Utilization of Electrical Energy List of contents
|
|
- Melvin Mathews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Utilization of Electrical Energy List of contents Illumination: 1.1 Nature of light, visibility spectrum curve of relative sensitivity of human eye and wave length of light 1.2 Definition: Luminous flux, solid angle, luminous intensity, illumination, luminous efficiency, depreciation factor, coefficient of utilization, space to height ratio, reflection factor, glare, shadow, lux. 1.3 Laws of illumination simple numericals 1.4 Different type of lamps, construction and working of incandescent and discharge lamps their characteristics, fittings required for filament lamp, mercury vapour sodium lamp, fluorescent lamp, halogen lamp, neon lamp, compact filament lamp(cfl), LED Lamp, comparison of incandescent, fluorescent, CFL & LED 1.5 Calculation of number of light points for interior illumination, calculation ofillumination at different points, considerations involved in simple design problems. Illumination schemes; indoor and outdoor illumination levels 1.6 Main requirements of proper lighting; absence of glare, contrast and shadow 1.7 Awareness about time switches, street lighting, flood lighting, monument lighting and decorative lighting, light characteristics etc. Multiple choice Questions Electric Heating 2.1 Advantages of electrical heating 2.2 Heating methods: Resistance heating direct and indirect resistance heating, electric ovens, their temperature range, properties of resistance heating elements,domestic water heaters and other heating appliances, thermostat control circuit Induction heating; principle of core type and coreless induction furnace, their construction and applications Electric arc heating; direct and indirect arc heating, construction, working and applications of arc furnace Dielectric heating, applications in various industrial fields Infra-red heating and its applications (construction and working of two appliances) Solar Heating Multiple Choice Questions 1 P a g e
2 1 Illumination 1.1 Visibility spectrum curve of relative sensitivity of human eye and wave length of light Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light which is the visible spectrum that is visible to the human eye having wavelengths are between 4 x 10-7 m(4,000 Å or 0.4 m m) to 7 x 10-7 m(7,000 Å or 0.7 m m). ( Å stands for 'angstrom' and is equal to m.) 1.2 Various Terminology Luminous flux (in lumens) is a measure of the total amount of light a lamp puts out. The luminous intensity (in candelas) is a measure of how bright the beam in a particular direction The illumination (or illuminance) E of a surface is the luminous flux per unit area that reaches the surface: E = F/A Illumination = luminous flux / area Solid angle: Plane angle is subtended at a point in a plane by two converging straight lines and its magnitude is given by Solid angle = A r 2 Luminous efficiency : It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens per watt Depreciation factor: It is reverse of the maintenance factor and is defined as the ratio of the initial meter-candles to the ultimate maintained metre-candles on the working plane. Coefficient of utilization It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp Space to height ratio Spacing Height Ratio is defined as the ratio of the distance between adjacent luminaires (centre to centre), to their height above the working plane. Reflection factor the ratio of reflected light to the incident light is called the reflection factor. It s value always less than unity Glare It is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness. Glare is difficulty of seeing in the presence of bright light caused by a significant ratio of luminance A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. 2 P a g e
3 A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. It occupies all of the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square metre. 1.3 Laws of Illumination There are two laws of illumination: (a) Law of inverse squares (b) lamberts cosine law Law of inverse squares: Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point and source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and plane. E = I / d 2 Where, I is the luminous intensity in a given direction. the light source the surface appears dimmer Cosine Law of Illuminance: Illuminance at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the I angle of light incident E= cosθ, I d 2 θ is the luminous intensity of the source, Ɵ is the angle between the normal to the plane, d is the distance to the illuminated point 1.4 Incandescent and discharge lamps Incandescent lamp technology uses electric current to Heat a coiled tungsten filament to incandescence. The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen and a small amount of other inert gases such as argon Discharge lamps produce light by passing an electric current through a gas that emits light when ionized by the current Discharge lamps: (a) Sodium vapour lamp (b) Mercury Vapour lamps Fig. Incandescent lamp 3 P a g e
4 1.5 Sodium vapour lamp The lamp consists of a discharge tube having special composition of glass to withstand the high temperature of the electric discharge The lamp consists of a discharge tube having special composition of glass to withstand the high temperature of the electric discharge The temperature inside the discharge tube rises and vaporizes sodium. Sodium vapour has the highest theoretical luminous efficiency and gives monochromatic orange-yellow light. 1.6 Mercury Vapour lamps It is similar to construction of the sodium vapour lamp. The electric discharge first takes place through argon and this vaporizes The mercury drops inside the discharge tube. The space between two bulbs is filled with an inert gas. Mercury vapour lamps are used for lighting of secondary roads, car parking areas, parks and gardens, factory sheds, etc. 1.7 Fluorescent lamp A fluorescent lamp is a low weight mercury vapour lamp that uses fluorescence to deliver visible light An electric current in the gas energizes mercury vapor which delivers ultraviolet radiation through discharge process and the ultraviolet radiation causes the phosphor coating of the lamp inner to radiate visible light 1.8 Halogen Lamps & Neon Lamps Unlike incandescent lamps, halogen lamps use a halogen gas fill (typically iodine or bromine), to produced what is called a halogen cycle inside the lamp. In the halogen cycle, halogen gas combines with the tungsten that evaporates from the lamp. Halogen lamps are sometimes called quartz lamps because their higher temperature requires quartz envelopes instead of the softer glass used other incandescent lamps. A 4 P a g e
