daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 1
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1 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 1
2 artificial light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 2
3 artificial light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 3
4 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 4
5 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 5
6 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 6
7 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 7
8 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 8
9 daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 9
10 artificial light daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 10
11 Principles of Light
12 Basic Concepts of Light Radiation electromagnetic waves Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 12
13 Basic Concepts of Light Radiation electromagnetic waves Visible Spectrum Figure 3 Spectral Colors Figure 1: Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 13
14 Basic Photometry Candela (cd) or Candlepower (cp) is the amount of light produced by a standardized light source (candle) luminous flux, measured in lumens (lm). A lumen is candela over a solid angle one steradian (sr). lumen steradian luminous flux candela Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 14
15 Basic Photometry illuminated luminous flux strikes a surface, measured in lumens (ca/sr) (lm). illuminance light incident on a surface, measure in lux (lm/m 2 ) or foot-candle (lm/ft 2 ) luminous emittance light emitted by a surface, measure in lux (lm/m 2 ) or foot-candle (lm/ft 2 ) illuminance 50 Foot-candle. foot the illuminated box Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 15
16 Photometric Terms Quantity Sym SI unit Abbr. Notes Luminous energy Q v lumen second lm s units are sometimes called talbots Luminous intensity I v candela (= lm/sr) cd an SI base unit [candlepower] Luminous flux F lumen (= cd sr) lm also called luminous power Luminance L v candela per square meter cd/m 2 units are sometimes called nits Illuminance E v lux (= lm/m 2 ) lx Used for light incident on a surface Illuminance E v footcandle (= lm/f 2 ) ( lux) fc Luminous emittance M v lux (= lm/m 2 ) lx Luminous emittance M v footcandle (= lm/ft 2 ) ( lux) fc Luminous efficacy lumen per watt lm/w Used for light incident on a surface Used for light emitted from a surface Used for light emitted from a surface ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux Spring College of Architecture, SI Photometry Texas Tech University 16
17 Properties of Light Direct Light Indirect Light Inverse Square Law Cosine Law Color and Light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 17
18 Direct and Indirect Light Direct Light (A) Light source (luminous flux) illuminating a surface. Indirect Light (B & C) Light source (luminous emittance) reflected from a surface. Reflected light (luminous emittance) Image courtesy of Autodesk 3ds Max Help Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 18
19 Inverse Square Law luminous intensity and is measured in candelas (SI) or candlepower (I-P) Illuminance therefore, is an inverse square function of the distance from the source Attenuation 1 lumen 1 lumen 1 lumen distributed over 1 ft 2 = 1 foot-candle 1 lumen distributed over 1 meter 2 = 1 lux 1 lumen distributed over 4 ft 2 =.25 fc 1 lumen distributed over 4m 2 =.25 lux Illumination at a surface (fc) = Luminous Flux (lm) / distance (ft) 2 Illumination at a surface (lux) = Luminous Flux (lm) / distance (m) 2 Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 19
20 Lambert s Cosine Law the illuminance on a surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence. Angle of incidence, θ normal incident light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 20
21 Lambert s Cosine Law the illuminance on a surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence. 100 lumens 50 lumens θ Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 21
22 Lambert s Cosine Law The observed illuminance on a surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence. 100 lumens Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 22
23 Color and light Color of Light Different light sources have a different color Light color is additive RGB Color Temperature Yellow Sunlight Images courtesy of Autodesk 3ds Max Help Blue-White Artificial Light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 23
24 Surface and Light Properties Reflected Absorbed Transmitted Emitted reflected flux emitted flux heat Semi-transparent material absorbed flux transmitted flux heat Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 24
25 Light Reflected Reflectance ratio R = Reflected Flux Incident Flux Range Surface Texture Ideal Mirror One direction Perfect Specular Reflectance Ideal Matte Equal in all directions Perfect Diffuse Reflectance Imperfect Specular Reflectance Diffused Specular Reflection incident flux 100 lm R =.25 Surface Reflectance reflected flux 25 lm Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 25
26 Light Reflected Reflectance ratio R = Reflected Flux Incident Flux Range Surface Texture Ideal Mirror One direction Perfect Specular Reflectance Ideal Matte Equal in all directions Perfect Diffuse Reflectance Imperfect Specular Reflectance Diffused Specular Reflection surface normal incident flux reflected flux EQ EQ Surface Reflectance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 26
27 Light Reflected Reflectance ratio R = Reflected Flux Incident Flux Range Surface Texture Ideal Mirror One direction Perfect Specular Reflectance Ideal Matte Equal in all directions Perfect Diffuse Reflectance Imperfect Specular Reflectance Diffused Specular Reflection incident flux reflected flux Surface Reflectance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 27
28 Imperfect Specular Reflectance Reflectance ratio R = Reflected Flux Incident Flux Range Surface Texture Ideal Mirror One direction Perfect Specular Reflectance Ideal Matte Equal in all directions Perfect Diffuse Reflectance Imperfect Specular Reflectance Diffused Specular Reflection surface normal incident flux reflected flux Surface Reflectance Ideal Specular Ideal Matte Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 28
