A Brief Introduction to Engineering Graphics. Will Durfee & Tim Kowalewski Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota
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1 A Brief Introduction to Engineering Graphics Will Durfee & Tim Kowalewski Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota
2 Opening comments Engineering graphics is the method for documenting a design Mechanical engineering students must be familiar with standards of engineering graphics as it is expected in industry This set of slides introduces some of the basics, but is not comprehensive For more, see Engineering Graphics section on the Resources page of the course ME2011 website Any engineering graphics textbook
3 Documenting a part requires SHAPE 2. SIZE 3. MATERIAL 4. TOLERANCE 5. FINISH
4 Engineering drawings Universal language Conventions (drawing grammar) simplify communication; your drawing is at risk if you defy CAD packages make formal drawing easy if you follow the conventions The machinist will laugh at you behind your back if you show up with a non-standard drawing
5 Multiview drawings TOP FRONT RIGHT SIDE 3 rd angle projection
6 Multiview drawings TOP Views MUST align FRONT RIGHT SIDE 3 rd angle projection
7 Multiview drawings TOP Views MUST align FRONT RIGHT SIDE You walk around part to the right (US) 3 rd angle projection Rotate the part to the right (Europe)
8 The Glass Box: Bertoline, Engineering Graphics
9 Alignment & Orientation are preserved Bertoline, Engineering Graphics
10 Six Principle views: obey layout
11 Basic lines (the alphabet of lines ) Object line Hidden line Center line Dimension line
12 HIDDEN LINES
13 CENTER LINES
14 Interpreting Center Lines Enough Info? Enough Info?
15 COULD BE THIS...
16 OR THIS Centerlines imply symmetry, NOT revolution per se
17 HERE, ONLY 2 VIEWS NEEDED (Correct drawing)
18 Find The Mistakes!
19 Find The Mistakes!
20 FRONT
21 FRONT FIND THE MISTAKES!
22 CORRECT DRAWING
23 SECTIONS A A YES NO
24 Working with person sitting next to you copy this and draw the TOP VIEW
25 Working with person sitting next to you copy this and draw the TOP VIEW Possible Geometries
26 Working with person sitting next to you, sketch the Section View
27 OK OK Correct Section Views
28 Wrong Wrong Working with person sitting next to you, Find the MISTAKES
29 Working with person sitting next to you, sketch the Section View
30 REVOLVED SECTION Preferred True section
31 DIMENSIONING 1. SHAPE 2. SIZE 3. MATERIAL 4. TOLERANCE AND FINISH
32 Dimensioning Conventions exist for choice and placement Not too many and not too few Never should measure off drawing with a ruler
33 Under/Over Dimensioning
34 Dimensioning rules: find the mistakes
35 Dimensioning guidelines Don t overdefine or underdefine the object. [MOST IMPORTANT] 2. Dimension to the visible contour or shape of the feature / Don t dimension to hidden lines. 4. Don t dimension to object lines (model edges), use extension lines. 5. Don t overlap a dimension and the model. Place dimensions away from the model s surface. 6. Don t cross extension lines if possible. 7. Group dimensions when possible unless it become difficult to read. 8. Place dimensions on the side of the view were adjacent views exist (for easy referencing). 5
36 Design Detail ½ thick aluminum block Which is more expensive: A or B and why? A B
37
38 Dimensioning Choices & Design Intent If change width of block to 8, what happens to the hole location? A B
39 Placement conventions extension line dimension small gap about 3/8" f rom part about 1/4" between dimensions a little extended letters about 1/8" tall 6.2 arrow touches dimension line
40 1.00 Lettering: 1 or 2 directions only OK OK NO
41 Extension Lines no break in line no gaps
42 All on one side YES NO
43
44 Dimensioning Rounds R Place dimension on view that shows the circle Show diameter rather than radius
45 TOLERANCES
46 Tolerances Matter because parts cannot be made to an exact dimension Must specify dimension tolerance so that every part A fits every part B Higher tolerance = higher cost A ½ inch hole made on an ordinary drill press gives you a hole in the range to (+/ ). For higher precision, drill undersize and use a reamer but it will cost you more and take longer to fabricate.