5 halogen lamp comes with a few modifications to eliminate this blackening problem of incandescent lamp Neon Lamps is cold cathode lamp and consists of a gas bulb filled with a neon gas with a small percentage of helium. It gives orange pink colored light. The efficiency of neon lamp lies between lumens/watt The power consumption is of the order of 5watts. Compact Filament Lamp (CFL) & LED Lamp CFLs produce light in the same manner as linear fluorescent lamps. Their tube diameter is usually 5/8 inch (T5) or smaller. CFL power ranges from 5 to 55 watts. LEDs are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy directly into light LEDs can be extremely small and durable; some LEDs can provide much longer lamp life than other sources Comparisons Tungsten Filament Lamp and LED Tungsten Filament Lamp Voltage fluctuation has comparatively more effect on the light output. Luminous efficiency increases with the increase in the voltage of the lamp It gives light close to natural light. Therefore objects are properly seen high working temperature and heat radiations brightness is more initial cost per lamp is quite low. LED Light Emitting Diode bulbs High Efficiency Life hours High cost 6-8 watts normally Small in size Fluorescent Tubes Voltage fluctuation has comparatively low effect on light output Luminous efficiency increases with the increase in wattage and increase in length of tube. It does not give light close to natural light low working temperature heat radiation is low. Brightness is less. initial cost per tube is more 5 P a g e
6 1.10 Calculation of number of light points for interior illumination The number of lamps required in a particular place can be designed by following three methods: 1 Watt per square meter: This is a rough method. Watts per square meter are calculated on the basis of efficiency of lamp (lm/watt). 2. Inverse square law: This method is used in street light calculations. In this method law of illumination is used for this candle power of the 0lamps should be known. 3. Lumen per square meter method: This method is used for design of general lighting. In this method, lamp efficiency, Depreciation factor, utilization factor etc. are used Illumination schemes The interior lighting schemes may be classified as (i) direct lighting (ii) semi direct lighting (iii) semi-indirect lighting (iv) indirect lighting (i) Direct lighting: It is most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this lighting scheme more than 90 % of total light flux Is made to fall directly on the working plane with the help of deep reflectors. it is most efficient but causes hard shadows and glare. It is mainly used for industrial and general out door lighting. (ii) Semi-direct lighting: In this lighting scheme % if the total light flux is made to fall downwards directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors, remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls. Such a lighting system is best suited to rooms with high ceiling where a high level of uniformly distributed illumination is desirable (iii) Semi-indirect lighting: In the lighting scheme % of total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for defuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly except for some absorption. It is mainly used for indoor light decoration purposes. (iv) Indirect lighting: In this light scheme more than 90% if total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors. In such a system the ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare it reduced to minimum Main requirements of proper lighting: Proper Illumination Level Uniformity of illumination Colour of light Shadows: Glare 1.12 Street lighting The main objectives of street lighting are (i) To make the traffic and obstructions on the road clearly visible in order to promote safety and convenience. (ii) To make the street more attractive. (iii) To increase the community value of the street. 6 P a g e
7 The principle employed for street lighting is different from that of interior lighting. There are no walls and ceiling which reflect or diffuse light, hence only direct lighting scheme can be employed and hard shadows and high contrast cannot be avoided. Mercury vapour and sodium discharge lamps have been found to have certain particular advantages for street lighting purposes. The most important of these low power consumption for a given amount of light. Flood lighting Flood light means flooding of large surfaces with light from powerful projectors. It is employed to serve one or more of the following purposes. For enhancing beauty of building at night such as public places, ancient buildings For illuminating railway yards, sports stadiums, car parks, construction sites, quarries etc. Flood lighting it is necessary to concentrate the light from the light source into a narrow beam. The particular type of reflector and its housing used for concentrating the light into narrow beam is known as flood light projection. Multiple Choice Questions Q1 Carbon arc lamps are commonly used in (A) domestic lighting (B) street lighting (C) cinema projectors (D) photography. Q2 Light waves travel with a velocity of (A) 3 x cm/s (B) 3 x cm/s (C) 3 x cm/s (D) 3 x cm/s Q3 Candela is the unit of (A) Luminous flux (B) Luminous intensity (C) Wavelength (D) None of the above. Q4 The unit of luminous flux is (A) steradian (B) candela (C) lumen (D) lux. Q5 Illumination level required for precision work is around (A) 50 lm/m 2 (B) 100 lm/m 2 (C) 200 lm/m 2 7 P a g e
8 (D) 500 lm/m 2. Q6 Which of the following lamp gives nearly monochromatic light? (A) Sodium vapor lamp (B) GLS lamp (C) Tube light (D) Mercury vapor lamp. Q7 The illumination level in houses is in the range (A) lumen/m 2 (B) lumen/m 2 (C) lumen/m 2 (D) lumen/m 2 Q8 One lumen per square meter is the same as (A) One lux (B) One candela (C) One foot candle (D) One lumen meter. Q9 Lumen/watt is the unit of (A) Light flux (B) Luminous intensity (C) Brightness (D) Luminous efficiency. Q 10 A zero watt lamp consumes (A) no power (B) about 5 to 7 W power (C) about 15 to W power (D) about 25 to 30 W power. Q11 Melting temperature of tungsten is (A) 2000 K (B) 2500 K (C)2655 K (D) 3655 K. Short/long Answer types questions Q1 Define luminous intensity, reflection factor, coefficient of utilization. Q2 Explain working principle Incandescent and discharge lamps 8 P a g e
