Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change

Transcription

1 Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences o Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology I Global Environmental Change Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest NATO-PCO DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German ( WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 24

3 Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change Edited by Robin A. Vaughan Arthur P. Cracknell Department of Applied Physics and Electronic & Mechanical Engineering University of Dundee Dundee DD1 4HN Scotland, UK Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change, held at Dundee, Scotland, July 19 - August 8, 1992 Additional material to this bood can be downloaded from ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Arthur P. Cracknell. p. cm. - (NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change; v. 24) "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change, held at Dundee, Scotland, July 19-August 8,1992" - T. p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index.lsbn-13: climatic changes-remote sensing-congresses.2. Climatology-Technique-Congresses.1. Vaughan, R. A. (Robin Antony) II. Cracknell, Arthur P. III. North American Treaty Association. Scientific Affairs Division. IV.. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change (1992: Dundee, Scotland) V. Series. QC981.8.C5R dc This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 Typesetting: Camera ready by authors SPIN / Printed on acid-free paper

5 Directors' Preface Throughout the history of the world, the atmosphere, the oceans and the land have interacted to produce global environmental change to which life has contributed and adapted. Legitimate concern is now felt about the possible impact that mankind may be having on the environment and the consequences of human activities on out changing climate. The enhanced greenhouse effect, and global warming, which may affect local temperatures, sea level, and ecological infrastructures, and the reduction of atmospheric ozone, with the consequent danger to life, have concentrated the minds of people and politicians alike. Global environmental monitoring and climate change studies are now considered legitimate areas of research and are receiving financial and moral support from many quarters. Huge international programmes have been established involving the collaboration of scientists from many disciplines and many countries. Climate is a global phenomenon, and changes in climate affect everyone in the world. Remote sensing, with its synoptic, continuous and versatile monitoring capability, is an obvious source of data for the environmental scientist, but an appreciation of its limitations and inaccuracies, and the problems involved in extracting geophysical parameters from the data and correlating them with other data sets, is essential if meaningful predictions are to be made. Management systems will need to be devised to handle types of data which differ not only in format but in accuracy, subjectivity, resolution, classification and stratification. Differences in culture, political regimes, language, population and development will affect the uniformity of data from different parts of the world and provide logistic problems in assimilation into a global data base or global model. Remote sensing is providing, and will continue to provide, valuable ammunition to the world's scientists in their massive task of understanding our climate and the factors which affect it. The potential of Earth observation is now recognised by politicians from most countries to the extent that they are now willing to invest in very expensive and extensive programmes. The breaking down of political barriers in Europe can only hasten the collaboration which is essential if this exercise is to succeed. It was against this background that the present Summer School was devised. The Dundee Summer Schools in Remote Sensing, of which this is the seventh, have attracted support and interest from most parts of the world. This was no exception. Nearly 80 participants and about 15 lecturers from 28 countries gathered in Dundee in Scotland (a country well known for its own particular climate!). Their scientific backgrounds were as diverse as their nationalities, but they were all united by the desire to learn about remote sensing and how it might help them to understand climate change. Lectures covered the principles of remote sensing, the management of data, data requirements in climatology, the principles of modelling, the input of data into models, and the applications of remote sensing to the atmosphere, ice and snow, seas and land.

6 VI Seminars were given on a number of case studies and on the use of CD ROM for storing environmental data. A visit was made to the AVHHR data receiving station for which Dundee University is well known, and a lively discussion on Politics and Global Climate Change also took place. A particular feature was not only the presence of participants from distant countries such as China, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, Brazil, Canada, etc. but the number from geographically close, but previously almost inaccessible, countries in Central and Eastern Europe. One Committee member, who also gave a seminar, and one lecturer both came from St Petersburg. Participants came from Russia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary. The opportunity to discuss at first hand their different problems and ideas, many of which were only vaguely known in the West until recently, was a memorable experience for most participants. As with several of our previous summer schools, this one was supported as an Advanced Study Institute by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for whose support the Directors are particularly grateful. Other support, however, came from the European Commission, the British Council in a number of countries, and the European Space Agency. This additional source of funding enabled us to increase the international participation and to provide a wider lecture programme. We are also grateful to those agencies and institutions which provided support to individuals which enabled them to make the often long journey to Scotland, including the US National Science Foundation and the UK Natural Environmental Research Council. At a very late stage in the preparation of the material for this volume, a very interesting book was published which must be mentioned. This is "Atlas of satellite observations related to global change" edited by R J Gurney, J L Foster and C L Parkinson (Cambridge: University Press) It is a very informative and beautifully produced volume and would provide valuable reading material that is complementary to these Summer School Proceedings. Readers, reviewers and librarians may be concerned that this volume is being published rather a long time after the Summer School itself was held. This is through no fault of the Publishers, who have, in fact, acted very speedily once they received the material from us. The main reason for the delay is that a substantial amount of updating and editorial work has been carried out on several chapters by both authors and editors. The material is therefore more up to date than might appear at first sight. Moreover, while new results from particular climate models or satellite systems continually become available, the underlying principles of the use of remote sensing in climate studies, the substance of this volume, is less ephemeral. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to those colleagues who gave of their valuable time to come to Dundee to teach, and for their cooperation in providing the material which makes up this book, to the participants who attended, as without them the exercise would have been pointless, to our colleagues on the organising committee for helping to make the experience an enjoyable one, to the technical and secretarial staff for making things work and in particular to Pat Cunningham for shouldering most of the administrative burden. The success of such a meeting is a team effort - and we have a superb team.

