THE WORLDWIDE GRAPHIC LANGUAGE FOR DESIGN C H A P T E R O N E

Transcription

1 THE WORLDWIDE GRAPHIC LANGUAGE FOR DESIGN C H A P T E R O N E

2 OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the role of drawings in the design process. 2. Contrast concurrent versus traditional design processes. 3. List five professions that use technical drawings. 4. Describe four creativity techniques. 5. Explain why standards are important. 6. Identify uses of the graphic language. 2

3 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS Technical drawings serve one of three purposes:!!! Visualization Communication Documentation (Courtesy of Seymourpowell.) (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.) 3 (Courtesy of Woods Power-Grip Co., Inc.)

4 Concept Sketches Exploring many design options through quick sketches (Courtesy of Lunar Design.) (Courtesy of Seymourpowell.) 4

5 The Stages of the Design Process 1. Problem identification: First, a clear statement of the need for and objectives for the design must be written. 2. Ideation: Technical sketches are often used to convey concepts to multidisciplinary teams. 3. Refinement/analysis: Designs may be rethought, based on engineering analysis. CAD models and sketches are useful during the analysis and compromise stage. Accurate 2D or 3D CAD models and drawings are created to refine the design. 4. Implementation/documentation: Production and/or working drawings providing the details of manufacture and assembly are finalized and approved. 5

6 Concurrent Engineering Traditionally, design and manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order rather than concurrently (simultaneously). This step-by-step approach seems logical, but in practice it has been found to be wasteful. Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing all elements involved in the life cycle of the product. The Concurrent Process 6

7 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 1 Identify the Customer and the Problem The engineering design process begins with recognizing or identifying these needs and considering the economic feasibility of fulfilling them. A successful design must not only solve the problem but also meet the needs and wishes of the customer. (Project developed and created by Philips Design.) 7

8 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 2 Generate Concepts During this stage, often called the ideation stage, many ideas reasonable and otherwise are collected. The ability to freely create technical sketches lets you present and share ideas and record them so you can refer to solutions, inspirations, and breakthroughs that come to light during this creative stage of the process. (Courtesy of Seymourpowell.) 8

9 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 3 The design team selects various features of the concepts generated in the ideation stage and combines them into one or more promising compromise solutions. Compromise Solutions 2D CAD Drawing. (Courtesy of Seymourpowell.) Many of these problems are solved graphically, using schematic drawings in which various parts are shown in skeleton form. For example, pulleys and gears are represented by circles, an arm by a single line, and a path of motion by centerlines 9

10 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 4 Design teams often construct a model to scale to study, analyze, and refine a design. Models and Prototypes 3D CAD Model of the SAAR Brake. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.) 3D CAD Model. This 3D CAD model of a design for the Mars rover was constructed to act as a virtual prototype for the design. (Courtesy of Byron Johns.) 10

11 Rapid Prototyping Rapid prototyping systems allow designers to generate parts quickly, directly from 3D models, for mockup and testing. Rapid Prototyping. The ZPrinter 450 from Zcorp printed the colored part shown in about four hours. (Courtesy of Z Corporation.) 11

12 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 5 Production or Working Drawings The drawings, showing the necessary views, include the material, dimensions, required tolerances, notes, and other information needed to describe each part sufficiently for it to be manufactured consistently. These drawings of the individual parts are also known as detail drawings. Detail Drawing for the SAAR Brake Air Can Mounting Bracket. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.) 12

13 Assembly Drawings An assembly drawing, shows how all the parts go together in the complete product. Assembly Drawing for the SAAR Brake. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.) 13

14 DRAFTING STANDARDS There are standards that support a uniform, effective graphic language for use in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science.!!! In the United States, providing these standards has been the work of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) with the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). International standards, often defined by the International Organization for Standardization (IOS), and the ASME or ANSI standards for drawing practices are similar in many respects. 14

15 CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES How do you develop new ideas? Examine Manufactured Products Study the Natural World Research Patent Drawings Watch the Web Design Groups The following websites are useful for engineering design: Yahoo s site for the latest technology news and a one-week archive site from CMP media U.S. Patent Office on-line search site 15

16 PRODUCT DEFINITION Product definition refers to the collection of digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical and functional requirements for a product. 16

17 SHOWING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN A A portfolio is a representative sample of work that helps communicate your skills and talents, usually to a prospective employer or client. PORTFOLIO (Courtesy of John Mountz.) 17

18 The Digital Database All the information to manage, design, analyze, simulate, package, market, and manufacture a product can be shared with a diverse group of users through a single complex digital database. (Courtesy of Parametric Technology Corporation) 18

19 Class # 2 Assignment Lettering exercise Size sheet standards, border lines, title block Alphabet of lines (graded) Lines exercise 1 (graded) Lines exercise 2 (graded) Homework: Read chapter 2 from the book Complete assignments given in class. Turn in for grading on class #3. 19

20 LETTERING As a beginning drafter, you would do well to be conservative. Too much flair may cause unnatural lettering. One important point regarding lettering technique is to make letters consistent. Do not make a letter one way one time and another way next time. Also, keep Letters vertical and always use guidelines. A professional drafter should be able to letter rapidly with clarity and neatness. LETTERING SIZE. 1/8 for the text. ¼ for the header. LETTERING LEGIBILITY. Lettering should be dark, crisp, and sharp. HINTS FOR PROFESSIONAL LETTERING. Use guidelines. Guidelines should be so light that they do not reproduce. Protect the drawing by resting your hand on a clean protective sheet placed over the drawing. Lettering composition means spacing letters so that background areas look the same. 20

21 Vertical Capital Letters and Numbers 21

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23 The distance between lines is 1/8 The size of text is 1/8 The size of header is ¼ All letters are CAPITAL 23

24 1.Print this sheet. 2.Copy text on provided space below. 3. Show it to Instructor. 24

25 Alphabet of lines 25

26 Alphabet of lines Example All lines on the drawing should to be dark, sharp and straight Construction line is the only line that should be light and thin 26

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30 U.S. Size Standard (inches) International Size Standard (mm) Sheet sizes E = 34x44 D = 22x34 C = 17x22 B = 11X17 A = 8.5x11 WE USE A0 = 841x1189 A1 = 594x841 A2 = 420x594 A3 = 297x420 A4 = 210x297 30

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32 Vertical layout 5/8 3/8 3/8 5/8 5/8 5/8 5/8 32 3/8 3/8

33 Horizontal layout 5/8 5/8 3/8 3/8 5/8 5/8 5/8 33 3/8 3/8

34 Title block Name of the company Drawing title (what is on the drawing) Drawing number Approval block Scale Sheet number 34

35 Title block Name of the drawing My name Your name Class number 35

36 LINES EXERCISE 1. Divide working space into 6 equal rectangles and draw visible lines, as shown. Draw construction lines AB (do not write letters A, B, C) through centers C at right angles to required lines; then along each construction line, set off 0.50 spaces and draw required visible lines. Use triangles in order to find the angles given on drawings. Omit dimensions and instruction notes. Leave construction lines. Use example given on the next slide for setting up border lines. 5/8 36

37 Example of assignment Lines exercise 1 37

38 LINES EXERCISE 2. Divide working space into 6 equal rectangles and draw lines, as shown. In the first two spaces, draw conventional lines to match line types from Alphabet of lines. In remaining spaces, locate centers C by diagonals, and then work constructions out from them Use triangles in order to find the angles given on drawings. Omit dimensions and instruction notes. Leave construction lines. Use example given on the next slide for setting up border lines. 5/8 38

39 Example of assignment Lines exercise 2 39