9 2 ELECTRICAL HEATING Electric heating is any process in which ELECTRICAL ENERGY is converted to HEAT ENERGY. Electrical heating is based on the principle of that when electric current passes through a medium heat is produced. Let us take the case of solid material which as resistance R ohms and current flowing through it is I amps for t seconds than heat produced in the material will be H=I²Rt Joules. 2.1 Advantages of Electrical Heating over other Methods of Heating Clean and atmosphere / Free from dirt. No pollution / No flue gas is produced Response quickly Accurate Controlled temperature can made easily Comparatively safe Localized application Overall efficiency is much higher Uniform heating Highest efficiency of utilization Cheap furnaces Mobility of job Transfer of Heat Conduction: This phenomenon takes place in solid, liquid and gas. Heat transfer is proportional to the difference of temperatures between two faces. No actual motion of molecules. Convection: This phenomenon takes place in liquid and gas. Heat is transferred due to actual motion of molecules Convection: This phenomenon takes place in liquid and gas. Heat is transferred due to actual motion of molecules 9 P a g e
10 Classification of Electrical Heating 1 Power Frequency heating/ ohmic heating a) Resistance Heating b) Arc Heating both are of direct and indirect types 2 High Frequency heating a) Induction Heating b) Di-electrical Heating c) Infrared Heating 3 Microwave Heating RESISTANCE HEATING This method is based upon the I²R loss. Whenever current is passed through a resistor material heat is produced because of I²R losses. The generation of heat is done by electric resistor carrying current. There are two methods of resistance heating. They are: (i) Direct Resistance heating and (ii) Indirect Resistance Heating Direct Resistance heating Electric current is passed through the body (charge) to be heated Mode of heat transfer is Conduction. Example - Resistance Welding Indirect Heating Electric current is passed through highly resistive material(heating element) placed inside an oven. Heat produced due to I²R loss in the element is transmitted to the body Mode of heat transfer is Conduction &/or Convection &/or Radiation Example Room Heater CAUSES OF FAILURE OF HEATING ELEMENTS Formation of hot spots. Oxidation Corrosion Mechanical failure 10 P a g e
11 Fig. Resistance Indirect Heating Electric ovens It essentially consists of a high resistive material through which an electric current is passed placed in a chamber made of heat insulating material. The element may be in the form of strip or wire and is placed on the top, bottom of the oven depending upon circumstances. Resistance ovens are used for various purposes such as heat treatment of metals, drying, backing of pottery materials, cooking of food etc. The temperature of oven can be controlled by controlling (i) voltage or current (ii) time and (iii) resistance. The automatic control of temperature can be obtained by providing thermostat which will operate a switch to OFF or ON the circuit as soon as the temperature exceeds or fall below the adjusted value. Domestic water heaters Most of electric water heating is done by immersion heaters which consists of resistance coils placed in slotted cylinders of ceramic material. The material used for resistance coil is nichrome wire coated with magnesium oxide for preventing oxidation of the element which heat up the water due to I 2 R loss in it. Properties of resistance heating elements Low temperature coefficient High melting point Free from oxidation High resistivity 11 P a g e
12 2.2.2 Induction heating Induction heating is based on the principle of transformers. There is a primary winding through which an a.c current is passed. The coil is magnetically coupled with the metal to be heated which acts as secondary. An electric current is induced in this metal when the a.c current is passes through the primary coil. The following are different types of induction furnaces: 1. Core type (low frequency) induction furnaces. 2. Coreless type (high frequency) induction furnaces Coreless type induction furnace In this furnace, heat developed in the charge due to eddy currents flowing through it. When primary coils are excited by an alternating source, the flux set up by these coils induce the eddy currents in the charge. The direction of the resultant eddy current is in a direction opposite to the current in the primary coil. These currents heat the charge to melting point and they also set up electromagnetism forces that produce a stirring action to the charge. 12 P a g e
13 2.2.3 Electric arc heating The heating of matter by an electric arc. The matter may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. When the heating is direct, the material to be heated is one electrode; for indirect heating, the heat is transferred from the arc by convection, or radiation. Electrodes used in arc furnaces: 1. Carbon electrodes 2. Graphite electrodes 3. Self-baking electrodes Types of arc heating furnaces: 1. Direct arc furnaces 2. Indirect arc furnaces Direct arc furnaces When supply is given to the electrodes, two arcs are established and current passes through the charge, as shown in Fig. As the arc is in direct contact with the charge and heat is also produced by current flowing through the charge itself, it is known as direct arc furnace. In indirect arc furnace, the arc strikes between two electrodes by bringing momentarily in contact charge in this furnace is heated not only by radiation from the arc between electrode tips but also by conduction from the heated refractory during rocking action; so, the efficiency of such furnace is high. 13 P a g e
14 2.2.4 Dielectric Heating Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, RF (radio frequency) heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. We understand dielectric heating as the generation of thermal energy (heat) in a nonconducting material by the application of an electromagnetic force or field t it. This is the way a microwave oven heats things placed in it Infra-red heating & Solar Heating In this method of heating, heating elements consist of tungsten filament lamps together with reflectors to direct the whole of heat emitted on to charge (material to be heated). The lamps are operated at 2300 degree celcius there by giving a large amount of infrared radiations and the reflectors are plated with rhodium which prevents the leakage of heat through the chamber. The lamps used are rated between ,000 watts as 250V Solar Heating: In solar water heating collectors capture and retain heat from the sun. This heat is then transferred to a liquid. Heating of the sun trapped using the green house effect. Solar radiation is energy in the form of electromagnetic radiations from the infrared to the ultraviolet example solar cooker, solar water heater etc. 14 P a g e
