Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power Quality Issues

Transcription

1 Volume 119 No , ISSN: (on-line version) url: Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power Quality Issues 1 A.Matheswaran, 2 Dr.C.Ganesh Babu. 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India. 1 profmathes@gmail.com, Abstract Artificial lighting plays a major role in industrial illumination. Over the years the lighting technology had gradually evolved from incandescent lamps to light emitting diode lamps (LEDs). Generally, industrial lighting needs can be classified as indoor and outdoor lighting. High intensity discharge lamps are used for outdoor applications. Fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and LEDs are preferred for the indoors. The nature of indoor lighting will be planned according to the task carried out in the shop floor. In this paper a survey on performance of typical lamps used in outdoor and indoor is done in the basis of energy consumption, ignition time, lumen output and power quality. The issues concerned with the above lamps are addressed. 1. Introduction The natural light from the sun is not available all the time. Artificial lightings plays a vital role in providing illumination in domestic and industrial establishments. The incandescent lamps were used for both indoor and outdoor needs during olden days. However the power rating of outdoor lighting systems was higher than the indoor fittings. The discharge lamps gradually replaced the incandescent lamps in the outdoor due to their high luminous efficacy. In particular high intensity discharge lamps are being used in the outdoors. Right from 19 th century the indoor artificial lighting systems gradually evolved stage by stage from copper filament incandescent lamps to modern LED lamps. During initial phase of 4557

2 development, the technology was focused luminous output of the lamps. The incandescent lamps provide artificial lighting at the expense of higher power consumption. Later, during the middle ages the power consumption became an important concern, which paved the way for fluorescent lamps that delivered quality light at lower power. The power consumption was still reduced with the advent of compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs. However, the driver circuits employed in the compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs affects the power quality of the feeder in which they are connected due to the non linear devices present in the driver circuits. To be specific, the switching of non-linear elements like solid state switches injects harmonics in the grid. This paper analyses the function, common issues and harmonics created by typical indoor and outdoor lighting units. 2. Schematic and function of Lamps: It is essential to understand the construction, operation or functions of different lamps to analyze the performance of the lamps in different aspects like power consumption, ignition speed, lumen output and power quality. The preceding sections deals about the schematic and function of both outdoor and indoor lamps. 2. a. Outdoor The Industrial outdoor lighting needs are done using High intensity discharge lamps like High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp, High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamp or Metal Halide lamps. These lamps works based on gas discharge principle. The general schematic of High pressure discharge lamps is shown in Fig

3 Fig.1. High Pressure Discharge Lamp Here the light is produced through an electric arc generated between two electrodes placed inside a transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts. These gas and metal salts aids in starting of the lamp i.e., initial arc strike. This arc results in evaporation of metal salts, thus forming plasma along with the gas. The intensity of light gradually increases with the increase in temperature of the plasma. The initial high voltage required for producing the arc is delivered through ballast. Ballast may be a conventional one or electronic ballast. 2. b. Indoor lighting Indoor lighting was done using incandescent lamps during early days. These bulbs works using the principle of incandescence were, a wire filament heated to such a high temperature glows with visible light. Carbon filament was used in these lamps earlier and later the carbon filaments were replaced by tungsten filaments, thanks to their reliability and higher luminous efficacy. In recent past Halogen elements like iodine or bromine is mixed with tungsten filament to get higher luminous efficacy and colour rendering index (CRI) than its carbon or tungsten counterparts. These lamps are popularly called as halogen lamps. The general construction of incandescent lamps is shown in Fig

4 Fig.2. Incandescent Lamp Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. A fluorescent lamp utilizes this principle of Fluorescence to deliver visible light. The schematic of a typical fluorescent lamp is shown in Fig.3. Fig.3. Schematic Diagram of Fluorescent Lamp It is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp. The high voltage applied between the electrodes through ballast triggers an electric current between the electrodes. This current excites the 4560

