simply providing that illuminance is not enough to ensure good quality lighting (SLL 2012)

Transcription

1 simply providing that illuminance is not enough to ensure good quality lighting (SLL 2012)

2 Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum The main source of our natural light is the sun, which has a core temperature of approximately 10,000,000 Kelvin (K) Kelvin is Celsius + 273

3 380 nm 720 nm

4 En e rg y l e v e l s a n d co l o u r d i s tri b u ti o n Fig. 1.1b Electromagnetic Spectrum U l tra Vi o l e t n m n m Vi o l e t In d i g o B l u e Gre e n Y e l l o wora n g e R e d In fra R e d

5 Is the ability of a light source to render colours accurately. For example, under certain street lights (SOX) it is difficult to distinguish different coloured cars at night. Therefore, SOX lamps have bad colour rendering in comparison to metal halide lamps which have a good colour rendering.

6 In 1965 the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the Colour Rendering Index (CRI). The light source is scored out of 100 Colour Rendering Group (CRG) 1A B Table: Colour Rendering Groups Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

7 CRI

8 Efficiency for lamps Efficiency = Output Input Efficacy = lumen output Watts

9 Watts Lumens

10 Metal halide lamp Lumen output: 20,000lm Watts: 250W Therefore: Efficacy = 20,000 = 80 lm / W 250

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13 Metal halide lamp Lumen output: 27,000lm Watts: 250W Therefore: Efficacy = 27,000 = 108 lm / W 250

14 Illuminating Engineering Society

15 Stroboscopic effect is the visual phenomenon where by rotating machinery may appear to look stationary

16 Split luminaires over different phases Use high frequency ballast 28 khz approx. Use special luminaires Lead / lag

17 Incandescent Heat Discharge LED s Current flowing in gas Light emitting diodes

18 Light is emitted from a tungsten filament operating at a very high temperature inside a glass bulb. The temperature of the filament is very high (2800K) Approximately 10% of the energy used is emitted as light - hence its inefficiency.

19 Standard domestic lamp - 40 W, 60 W, 100W (BC, ES) Tungsten halogen - Security lights, 150W, 300W, 500W Spots lights - 12 V dichroic, GU 10

20 Sodium High Pressure (SON) Sodium Low pressure (SOX) Metal Halide (MBI) Mercury High Pressure (MB)

21 Low Pressure Mercury Vapour (LPMV) (Fluorescent) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL s) Induction Neon

22 Efficacy: lm / W Colour rendering: Good Lamp colour: Golden yellow Control gear: Ballast, ignitor, capacitor Run up time: 5 minutes (approx) Application: High bay, street lighting, architectural lighting

23 SON lighting

24 Elliptical Tubular

25 Efficacy: lm / W Colour rendering: Very poor Lamp colour: Orange / yellow Control gear: Auto-transformer, ignitor, capacitor Run up time: 10 minutes (approx) Application: Street lighting

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27 Street light 55 W Must burn horizontally

28 Efficacy: lm / W Colour rendering: Very good Lamp colour: White Control gear: Ballast, ignitor, capacitor Run up time: 4 minutes (approx) Application: Stadia, high bay, retail

29 MBI lighting

30 Tubular Elliptical Double ended Pod

31 Commonly MBF (fluorescent coating) Efficacy: lm / W Colour rendering: Average - Poor Lamp colour: Bluish / Whitish Control gear: Ballast, ignitor, capacitor Run up time: 5 minutes (approx) Application: Street lighting, replaced by MBI

32 Mercury High Pressure Fluorescent coating Tungsten filament No control gear needed Good colour rendering Efficacy lm / W

33 Efficacy: lm / W Colour rendering: Depends on lamp colour Lamp colour: Tri-phosphor, cool, warm Control gear: Ballast, starter, capacitor Run up time: Instant Application: Office, retail

34 T12 T8 T5

35 CFL s are being used widely for the replacement of GLS lamps massive savings in energy costs Improvements in technology - Shorter run up time - Dimmable Reduction in manufacturing cost

36 Internal electronic equipment Typical CFL s

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38 Will they change the lighting design of the future? Low energy consumption Long life Electronic control gear within lamp Expensive for how long?

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40 A company is replacing 500, 100 W incandescent lamps (1,000 hour life, cost 0.30 cent) with 23 W CFL s (8,000 hour life, cost 2.50 euro). Compare the costs for a lighting period of 8,000 hours, with an electricity cost of 0.11 cent per kwhr. The calculation should include the cost of purchasing the lamps.

41 500 lamps, CFL s last 8 times longer Incandescent lamps: To buy: 8 x 500 x 0.3 = 1,200 euro To run: 500 x 0.1 kw x 8,000 hrs x 0.11 = 44,000 euro Total cost: 45,200 euro

42 CFL s: To buy: 500 x 2.5 = 1,250 euro To run: 500 x kw x 8,000 hrs x 0.11 = 10,120 euro Total cost: 11,370 euro Saving: 45,200 11,370 = 33,830 euro

43 A company is replacing 400, 100 W incandescent lamps (1,000 hour life, cost 0.40 cent) with 9 W LED s (20,000 hour life, cost 20 euro). Compare the costs for a lighting period of 20,000 hours, with an electricity cost of 0.16 cent per kwhr. The calculation should include the cost of purchasing the lamps.

44 400 lamps, LED s last 20 times longer Incandescent lamps: To buy: 20 x 400 x 0.4 = 3,200 euro To run: 400 x 0.1 kw x 20,000 hrs x 0.16 = 128,000 euro Total cost: 131,200 euro

45 LED s: To buy: 400 x 20 = 8,000 euro To run: 400 x kw x 20,000 hrs x 0.16 = 11,520 euro Total cost: 19,520 euro Saving: 131,200 19,520 = 111,680 euro

46 An induction coil is located in a lamps Low energy consumption 50 % less Long life 5 years 100,000 hrs Good colour rendering Low heat output New technology come back! Instant illumination / re-strike

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49 How does it work? It is a modified fluorescent lamp / but very different no electrodes The induction coil produces a strong magnetic field which excites the mercury Thus, creating UV light which is converted via the phosphor coating

50 Mainly used for signage Operates at 10 kv Must use Fire person switch Colour is determined by gas Tube is shaped to suit

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52 Exploration and extraction of raw materials Transformation into materials Production Packaging Use Waste Disposal