15 Multiple Choice Questions Q1 Eureka is an alloy of a. Nickel and chromium b. Nickel and copper c. Iron, chromium and aluminium d. Nickel, chromium and aluminium Q2 A good heating element should have a. High resistivity and low melting point b. Low resistivity and high melting point c. High resistivity and high melting point d. Low resistivity and low melting point Q3 Direct resistance heating method is used in a. Salt bath furnaces b. Resistance welding c. Electrode boiler for heating water d. All of these Q4 The heat can be transferred from high temperature body to low temperature body by a. Conduction method b. Convection method c. Radiation method d. All of these Q5 The efficiency of heating is more for a. Solid fuels b. Oil heating c. Gas heating d. Electric heating Short/Long Answer type questions Q1 Define Heating and advantages of heating Q2 Explain resistance heating with its types Q3 Explain Dielectric heating in detail. 15 P a g e
Basic Lighting Terms Glossary (Terms included in the basic lighting course are italicized and underlined)
Basic Lighting Terms Glossary (Terms included in the basic lighting course are italicized and underlined) Accent Lighting Directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or draw attention to a display
More informationHere is a glossary of terms about Lighting that is great knowledge to understand when growing cannabis, whether indoors our outside in a greenhouse.
Here is a glossary of terms about Lighting that is great knowledge to understand when growing cannabis, whether indoors our outside in a greenhouse. AMPERE (AMP) - The unit used to measure the strength
More informationCHAPTER VII ELECTRIC LIGHTING
CHAPTER VII ELECTRIC LIGHTING 7.1 INTRODUCTION Light is a form of wave energy, with wavelengths to which the human eye is sensitive. The radiant-energy spectrum is shown in Figure 7.1. Light travels through
More informationSubject: By: a.yousefvand Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute 2006
Subject: Lighting systems in labs & offices By: a.yousefvand Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute 2006 Lighting systems in labs & offices ١ Sources of Light Incandescent If the energy comes from heat
More informationMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC Certified)
Subject Code: 17639 Model Answer Page 1 of 32 Important suggestions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model
More informationTraditional lighting technologies
Traditional lighting technologies Traditional lighting technologies Traditional lighting technologies Incandescent (filament) lamps i n Incandescent lamps n Halogen lamps Traditional lighting technologies
More informationE T W GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMS
GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMS Ballast A device used to start and operate discharge lamps. It may include a dimmer. Beam A cone of light emitted by a luminaire. Beam Angle If you re into reading light-performance
More informationLighting Terminology Wolf Lake Drive, suite 105, Bartlett, TN O F
Lighting Terminology Accent Lighting Directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or to draw attention to a part of the field of view. Absorption The dissipation of light within a surface or medium.
More informationPhysics of Light. Light: electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation.
Lighting systems Physics of Light Light: electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation. Speed of propagation (c) λ Wave frequency (ƒ) (300 000 km/s) ١ hv λ Less than 1% of the Electromagnetic
More informationWestinghouse. Lamps 101
Westinghouse Lamps 101 Objectives Explain common lighting terminology to your customers Examine color temperature and explain the Kelvin scale List features and benefits of various lamp types, including:
More informationMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC Certified)
Subject Code: 17639 Model Answer Page 1 of 44 Important suggestions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model
More informationTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SHEET
TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SHEET LIGHTING BASICS Topics covered by this information sheet: 1. Light as Service 2. What is Light - How is it Defined 3. Light Quality - How Much and What Type of Light 4. Sources
More informationAPPENDIX GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Accommodation: The process by which the eye adapts itself to varying quantities of light. Adaptation: The process by which the eye adapts itself to varying quantities of light. Arrangement: The repeating
More informationsimply providing that illuminance is not enough to ensure good quality lighting (SLL 2012)
simply providing that illuminance is not enough to ensure good quality lighting (SLL 2012) Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum The main source of our natural light is the sun, which
More informationLighting Technologies
Lighting Technologies Dishna Schwarz Elmar Dimpl George C. Bandlamudi Michael Blunck updated by E. Dimpl, May 2009 1 Introduction... 2 2 Some Facts about Light... 2 2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and the
More informationH22: Lamps and Colour
page 1 of 5 H22: Lamps and Colour James H Nobbs Colour4Free.org Each type of light source provides a different distribution of power within the spectrum. For example, daylight has more power in the blue/green
More informationBasic Lighting Design Seminar
Basic Lighting Design Seminar GEWISS GULF - Dubai Date: 29 th May 2009 GEWISS GULF welcomes all members of IIEE. PROGRAM: Basic Lighting Design Seminar 1. BASIC LIGHTING PRINCIPLES 2. INDUSTRIAL& COMMERCIAL
More informationLight sources. Daylight Electric light. Daylight source direct sunlight or diffuse skylight) Indirect light reflected or modified from its primary
Light sources Daylight Electric light Daylight source direct sunlight or diffuse skylight) Indirect light reflected or modified from its primary Artificial light source incandescent lamps (including tungsten-halogen
More informationdaylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 1
daylight Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 1 artificial light Spring 2014 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University 2 artificial light Spring 2014 College of Architecture,
More informationTest 1: Example #2. Paul Avery PHY 3400 Feb. 15, Note: * indicates the correct answer.
