Overview of the Investigation of Light Fixture Fires
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1 Overview of the Investigation of Light Fixture Fires David W. Powell Ontario Fire College October 22, 2015 Why are we here? Learn about the common basic lighting systems fire investigators will find most often. Learn how the lighting systems work. Learn some fire producing failure modes of lighting systems. Learn how the devices are investigated. Four Blocks of Instruction Incandescent Lighting Fluorescent Lighting CFL and LED Lighting High Intensity Discharge Lighting There Are Five Basic Lighting Systems In Use Today Incandescent Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge Neon Solid State (LED) Quick Energy Comparison Copyright SYTEK Consultants 1
2 Quick Energy Comparison Incandescent Lighting Passing electrical current through very fine coiled wire. Wire heats until it glows with visible light. Filament at up to 4900 F. Filament must be in a vacuum or inert gas. Heating of an Object Until It Glows With Visible Light is the Principle of Incandescence. Incandescent Lamp Construction of Incandescent Lamp Low wattage lamps are evacuated Lamps above 25 Watt are filled with inert gas Seal and Screw Base Glass jacket or envelope Copyright SYTEK Consultants 2
3 Fill Gases In Incandescent Lamps Nitrogen Argon Xenon Krypton Glass Jacket Materials Envelope Material: Soda lime glass Withstand about 700 F Borosilicate glass Can withstand about 878 F Effect of Fire Heat on Lamps R Type A Type PAR Type Lamp Designations Incandescent Lighting Systems as Fire Causes Breakage of lamp exposing pieces of hot filament Lamp contacting combustibles Overheating of combustibles adjacent to lighting fixture Damage to fixture s and building s wire insulation due to overheating Ignition of flammable gases, vapors or dusts Copyright SYTEK Consultants 3
4 Breakage of lamp exposing pieces of hot filament Filament operate at about 3000 F to 5000 F Filaments oxidize quickly when lamp breaks Filament begins to cool immediately Main risk is ignition of gases, vapors or dusts Lamp Contacting Combustibles General purpose lamps typically not hot enough to cause ignition Lamp coming into contact with insulating materials may raise bulb wall temperature enough to cause ignition Since 1965, National Electrical Code has had spacing requirements for exposed lamps in closets. Typical Operating Temperatures Max Bulb Wall Temperatures Tungsten Incandescent Burning Base-Up Degrees C Wattage Lamp Type Temp F 40 A-19 Frosted A-19 Frosted A-19 Frosted A-19 Frosted A-23 Frosted A-23 Frosted A-25 Frosted Watt A-19 Lamp 500 Watt PS-35 Lamp Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook Where does the heat go? Copyright SYTEK Consultants 4
5 Recessed Incandescent Fixtures Popular can type of fixture recessed into ceiling May be between floors May be found installed in ceilings with unit in attic space During energy crisis of 1970 s, people placed insulation around recessed fixtures Recessed Incandescent Fixtures In 1978, NEC required 3 clearance along fixture. No insulation could be placed on top of fixture In 1981, NEC required many fixtures to have thermal protection Recessed Incandescent Fixtures Normal units today have thermal protectors designed to trip if fixture overheats due to application of thermal insulation. Type IC units are designed and tested to be installed in contact with thermal insulation. Their protectors are set to trip if too large of wattage lamp is used. Recessed Incandescent Fixture Recessed Fixture Copyright SYTEK Consultants 5
6 Typical Recessed Incandescent Fixture Typical Thermal Protectors Cellulose Thermal Insulation UL Abnormal Temperature Tests UL Tests Abnormal Temp Type Non-IC Type IC Copyright SYTEK Consultants 6
7 Typical Recessed Fixture After a Fire Damage to fixture s and building s wire insulation due to overheating Application of excessive heat to wire insulation can lead to failure of the insulation and possible arcing Can be result of: Over-lamping Application of thermal insulation Improper design of fixture Improper selection of wire insulation Over Lamping of Fixture Damage Caused by Over-Lamping Tungsten-Halogen Incandescent Lamps Called Quartz Halogen Lamps Longer life Whiter light Incandescent Lamp End of Life Tungsten is evaporated off of the filament due to filament temperature. Tungsten deposits on bulb wall, darkening the lamp. Light output drops. Filament fails due to localized thinning. Copyright SYTEK Consultants 7
8 Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Operate as Follows: Have Halogen gases inside lamp Halogen gas reacts with evaporated tungsten Halogen gas and tungsten circulate around inside lamp At the filament, Halogen releases tungsten, placing it back on filament Tungsten-Halogen Performance Longer life due to tungsten being redeposited on filament. Less darkening of the lamp wall. Brighter, whiter light due to higher operating temperatures. Higher bulb wall temperatures are required. Can have failure of jacket expelling filament pieces. Tungsten-Halogen Construction Tungsten Halogen Lamp Lamp wall is made of quartz or fused silica. Lamp wall operates at about 900 F. Filament is at about 5120 F. Lamp may be enclosed in larger outer jacket. Most lamps must be enclosed or shielded. Quartz Halogen Screw Base Lamps Linear Quartz Halogen Copyright SYTEK Consultants 8
9 Copyright SYTEK Consultants 9
10 Quartz Halogen Torchiere Quartz Halogen Torchiere Quartz Halogen Torchiere Risk? Copyright SYTEK Consultants 10
11 Quartz Halogen Torchiere Quartz Halogen Torchiere Commonly available in 1983 UL & CPSC warn about 500 Watt Lamps in 1996 Recall of 500 Watt lamps in 1996 Protective wire screen guards developed in 1997 Free guards provided to users in 1998 for up to 40 million lamps Heat Pattern Changes in 1997 A revised Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standard for halogen torchiere floor lamps manufactured after February 5, 1997, offers an improved level of safety. Most halogen torchiere floor lamps meeting the revised UL standard already are equipped with a glass or wire guard over the glass bulb shield to help prevent flammable materials from touching the bulb. Investigating Incandescent Lighting Fires Determine point of origin! Above or below fixture? Adjacent fuels? Proper lamp size? Any arcing evidence at or near fixture? Was fixture properly installed? Fixture have thermal protection? Copyright SYTEK Consultants Investigating Incandescent Lighting Fires Find lamp remains Collect adjacent wiring Examine and retrieve exemplar fixtures Study and document installation of exemplars 11
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