47 ½ inch drill bit: +/ ½ inch reamer: ,
48 LEGOS! You can combine six 8-stud bricks of the same color 102,981,500 different ways 91% of all households with children in Denmark own LEGO products During the period , 110,000,000,000 (110 billion) LEGO elements were molded Bayer Corporation's Polymers Division is the official supplier of ABS plastic to the LEGO group. Exact specifications of the Bayer resin supplied to the LEGO Group are a closely held secret. Dimension tolerance of mold is mm ( inch)! D
49 Representing tolerances ± ±.005
50 Tolerance stack-up What is min and max height of stack?? high stack
51 Tolerance Stacking What s the tolerance (+/-) on dimension x? Ans: +/- 0.3
52 Chain or Baseline Dimensioning? You decide 1.0 ± ± ± ± ± ±.1
53 Chain or Baseline Dimensioning 1.0 ± ± ± ± ± ±.1
54 Holes and shafts 1. Will all shafts fit into all holes? 2. What is maximum clearance? hole shaft
55 ANSI standards for shaft & holes Clearance Interference Transition Shaft smaller than hole for all shafts and holes Shaft larger than hole for all shafts and holes Smallest shaft fits in largest hole Running/Sliding Force/shrink and others Basic hole Basic shaft RC1 (fit together, no play) to RC9 (fit loosely) FN1 (light drive and pressure) to FN5 (high stresses and pressures) Like Locational, etc. Use nominal size of hole as starting point Use nominal size of shaft as starting point
56 Preferred Fit Example
57 Basic Hole Tolerancing Example Drawing shows 1 in. nominal, ANSI RC4 clearance fit Basic Hole means smallest possible hole = nominal, then size shaft for clearance RC4 clearance = [0.0008, ] = [smallest hole-largest shaft, largest hole - smallest shaft]
58 Title block information for tolerance ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES HOLD ALL DIMENSIONS TO ± UNLESS SPECIFIED Dimension Tolerance X.X ± 0.1 X.XX ± 0.05 X.XXX ± 0.001
59 Design Detail Bent aluminum sheet, 1/16 thick A or B: Which is more expensive and why? { A B
60 Tolerance vs. Cost 1.00 ±.075 $ 1.00 ±.05 $ ±.005 $$ ± $$$$
61 Manufacturing Tolerances
62 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
63 Traditional tolerancing is ambiguous ± ±.005??
64 Ambiguity.25 ± ± Square deviation Circular deviation
65 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.125 +/ Ideal position of hole..25, is marked with box and no +/- notation. Feature control box shows how close hole is to exact; within circular tolerance zone with diameter.01
66 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.25
67 GD&T Resources ME2011 website: mn.edu/me2011/resources Efunda tutorial: signstandards/gdt
68 Threaded Fasteners What they are and how to indicate on a drawing
69 Threaded Fasteners Holes Threads Threaded fasteners
70 Holes 19 DRILL 0.75 DEEP or O DEPTH 0.75 REF Pix from unless noted
71 Thru holes 19 DRILL THRU or O.166
72 Threads
73 Threaded Fasteners (screws, bolts) Specify diameter, thread, length, head 1/4-20 x 1, RHMS 1/4" DIA 20 THREADS PER INCH 1" LONG ROUND HEAD MACHINE SCREW
74 Common screw thread sizes Unified Thread Standard /4-20 3/8-16 1/2-13 5/8-11 3/4-10 DIA. = (N*.013) (inches)
75 Alternate Thread Callout
76 Head shapes Cap screw Pan Flat Socket head cap screw (SHCS) Round Set screw
77 Driving a fastener Slotted Hex cap Phillips Torx Hex head (Allen head)
78 McMaster-Carr
79 Name the Fastener:
80 Name the Fastener: Socket Head Cap Screw Socket Head Cap Screw with counterbore
81
82 Socket Head Cap Screw with counterbore Phillips Flat Head Screw with countersink
83
84 Countersunk, Phillips Flat head Set Screw
85 Convention for screws SCHEMATIC SIMPLIFIED
86 Convention for threaded holes 6-32 THRU TOP FRONT FRONT SECTION
87 Blind threaded holes 1/2 13 x DEEP / THREAD DEPTH DRILL DEPTH
88 Countersunk holes O CSK, x 82 O
89 Counterbored holes 19 DRILL 29 CBORE, 14 DEEP C-BORE DEPTH
90
91 Other Items for Drawings
92 Leaders & notes FINISH TOP SURFACE SMOOTH NOTE B
93 TITLE BLOCKS Basic Title Name Date Units Optional Company name, sheet number, scale, tolerances, material, finish... Follow your company standards
94 MY PART W. DURFEE 10/2/2014 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
95
96 A title block using a company template
97 Production Drawings Many types of drawings can be produced from the CAD database ASSEMBLY SKETCHES SKETCHES SKETCHES MODEL DETAIL DETAIL DETAIL DETAIL DETAIL BOM MANUALS MFG PROCESS
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