Test 1: Example #2 Paul Avery PHY 3400 Feb. 15, 1999 Note: * indicates the correct answer. 1. A red shirt illuminated with yellow light will appear (a) orange (b) green (c) blue (d) yellow * (e) red 2.
More informationMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC Certified)
Subject Code: 17639 Model Answer Page 1 of 25 Important suggestions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model
More informationElectrical Illumination and Design
EE512 Electrical Illumination and Design Prepared by: Engr. John Michael Abrera Table of Contents 1. Photometry 2. Laws of Illumination 3. Coefficient of Utilization 1 Photometry Photometry Photometry
More informationLighting SAMPLE. Learner Workbook. Version 1. Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank. Product Code: 5640
Learner Workbook Version 1 Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank Product Code: 5640 Table of Contents Introduction... 5 Section 1: Lighting concepts... 7 Review questions... 9
More informationLighting Terminologies Introduction
Lighting Terminologies Introduction A basic understanding of lighting fundamentals is essential for specifiers and decision makers who make decisions about lighting design, installation and upgrades. Radiometry
More informationHOME SCIENCE CHAPTER 3: LIGHTING IN THE HOME Class: X
HOME SCIENCE CHAPTER 3: LIGHTING IN THE HOME Class: X 2017-18 Answer the following questions. 1 What is a foot candle? Ans Light is usually measured in terms of Foot candles. A Foot Candle is the degree
More informationLighting Tutorial Cornerstone Electronics Technology and Robotics I Week 7
Lighting Tutorial Cornerstone Electronics Technology and Robotics I Week 7 Electricity and Electronics, Section 3.4, Lighting o Symbol: o Incandescent lamp: The current flows through a tungsten filament
More information07-Lighting Concepts. EE570 Energy Utilization & Conservation Professor Henry Louie
07-Lighting Concepts EE570 Energy Utilization & Conservation Professor Henry Louie 1 Overview Light Luminosity Function Lumens Candela Illuminance Luminance Design Motivation Lighting comprises approximately
More informationForm 4: Integrated Science Notes TOPIC NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Form 4: Integrated Science Notes TOPIC NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OBJECTIVES: 1. Define natural and artificial lighting. 2. Use of fluorescent and filament lamps. 3. Investigation of white light and
More informationHours / 100 Marks Seat No.
17639 15116 3 Hours / 100 Seat No. Instructions (1) All Questions are Compulsory. (2) Answer each next main Question on a new page. (3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary. (4)
More informationGas-discharge lamp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 8 Gas-discharge lamp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized
More informationGeneral Information 11A-1. A. General. B. Industry Outlook. Design Manual Chapter 11 - Street Lighting 11A - General Information
Design Manual Chapter 11 - Street Lighting 11A - General Information 11A-1 General Information A. General Darkness brings increased hazards to users of urban streets because it reduces the distance they
More informationUltraviolet Visible Infrared Instrumentation
Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Instrumentation Focus our attention on measurements in the UV-vis region of the EM spectrum Good instrumentation available Very widely used techniques Longstanding and proven
More informationRetrofit Your City Street Lighting and Start Saving Thousands of Mega Watt s and CO2 Emissions
Retrofit Your City Street Lighting and Start Saving Thousands of Mega Watt s and CO2 Emissions A) Working Theory of Induction Lamp The basic technology for induction lamps is not particularly new. Essentially,
More informationDOUGLAS COUNTY ZONING RESOLUTION Section 30 Lighting Standards 3/10/99. -Section Contents-
SECTION 30 LIGHTING STANDARDS -Section Contents- 3001 Intent... 30-2 3002 Applicability... 30-2 3003 Exceptions... 30-2 3004 Prohibited Lighting... 30-2 3005 General Requirements... 30-3 3006 Sign Lighting...
More informationLlIGHT REVIEW PART 2 DOWNLOAD, PRINT and submit for 100 points
WRITE ON SCANTRON WITH NUMBER 2 PENCIL DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST LlIGHT REVIEW PART 2 DOWNLOAD, PRINT and submit for 100 points Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or
More informationEASY$ TIP SHEETS. Energy Advice Saving Yukoners Money. Types of indoor light sources. Compact fluorescent lighting
EASY$ TIP SHEETS Energy Advice Saving Yukoners Money Quick Links Types of indoor light sources Compact fluorescent lighting Incandescent lighting Fluorescent tubes Lighting terms Control systems Indoor
More informationBasic lighting quantities
Basic lighting quantities Surnames, name Antonino Daviu, Jose Alfonso (joanda@die.upv.es) Department Centre Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica Universitat Politècnica de València 1 1 Summary The aim
More informationIt is important to use the right ballast to ensure the luminaire also ignites at low temperatures.