5 mercury vapor in the tube, thus producing an ultra-violet light. The phosphor coating absorbs this ultra-violet light causes the lamp to glow. The fluorescent lamps with folded tubes and much lesser tube diameter using the fluorescence principle is called a compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) produce light when voltage is applied to negatively charged semiconductors, causing electrons to combine and create a unit of light (photon). In simpler terms, an LED is a chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule. Because they are small, several LEDs are sometimes combined to produce a single light bulb.led chips need controlled direct current (DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an LED driver is required to convert the alternating current from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs. Fig. 4 shows the schematic diagram of LED lamp. Fig.4. Schematic Diagram of LED Lamp 3. Performance Evaluation of Lamps: The experimental setup has been made to analyze the performance of lamps. The power quality analyzer Fluke 436-II is used to measure the parameters like voltage, current, power, power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD) and sag and swell of voltage during ON and OFF the lamps. The light intensity of the lamps is measured using the light meter Amprobe LM-100. This section gives the details of the performance of various lamps. Fig 5 (a) and (b) shows the schematic diagram of measuring setup and photograph of measurement setup of mercury vapour lamp respectively. 4561

6 1Φ AC 230 V 50 Hz Supply Ballast/ Driver Lamp Power Quality Analyzer Fig.5.a Schematic Diagram of Measuring Setup Fig.5.b Photograph of Measurement Setup of Mercury Vapour Lamp Table I shows the specification of lamps used in the performance evaluation. Table: I Specifications of Lamps S.No Type of Lamp Power Rating of each in Watts Quantity Total Power in Watts 1 Incandescent lamp 100 W W 2 High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp 250 W W 4562

7 3 High Pressure Mercury 250W W 4 Vapour Metal Halide Lamp Lamp 250W W 5 Halogen Lamp W 6 Fluorescent lamp 36 W 40 W 7 Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) 25 W 11 W 15 W W 108 W 8 LED lamp 10W W Fig.6-14 shows the waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp, High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp, Metal Halide Lamp, Incandescent lamp, Halogen Lamp, Fluorescent lamp, Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) and LED lamp respectively. (a) (b) (b) (b) 4563

8 (e) Fig.6 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp From Fig.6 (a)-(e) it is understand that current in high pressure sodium vapour lamp is not a pure sinusoidal waveform. This is due to the conventional ballast. The phase angle is 23, voltage dip and swell are 240 V and V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 4.3 % and 58.5% respectively. 4564

9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig.7 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp Fig.7 (a)-(e) shows the voltage and current waveform of high pressure mercury vapour lamp. It draws a non sinusoidal current waveform. The values of phase angle is 25, voltage dip and swell are 240 V and V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 3.7 % and 39.8% respectively. 4565

10 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig.8 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Metal Halide Lamp 4566

11 Fig.8 (a)-(e) shows the voltage and current waveform of metal halide lamp. Values of phase angle, voltage dip and swell, Voltage and current THD are 17, 246 V, 247 V, 3.7 %, 39.1 % respectively. Here the common conventional ballast is used for high discharge lamps. The current drawn by the high intensity discharge lamps which uses the conventional electromagnetic ballast is non-sinusoidal. This can be understand from the current waveforms of the high intensity discharge lamps. (a) (b) (c) (d) 4567

12 (e) Fig.9 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Halogen Lamp Fig.9 (a)-(e) shows the Halogen Lamp s voltage and current waveform, values of phase angle, voltage dip and swell, Voltage and current THD. The values are -177, 245 V and 248 V, 2.7%, 3.6%. The current THD is less in halogen lamp due to the absence of non linear ele ments 4568

13 in the lamps. The current is in phase with the voltage due to the presence of pure resistance tungsten filament in the lamp. Phasor diagram of voltage and current validate the same. (c) (d) (e) Fig.10 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Incandescent lamp Fig.10 (a)-(e) shows the various parameters of Incandescent lamp. The values of phase angle is -176, voltage dip and swell are 242 V and 248 V respectively. Voltage and current 4569

14 THD are 2.8% and 3.6% respectively. The voltage and current are in phase due to the pure resistive property offers by a tungsten filament in the lamp. Phasor diagram shown in Fig.10 (b) validate the same. The voltage and current THD is within the limit which prescribes by the IEEE 519 standard. This is due to the absence of non linear elements in the lamps. (a) (b) (c) (d) 4570

15 Fig.11 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Fluorescent lamp The fluorescent lamp s parameters are given in Fig.11 (a)-(e). The value of phase angle is 148, voltage dip and swell are 247 V and 250 V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 2.4 % and 29.2% respectively. The current waveform is slightly distorted due to which the current THD is exceeding the limit. However the voltage THD is lies within the limit of 5%. (a) (b) (b) (d) (c) 4571

