blvd Hillsborough Henderson Blvd Brevard Avenue E Frank Adamo Dr Hillsborough N 22nd St I Dale Mabry Hwy Hillsborough Gandy Blvd Hillsborough Avenue Courtney Campbell Cswy Hillsborough Pinellas County Line Rocky Point Dr Hillsborough Avenue Hillsborough Theresa Rd Nebraska Avenue Dale Mabry Hwy Hillsborough Hillsborough Avenue Veteran Expressway nd St Hillsborough N21st St Hillsborough Avenue st St Hillsborough I-4 Adamo Dr Kennedy Blvd Hillsborough Ward St Henderson Blvd Fowler Avenue Hillsborough Florida Avenue Morris Bridge Rd Busch Blvd Hillsborough Nebraska Avenue 56th St th St Hillsborough E21st Avenue Fowler Avenue MLK Jr. Blvd Hillsborough Dale Mabry Hwy Queen Palm Ave US Pasco Phoenix Avenue Gulf Highlands Dr S. Missouri Avenue Pinellas East Bay Dr Court St th Avenue N/Tyrone Blvd/Seminole Blvd Pinellas 4th St N East Bay Dr Alt US Pinellas Myrtle Avenue Orange St East Bay Dr Pinellas Seminole Blvd Ulmerton Rd Gulf to Bay Blvd Pinellas Highland Blvd Damascus Rd Drew St Pinellas N Myrtle Avenue Delaware St Gulf Blvd Pinellas Pinellas Bayway SR Passadena Avenue Pinellas Blinds Pass Rd Park St Ulmerton Rd Pinellas Gulf Blvd I Gulf Blvd Pinellas SR 666 Walsingham Rd US Pinellas 54th Avenue S Live Oak St Gandy Blvd/4th St Pinellas US 19 I-275 Total miles

20 Two-lanes undivided highway with fixed roadway lighting at one side

21 Four-lanes divided or undivided highway with fixed roadway lighting at two sides

22 Six-lanes divided highway or more with fixed roadway lighting at two sides

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24 Roadway Classifications Interstate, Expressway, Freeway & Major Arterials TABLE Illumination Level Average Initial Horizontal Foot Candle (H.F.C.) UNIFORMITY RATIOS Avg./MIN. MAX./MIN :1 or Less 10:1 or Less All Other Roadways 1.0 4:1 or Less 10:1 or Less Pedestrian Ways & Bicycle Lanes 2.5 4:1 or Less 10:1 or Less Plans Preparation Manual, Volume 1 English (January 1, 2009)

25 9.00 Left Outer Left Inner 8.00 Illumination Level (fc) Milepost

26 9.00 Right Outer 8.00 Illumination Level (fc) Milepost Right Inner

27 Florida CARS System Day time / Dusk / Down Nighttime with lighting Nighttime without lighting Sunrise and Sunset data From U. S. Naval Observatory

28 12:00 AM 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 4:00 AM 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM January February March April May June July August September October November December Dawn Day Dusk Night

29 Accident location (milepost) Date (day/month/year) Day of week Time (hour) Accident severity (F/I/PDO) At intersection Intersection-related Driveway-related At railroad highway grade crossing Grade-crossing-related Speed-change lane Not related to junction Light condition Weather Pavement surface condition Number of vehicles involved Driver age Vehicle types involved First harmful event Most harmful event Object struck Ran-off road indicator (yes/no) Pedestrian indicator (yes/no) Bicycle indicator (yes/no)

30 Beginning and ending points - linkable to accident data Area type Number of lanes and width Auxiliary lanes (TWLTL/passing lane/other auxiliary lane) Median type and width Shoulder type and width Average daily and hourly traffic Percent heavy vehicles Posted Speed

31 Pair the crash data with the illuminance levels to perform an analysis to identify if exist a direct relationship. Identify the average illuminance level that is more appropriate.

32 This project was sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation District 7 Jiguang Zhao

33 Enrique Gonzalez-Velez Graduate Research Assistant Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CUT 100 Tampa, FL