LINGO n. pl. ling goh. (Informal) The specialized vocabulary of a particular field or discipline. The language and speech, esp. the jargon, slang, or argot, of a particular field, group, or individual:
More informationL E D L i g h t i n g G u i d e
L E D Lighting Guide www.silbersonne.eu SilberSonne Lighting Guide LED 3 INDEX Luminous flux in Lumen [lm] 4 Unified Glare Rating [UGR] 9 Illuminance in Lux [lx] 4 IP Protection rate 10 Luminous intensity
More informationIncandescent. Qualities. Energy and Cost. Use
Incandescent filament base Qualities Energy and Cost Use For more information refer to Incandescent lamps convert electric power into light by passing electricity through a filament of coiled tungsten
More informationCURRENT ELECTRICITY. 1. The S.I. unit of power is (a) Henry (b) coulomb (c) watt (d) watt-hour Ans: c
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 1. The S.I. unit of power is (a) Henry (b) coulomb (c) watt (d) watt-hour 2. Electric pressure is also called (a) resistance (b) power (c) voltage (d) energy 3. The substances which
More information17-1 Electromagnetic Waves
17-1 Electromagnetic Waves transfers energy called electromagnetic radiation no medium needed transverse some electrical, some magnetic properties speed is 300,000,000 m/s; nothing is faster; at this speed
More informationLet there be light. An short introduction to the history and future of lighting. More to follow in PART 2
Let there be light An short introduction to the history and future of lighting More to follow in PART 2 History of lighting I Evidence of lighting goes back to 70,000 BC Hollow rocks or shells or other
More informationEnergy Efficient Lighting
Energy Efficient Lighting Watt You Need To Know Tuesday, October 8th, 2013 1:00 PM Presented By: Bryan Heitzmann, Training & Edu. Dev. Specialist Pennsylvania Housing Research Center www.engr.psu.edu/phrc
More informationSection 18.3 Behavior of Light
Light and Materials When light hits an object it can be Section 18.3 Behavior of Light Light and Materials Objects can be classified as Transparent Translucent Opaque Transparent, Translucent, Opaque Transparent
More informationThe Voltech Handbook of Power Measurements in Lighting Applications
The Voltech Handbook of Power Measurements in Lighting Applications Martin Whitley Voltech Application Note 101 Power Measurements in Lighting Applications Issue 3.0 VPN 86-628 Page 2 of 38 Issue 3.0 Power
More informationMUNICIPAL OUTDOOR LIGHTING STANDARDS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT POLLUTION
THE CORPORATION OF THE DISTRICT OF SAANICH MUNICIPAL OUTDOOR LIGHTING STANDARDS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT POLLUTION SCHEDULE A to Sign Bylaw No. 8789 Page 17 of 23 MUNICIPAL OUTDOOR LIGHTING STANDARDS FOR
More informationLED LIGHTING GUIDE. We will help you find the right light bulb!
LED LIGHTING GUIDE We will help you find the right light bulb! THE RIGHT LIGHT SOURCE FOR YOUR NEEDS Decorative lighting With this light bulb the most important thing is what it looks like not how it illuminates
More informationBEST PRACTICE MANUAL
BEST PRACTICE MANUAL LIGHTING Prepared for Bureau of Energy Efficiency, (under Ministry of Power, Government of India) Hall no.4, 2 nd Floor, NBCC Tower, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi 110066. Indian Renewable
More informationOverview of the Investigation of Light Fixture Fires
Overview of the Investigation of Light Fixture Fires David W. Powell Ontario Fire College October 22, 2015 Why are we here? Learn about the common basic lighting systems fire investigators will find most
More informationLumen lm 1 lm= 1cd 1sr The luminous flux emitted into unit solid angle (1 sr) by an isotropic point source having a luminous intensity of 1 candela
WORD BANK Light Measurement Units UNIT Abbreviation Equation Definition Candela cd 1 cd= 1(lm/sr) The SI unit of luminous intensity. One candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
More informationPerformance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power Quality Issues
Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 4557-4577 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power Quality Issues 1 A.Matheswaran,
More informationLAB 11 Color and Light
Cabrillo College Name LAB 11 Color and Light Bring colored pencils or crayons to lab if you already have some. What to learn and explore In the previous lab, we discovered that some sounds are simple,
More informationElectrical Illumination and Design
EE512 Electrical Illumination and Design Prepared by: Engr. John Michael Abrera Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Luminaires, Lighting fixtures and Light fiitings 1 LIGHTING SYSTEM A lighting system
More informationIf you forgot about the homework due today: textbook page 542 data analysis questions, I'll collect them tomorrow along with binder pages
Light & the Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves > transverse waves consisting of changing electric & magnetic fields; carry energy from place to place; differ from mechanical
More informationMercury Vapour Lamps Metal Halide Tubular Double Ended Lamps Metal Halide Tubular Single Ended Lamps Metal Halide Mogul E39 Base
ischarge Mercury Vapour Lamps...407 Metal Halide Tubular ouble Ended Lamps...408 Metal Halide Tubular Single Ended Lamps...410 Metal Halide Mogul E39 Base Lamps...413 Metal Halide Tubular Single Ended
More informationDesigning with daylighting
Designing with daylighting Pharmacy Faculty, Portugal central atrium 4-windows elements small apertures on vaults east and west overhangs Figure by MIT OCW. Designing with daylighting Collège La Vanoise,
More informationMaryland SHA LED Lighting. Brian Grandizio PE / Amol Ranade EIT
Brian Grandizio PE / Amol Ranade EIT Introduction To Technology Roadway Lighting Application Comparison With HID Technology I-83 Pilot Study SHA Implementation Of LED Future Of LED Lighting Introduction