29 Light Absorbed Transformed into Heat Transmitted as luminous flux Emitted as luminous flux Semi-transparent material absorbed flux emitted flux heat transmitted flux heat Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 29
30 Light Transmitted Transmittance - ratio T = Transmitted Flux Incident Flux Range of Surface Transmittance Transmittance refraction Specular clear Diffuse translucent Imperfect Specular Transmittance incident flux 100 lm T=.25 Surface Transmittance 25 lm transmitted flux Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 30
31 Light Transmitted Transmittance - ratio T = Transmitted Flux Incident Flux Range of Surface Transmittance Transmittance refraction Specular clear Diffuse translucent Imperfect Specular Transmittance incident flux light refraction transparent material transmitted flux Surface Transmittance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 31
32 Light Transmitted Transmittance - ratio T = Transmitted Flux Incident Flux Range of Surface Transmittance Transmittance refraction Specular clear Diffuse translucent Imperfect Specular Transmittance incident flux specular transmitted flux Surface Transmittance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 32
33 Light Transmitted Transmittance - ratio T = Transmitted Flux Incident Flux Range of Surface Transmittance Transmittance refraction Specular clear Diffuse translucent Imperfect Specular Transmittance incident flux diffuse transmitted flux Surface Transmittance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 33
34 Light Transmitted Transmittance - ratio T = Transmitted Flux Incident Flux Range of Surface Transmittance Transmittance refraction Specular clear Diffuse translucent Imperfect Specular Transmittance incident flux Imperfect specular transmittance Surface Transmittance Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 34
35 Artificial Lighting Lamp or Bulb Measured in Lumen Output Initial Lumens vs. Mean (design) Lumens Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 35
36 Artificial Lighting Fixture or Luminaire Measured in Candela or Candlepower Output Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 36
37 What we need to understand Light distribution of the light fixture. Lighting patterns produced by the light fixture in the space. Efficiency in delivering light to where it is needed. Amount of light going from the light fixture to the area that needs to be lighted. and amount of light going beyond that area resulting in glare Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 37
38 Luminaire Lamp Attributes Color Temperature (lamp) Efficacy (luminaire) Luminous Intensity (luminaire) Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 38
39 Color Temperature Measured in degrees Kelvin (K) Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 39
40 Efficacy Efficacy for light sources and lighting systems is expressed in lumens per watt. Lamps plus ballast wattage. Example: The efficacy of a100-w A19 incandescent lamp that produces 1740 lumens is 17.4 lm/watt lm 100 W = 17.4 lm/watt Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 40
41 Luminous Intensity Distribution Luminous Intensity or Candlepower (cp) Measured in Candela (cd) Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 41
42 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 42
43 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Zenith Nadir Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 43
44 Luminous Intensity Distribution Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 44
45 Photometric Report General Information Photometric Data Application Data Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 45
46 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 46
47 On the 0 -plane (parallel to the lamp axis),the candela value at 55º falls between 550 and1100 candelas (cd) and is about 700 cd. On the 45 -plane, the candela value at 55º also falls between 550 and 1100 cd and is about 800 cd. On the 90 -plane (perpendicular to the lamp axis), the candela value at 55º falls between 1100 and 1650 cd and is about 1300 cd. Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 47
48 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 48
49 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 49
50 Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Luminous Intensity Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 50
51 Candela Distribution Summary On the 0 -plane, the candela value at 55 is 656 cd, and at 65 is 274 cd. On the 45 -plane, the candela value at 55 is 868 cd, and at 65 is 329 cd. On the 90 -plane, the candela value at 55 is 950 cd, and at 65 is 216 cd. Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 51
52 Light Power Density Watts per square foot. Describes the amount of power (watts) used to light a square foot of building. Derived by dividing the power draw of the lighting fixtures by the square feet. Used to establish power limits for lighting in buildings. 40 Required LPD = W =.67 W/s.f s.f W Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 52
53 Q & A
54 Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 54
55 Ecotect Profile Candela Distribution Curve Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 55
56 Light distribution of the light fixture. Lighting patterns produced by the light fixture in the space. Efficiency in delivering light to where it is needed. Amount of light going from the light fixture to the area that needs to be lighted. and amount of light going beyond that area Glare Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 56
57 Types of Direct Light Sources Point Light Spot Light Distant light Area Light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 57
58 Range of Lighting Conditions Direct Indirect Diffuse Direct/ Diffuse (Local/Global) Indirect/ Diffuse (Global) Direct & Indirect Specular Direct/ Specular (Local/Global) Indirect/ Specular (Global) Specular Diffuse Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 58
59 Local Illumination Direct Light No reflection of light around the scene Ambient Light Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 59
60 Global Illumination Includes other aspects light in addition to Direct Illumination. Reflected Refracted Indirect (next) Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 60
61 Global Illumination Indirect lighting No Indirect Indirect Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 61
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