16 Fig.12 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) From Fig.12 (a)-(e) it is understand that the current in a CFL lamp is highly distorted due to the presence of power electronics driver which limits the voltage and current of the lamp. phase angle is -156, voltage dip and swell are 235 V and 236V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 3.8 % and 40.2% respectively. (a) (b) 4572

17 (c) (d) Fig.13 (a)-(d) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of LED lamp Fig.13 (a)-(d) shows the various parameters of LED lamp. The current waveform is highly distorted due to the presence of power electronics driver which gives the protection against temperature, over current, over voltage. Thereby increase the life of the lamp. The values of phase angle is -20, Voltage and current THD are 3.4 % and % respectively. Table II shows the various electrical parameters of both indoor and outdoor lamps along with ignition time and lumen output. Table: II Measured Parameters of Different Lamps Parameters/ High High Metal Halogen CFL LED Lamps Pressure Pressure Halide Lamp Incandescent Florescent Lamp Sodium Mercury Lamp Lamp Lamp Vapour Vapour Lamp Lamp 4573

18 Voltage in Volt Current in Amps Power in Watts Power Factor V THD in % I THD in % Intensity in Lux (250W) (250W) (250W) (250W) (100W) (40W) (25W) (10W) Ignition 4 min 6 min 4 min 0 min 0 min 0 min 0 min 0 min Time `From the table II it is understand that gas discharge lamps are taken some time to ignite completely whereas lamps like incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent lamp, CFL and LED are instantly illuminate when supply is given. Conclusion: In this paper the performance of various indoor and outdoor lamps is analyzed in different aspects like power consumption, ignition speed, lumen output and power quality. The High intensity discharge lamps such as sodium vapour lamp, high pressure mercury vapour lamp, metal halide lamp are taken time to give its full intensity. Therefore those are not suitable for immediate inspection locations. However other lamps are illuminating immediately when switched on. Though the LED lamps are affects the power quality its power consumption is less than other lamps, therefore it is 4574

19 well suited for energy efficient applications. The analysis of different types of lamps helpful to choose them for any specific applications and/or requirements. Also the reported parameters of each lamp avoid the ambiguous about the lamps and further development in illumination system. References [1] Evan Mills, Technical and Economic Performance Analysis of Kerosene Lamps and Alternative Approaches to Illumination in Developing Countries, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, June 28, [2] M.M.Aman et al., Analysis of the performance of domestic lighting lamps, Energy Policy Volume 52, January 2013, Pages [3] Edward e. hammer and Terry k. mcgowan, A New Optimized Fluorescent Lamp and Ballast for Low Energy General Lighting Applications, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-19, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST [4] Marina S. Perdigão et al., Comparative Analysis and Experiments of Resonant Tanks for Magnetically Controlled Electronic Ballasts, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 55, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER [5] Soo-Bin Han et al., Analysis of Effects of Inductance Component in Electrodeless Lamp on Ballast Performances, 7 th international conference on power electronics, Korea, October [6] Hung-Liang Cheng et al., Analysis and Implementation of an HPF Electronic Ballast for HID Lamps With LFSW Voltage, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER [7] André Luís Kirsten et al., Digital Control Strategy for HID Lamp Electronic Ballasts, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 60, NO. 2, FEBRUARY [8] Douglas Pappis et al., Modified Flyback for HID Lamp Supply: Design, Modeling, and Control, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 49, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL [9] Lighting Answers,Power Qulaity, Vol.2, Number.2 February [1] C. Jettanasen, and C. Pothisarn, Analytical Study of Harmonics Issued from LED Lamp Driver, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2014 Vol II, IMECS 2014, March 12-14, 2014, Hong Kong. 4575

20 [11] Mohd. Shafiul Islam et al., Power Quality Effect of Using Incandescent, Fluorescent, CFL and LED Lamps on Utility Grid, 2015 First Workshop on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (SGRE 2015). [12] Henryk Markiewicz & Antoni Klajn, Power Quality Application Guide, Copper Development Association IEE Endorsed Provider, July Authors profile A.MATHESWARAN is presently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India and has seven years of teaching experience. He received the B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E. degree in Power Electronics and Drives from the Anna University, Chennai, India. He has pursuing Ph.d in the field of solar PV system. His research interest includes power converters for renewable energy sources, industrial drives and power quality. Dr.C.GANESH BABU is presently working as Professor in the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India and has fourteen years of teaching experience. His field of interest includes Speech Recognition, Biomedical Instrumentation, and Modern Power Electronic switches. 4576

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