More informationLight calculation example
Lighting Basics Light calculation example Lumen Candela Lux Luminous flux (Lumen-1m) is the entire light output emitted by one lamp regardless of the direction. Luminous intensity (Candela-cd) is the part
More informationTransport Canada Standard for LED Signal Modules at Highway/Railway Grade Crossings. TC E-14 (October 10, 2003)
Transport Canada Standard for LED Signal Modules at Highway/Railway Grade Crossings TC E-14 (October 10, 2003) - 2 - PURPOSE The purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum performance requirements
More informationTechnical Notes. Introduction. Optical Properties. Issue 6 July Figure 1. Specular Reflection:
Technical Notes This Technical Note introduces basic concepts in optical design for low power off-grid lighting products and suggests ways to improve optical efficiency. It is intended for manufacturers,
More informationWestinghouse Range of Lamps includes: Compact Fluorescent Lamps High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) Halogen Fluorescent Lamps LED
GAL Lighting utilizes state of the art manufacturing technology and raw material sourced from reputed international suppliers, thereby ensuring top quality products. This is evident from the numerous international
More informationTable 1. Typical Lumen Efficiencies for Selected Lighting Technologies Light Type Candle n/a 10 lumens 0.2 Kerosene Lamp (simple wick)
Article #11, May 23, 2006 AJ's Technical Tips: Technologies for Lighting in Rural Africa by Arne Jacobson People living in off-grid areas in Africa use a variety of different technologies for lighting.
More informationPHYSICS - Chapter 16. Light and Color and More
PHYSICS - Chapter 16 Light and Color and More LIGHT-fundamentals 16.1 Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum runs from long Radio and TV waves to short
More informationPeriod 3 Solutions: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II
Period 3 Solutions: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II 3.1 Applications of the Quantum Model of Radiant Energy 1) Photon Absorption and Emission 12/29/04 The diagrams below illustrate an atomic nucleus
More information1. Resistivity of a wire depends on (A) length (B) material (C) cross section area (D) none of the above.
1. Resistivity of a wire depends on (A) length (B) material (C) cross section area (D) none of the above. 2. When n resistances each of value r are connected in parallel, then resultant resistance is x.
More informationApplication Notes Photoconductive Cells
APPLICATION NOTE #1 Light - Some Physical Basics Light is produced by the release of energy from the atoms of a material when they are excited by heat, chemical reaction or other means. Light travels through
More informationTHE CANDELA - UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY
THE CANDELA - UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY Light is that part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that the human eye can see. It lies between about 400 and 700 nanometers. All the units for measuring
More informationCMGT 352 Electrical Estimating Discussion #03 Commercial Building Electrical Systems Lighting. Lighting Terminology
CMGT 352 Electrical Estimating Discussion #03 Commercial Building Electrical Systems Lighting Lighting Terminology Lamp Types Light Emitting Diode - LED Fluorescent - FL Compact Fluorescent (CFL) Incandescent
More informationConceptual Physics Fundamentals
Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 13: LIGHT WAVES This lecture will help you understand: Electromagnetic Spectrum Transparent and Opaque Materials Color Why the Sky is Blue, Sunsets are Red, and
More informationIntroduction to Lighting
Introduction to Lighting IES Virtual Environment Copyright 2015 Integrated Environmental Solutions Limited. All rights reserved. No part of the manual is to be copied or reproduced in any form without
More informationLight-Emitting Diodes
445.664 Light-Emitting Diodes Chapter 16. Human eye sensitivity and photometric quantities Euijoon Yoon Human vision Ganglion cell (circadian receptor) Cones: provide color sensitivity Rods : color insensitive
More informationWelding Engineering Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Welding Engineering Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 4 Arc Welding Processes Lecture - 8 Brazing, Soldering & Braze Welding
More informationthe physics of different light sources incandescence and blackbody radiation the concept of photons
Notes for teachers on module 06: Making light The generation of a photon is not just a physical effect. Ever since the first beacon fires were lit in caves, the making of light has been important for our
More informationElectrical Components and their Functions
Electrical Components and their Functions Electricity & Electronics All electrical appliances and electronic devices depend on electrical circuits. The main difference between electricity & electronics
More informationStandard for LED Signal Modules at Highway-Railway Grade Crossings
Standard for LED Signal Modules at Highway-Railway Grade Crossings October 10, 2003 TM Standard For LED Signal Modules At Highway/Railway Grade Crossings Effective : October 10, 2003 CONTENT 1. PURPOSE
More informationCompact High Intensity Light Source
Compact High Intensity Light Source General When a broadband light source in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared portion of the spectrum is required, an arc lamp has no peer. The intensity of an arc
More informationEnergy Efficiency in Homes
Energy Efficiency in Homes Renewable energy sources like solar and wind have found the attention because fossil fuel based power generation is not environmentally friendly and reservoir of crude oil is
More informationRadiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS PhotoSensors
