Radiometry vs. Photometry. Radiometric and photometric units
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1 Radiometry vs. Photometry Radiometry -- the measurement and specification of the power (energy) of a source of electromagnetic radiation.! total energy or numbers of quanta Photometry -- the measurement and specification of a light source in terms of its ability to produce a visual sensation.! intensity as relevant to human vision Radiometric and photometric units Radiometric units measure the total energy of light from a source, or falling on a surface. Photometric units are similar, but are compensated by the human spectral luminous efficiency curves V! or V!." Retinal illuminance T Troland = cd/m 2 x pupil area mm 2
2 Radiant and luminous Flux The total emitted light from a point source is described as radiant or luminous flux. Radiometric Units watts = joules / sec Photometric Units lumens Luminous flux is used to specify light sources, like standard bulbs. The wattage of a bulb describes the electrical power it consumes, not the light energy emitted. A 60 watt incandescent bulb, and a 15 watt compact fluorescent bulb both emit about 900 lumens. Radiant and Luminous Intensity The total emitted light from a point source in a particular direction is described as radiant or luminous intensity. It is measured in flux per unit solid angle, or steradian (# omega ). Radiometric Units watts/ #" Photometric Units Candela = lumen/ #" The Candela is the SI base unit of luminance. It is based on an old unit called the candle, but is now defined as 1/683 W/ # at 555 nm.
3 Irradiance and Illuminance The total light falling on a surface is described by Irradiance and Illuminance. Radiometric Units Watts/m 2 Photometric Units Lumens/m 2 Irradiance takes into account all light coming from all directions, regardless of the source. Radiance and Luminance The total emitted light in a particular direction from an extended source is described as radiance or luminance. It includes both the area of the source and the solid angle over which the light is captured. Radiometric Units Watts/ #/m 2 Photometric Units Candelas/m 2 (cd/m 2) Luminance is used most often in Vision Science, and there are many units to describe it. 1 nit = 1 cd/m2 1 Lambert = 3183 cd/m2 1 apostilb =.3183 cd/m2 1 foot-lambert = 3.43 cd/m2
4 Luminance! Brightness! E" E" The luminance of the letter E on each side is the same. The apparent brightness is different because of contrast effects. In order to compare luminances with the eye, patches must be close together in space and/or time and then adjusted to have no difference. There are two common psychophysical methods to do Photometry with the eye. Minimally distinct border, and flicker photometry. A lightness illusion Brightness describes the perceived luminance, rather than actual luminance. Lightness describes the perceived reflectance of a surface, and takes into account the perceived light sources and shadows.
5 Photometric Brightness Match Intensity and spectral composition of the reference light is fixed. The subject adjusts the intensity of the test light until it matches reference light. Minimally Distinct Borders Matching Photopic Lights The goal is to adjust the relative intensities until the border appears fuzzy compared to other settings.
6 Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry Temporally exchange the test wavelength with the standard (about Hz). The combination produces color fusion. The goal is to adjust the intensity of the test wavelength to reduce the appearance of flickering. Using the Scotopic Luminosity Function to equate the luminance of different wavelengths and calculate total luminance! 1 To match a reference! 1 light that had a radiant power of 10 watts: Example 1: : A test! 2 light would have to a radiant power of 20 watts. Example 2: A test! 3 light would have to a radiant power of 40 watts. Example 3: the sum of 10 watts of! 2 and 20 watts of! 3. (.8 * 10W =.4 * 10W +.2 * 20W) Example 4: 5 watts of! 2 and 30 watts of! 3 (.8 * 10W =.4 * 5W +.2 * 30W)! 2 Abney s Law of Additivity : Overall luminance is the sum of each test light s luminance! 3
7 Photometric matching Demo Scotopic Simulation Photometric matching Demo Red-Yellow
8 Photometric matching Demo Blue-Yellow
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