7 VII Lastly the editors would like to thank Xiuhong Sun and his wife Xiaoping Shi for the many hours they have devoted to converting the material for this book, which arrived in a variety of digital formats, to U.TEX. Anyone who has undertaken such a task will appreciate that this is not trivial! We hope the reader will find the contents interesting and useful. RA Vaughan A P Cracknell Dundee.

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9 1. S V Victorov 2S. P Singhasaneh 55. H Sui 2. K R Varatsos 29. F Colao 56. S Zientek 3. P Cunningham 30. I Csiszar 57. M Bizanzadez 4. R A Vaughan 31. S K Soo 5S. P Fernandez 5. A P Cracknell 32. M I H Mohamed 59. I Ivanova 6. K McGuffie 33. K Furmahczyk 60. N Chisholm 7. K Y Kondratyev 34. M V Weele 61. L Schuller S. L V de San tis 35. K Milner 62. N Chisholm 9. M Kampel 36. M Saraber 63. T de Jong 10. Deshpande V.R. 37. U Lourens 64. I Woodhouse 11. R Engelen 3S. S Beaven 65. B Shammery 12. M A Haque 39. D Low 66. R Benz 13. Kumaran T.V. 40. B Lapete 67. J A P Almeida 14. A Grossinho 41. J P Marrero 6S. K Abdulnasser 15. A A Samah 42. P Hampl 69. J M F Morais 16. P Ashcroft 43. H Erdun 70. P Post 17. J R De A Franca 44. C G Selles 71. M 0 Domingue IS. G B Franca 45. J Wang 72. R Biagio 19. B Lesht 46. J C Fortea 73. D M Casey 20. R Fraile 47. A Plidini 74. D Gray 21. J Merayo 4S. T Palmer 75. G A Serritella 22. A N Fox 49. V Kostopoulos 76. F Caiffa 23. A Van Lammeren 50. M Varinou 77. T Heinemann 24. A Yurtaikin 51. K Tsolakidis 7S. A Khiuddin 25. T Mcnally 52. J Bauman 79. D Dong 26. E Benson 53. S Mansor SO. B P Jallow 27. T Davis 54. W Jinghua S1. A Van Riet

10 Organisation Organising Committee Dr. R A Vaughan (Dundee), Director Professor A P Cracknell (Dundee), Co-Director Professor C Varotsos (Athens) Dr. C 0 Justice (NASA, USA) Professor A Henderson-Sellers (Macqarie, Australia) Dr. J T Houghton (Meteological Office, Bracknell) Dr. I Gardiner (Dundee), Social Programme Mr G R Whyte (Dundee), Technical Arrangements Technical Assistance Mrs P Cunningham Mr I Durajczyk Miss A Paladini Editorial Assistance Mrs Xiaoping Shi

11 Contents Climate Change - The Background A. P. Cracknell Remote Sensing, Systems and Data R. A. Vaughan Satellite Observations in Global Ecology K. Ya. Kondratyev Satellite Data Archiving, Retrieval and Distribution M.Fea Special Sensor Microwave/Image(SSM/I): Instrument, Data Analysis and Applications J. Noll, J. P. V. P. Baptista, S. Buonomo and A. Rognes Basis and Structure of Climate Models A. P. Cracknell The Use of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction A. P. McNally Remote Sensing Input to Climatological Datasets K. McGuffie The Microwave Limb Sounder and Error Reduction: Is What You See What You Get? !. Woodhouse Atmospheric Trace Gases and Aerosols S. G. Jennings Atmospheric Ozone Concentration Measurements C. Varotsos Clouds, Cloud Observations and Cloud Feedbacks A. Slingo A Technique for Remote Sensing the Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure, Based on Fabry - Perot Interferometry of Rotational Raman Scattering Spectrum !. D.!vanova, L. L. Gurdev, and V. M. Mitev

12 XII Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice and Its Relevance to Climate Change Processes P. Wadhams The Study of Antarctica Using the ERS-l Radar Altimeter D. R. Mantripp The NASA Space Shuttle Earth Observations Database for Global Change Science K. Lulla, M. Helfert and D. Holland Land Surface Energy Budget H. Mannstein Potential of Remote Sensing in the Thermal Band for Global Change M. Ph. Stoll 393 Comparison Between Albedo Derived from Satellite with Different Calibration Coefficients S. Zientek Some Notes on the Oceanic Aspect of the Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change Issue S. V. Victorov Remote Sensing Applications to Environmental Monitoring of the Coastal Zone... '.' M. I. Hj. Mohamed Marine Surveillance and Information System P. Singhasaneh 439 The State of the Problem of Ecological Monitoring in the City of St Petersburg and Its Region K. Ya. Kondratyev and L. P. Bobyliov A Second-Order Two-Scale Model for Rough Surface Scattering with Applications to Scatterometry N. I. Nickolaev and M. A. Michalev Politics and Climate Change K. Ya. Kondratyev, A. P. Cracknell and R. A. Vaughan Participants Index