INTELLIGENT OPTO SENSOR DESIGNER S NUMBER 21 NOTEBOOK Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS PhotoSensors contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 ABSTRACT Light Sensing applications use two
More informationDownloaded from
Question 1: What does an electric circuit mean? An electric circuit consists of electric devices, switching devices, source of electricity, etc. that are connected by conducting wires. Question 2: Define
More informationCommunity Design Standards
In accordance with the Zoning Ordinance Update Adopted December 15, 2015 OUTDOOR LIGHTING Sections: 3.1 Purpose and Intent 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Lighting Plans Required 3.4 Outdoor Lighting Limits 3.5 3.1
More informationElectrical Functions Notes
Electrical Functions Notes Electrical Function An electrical function is the role that a component plays in the control or transformation of electric current. Power Supplies Power supply is the electrical
More information21 Lighting. N A Smith. Contents Lamps 21/ Luminaires 21/ Floodlighting 21/30
21 Lighting N A Smith Contents 21.1 Light and vision 21/3 21.2 Quantities and units 21/3 21.3 Photometric concepts 21/4 21.4 Lighting design technology 21/6 21.5 Lamps 21/8 21.5.1 Incandescent filament
More information4 GRAPHITE electrodes are used in arc furnaces 1 R Duration: 1½ hours Max. Marks: 40 Part- A Objective Questions (10X1=10 Marks) 1 U 1 R
Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi-3 (An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University) C C E T I 2 011/20 1 4 R e g u l a t i o n ) Course Code & Course Title: 11EE702
More informationEXTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN
October 31, 1995 (Revised: February 21, 2002 June 11, 2009) Technical Bulletin 95-001 Development of Regional Impact Guidance for EXTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN INTRODUCTION The intent of this Technical Bulletin
More informationElectronic component
Electronic component Electronic component: An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. 2 TYPES OF
More informationINTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN
INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN A STUDENT'S GUIDE Kevin Kelly M.A. B.Sc.(Eng) C.Eng. MCIBSE. MIEI. Kevin O'Connell M.A. B.Sc.(Eng) C.Eng. MCIBSE. MIEI. INTRODUCTION This guide on lighting design is intended for
More informationRadiometry vs. Photometry. Radiometric and photometric units
Radiometry vs. Photometry Radiometry -- the measurement and specification of the power (energy) of a source of electromagnetic radiation.! total energy or numbers of quanta Photometry -- the measurement
More informationMaltase cross tube. D. Senthilkumar P a g e 1
Thermionic Emission Maltase cross tube Definition: The emission of electrons when a metal is heated to a high temperature Explanation: In metals, there exist free electrons which are able to move around
More informationA piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal parts. These parts are then connected in
Page 221»Exercise» Question 1: A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R', then the
More informationBuild Spectroscope. This activity is suitable for Middle School or High School Students. State Standards Met
Build Spectroscope Build Spectroscope Abstract Students learn to how to construct, modify, and calibrate a spectrometer. Students also learn the governing equation of diffraction, and ways in which to
More informationPhotometry for Traffic Engineers...
Photometry for Traffic Engineers... Workshop presented at the annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board in January 2000 by Frank Schieber Heimstra Human Factors Laboratories University of South
More informationVideo Microscopy of Selective Laser Sintering. Abstract
Video Microscopy of Selective Laser Sintering Lawrence S. Melvin III, Suman Das, and Joseph J. Beaman Jr. Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Abstract This paper presents
More informationS200 Course LECTURE 1 TEM
S200 Course LECTURE 1 TEM Development of Electron Microscopy 1897 Discovery of the electron (J.J. Thompson) 1924 Particle and wave theory (L. de Broglie) 1926 Electromagnetic Lens (H. Busch) 1932 Construction
More informationNOT SO SCARY LIGHTING MATH
NOT SO SCARY LIGHTING MATH Methods to Calculate Light Point-by by-point Direct Illumination from a Fixture or Lamp You need. Photometry Distances from Fixture or Lamp Lumen Method Average Light Level in
More informationResistance and Ohm s Law R V I. 1 ohm = 1 volt ampere
Resistance and Ohm s Law If you maintain an electric potential difference, or voltage V, across any conductor, an electric current occurs. In general, the magnitude of the current depends on the potential
More informationLIGHT AND LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS. Prepared by Engr. John Paul Timola
LIGHT AND LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS Prepared by Engr. John Paul Timola LIGHT a form of radiant energy from natural sources and artificial sources. travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave, so it has
More informationHighway Luminaires & INDOT s Research
Highway Luminaires & INDOT s Research Lalit Garg Traffic Administration Engineer, INDOT March 11, 2015 High Pressure Sodium-HPS In use since 1964 High efficacy-lm/w 38-150 Low cost, due to product age
More informationecoschoolsproject Which light is right? fluorescent or incandescent light? grade 8 science Greater Essex County District School Board
Which light is right? Greater Essex County District School Board fluorescent or incandescent grade 8 science light? ecoschoolsproject Which light is right? 1 Grade 8 Science Which light is right? Kit Two
More informationUse timers, motion detectors, remote controls, and photocells to reduce waste.
Exterior Exterior luminaires include large-area flood and small-area, landscape, and accent luminaires. They illuminate building facades, pathways, and landscapes and can provide lighting for safety, security,
More information