6 Forensic Science Progress

Transcription

1 6 Forensic Science Progress

2 Forensic Science Progress Volume 6 Shot Range Determination By K. Sellier With 66 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

3 Author Prof. Dr. Dr. Karl SeIlier Institut fur Rechtsmedizin der Universitat Stiftsplatz 12, W-5300 Bonn, FRG Editors-in-Chief Prof. Dr. A. Maehly Forensic Science Centre, 21 Divett Place Adelaide 5000 S. A.I Australia Prof. Dr. R. L. Williams Ardmore, 9 Meon Road, Boscombe East Bournemouth BH76PN, England This volume is a revised and translated version of: K. Sellier, "SchufJentfernungsbestimmung" Band 7 der Reihe "Arbeitsmethoden der med. u. naturwiss. Kriminalistik", Schmidt-Romhild- Verlag, Lubeck with permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: DOl: 10,1007/ e-isbn-13: Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the procecution act ofthe German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag-Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typesetting: Thomson Press (India) Ltd, New Delhi 2152/ Printed on acid-free paper

4 Editorial Board Ass.-Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-J. Battista Institut fur Gerichtliche Medizin der UniversiHit Innsbruck, Abt. fur Forensische und Chemisch-Analytische Toxikologie, MullerstraBe 44,6020 Innsbruck / Austria Dr. B. S. Finkle Associate Director, Center for Human Toxicology Research Professor, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way RM 290, Salt Lake City, Utah / USA Dr. H. Kobus Forensic Science Centre, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide 5000 / South Australia Prof. Dr. K. Sellier Institut fur Gerichtliche Medizin, Stiftsplatz 13, W-5300 Bonn / FRG Prof. Dr. George Sensabaugh Department of Biomedical & Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA / USA Dr. R. N. Totty Assistant Director, Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham B5 6QQ / United Kingdom Prof. Dr. Rokus A. de Zeeuw Rijkuniversiteit, Afd. Toxicologie, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 A W Groningen / The Netherlands

5 Editorial During the years Interscience Publishers produced a four-volume series called "Methods in Forensic Science". Since then no major effort seems to have been made to review the progress in the rapidly expanding field of forensic science. Our new series "Forensic Science Progress" represents a serious effort to take up a neglected venture. The series intends to cover all aspects of forensic science but does not include forensic medicine which is well represented in other publications. The aim of the publisher and the board of editors is to produce contributions of high quality by leading scientists in the field of forensic science. Suggestions for such contributions from the forensic community at large are of course also very welcome. The volumes will not be topic-oriented but will give balanced views on various aspects of the science. The editors believe that the forensic worker should be informed about all branches of the science even if he may very well be specialised in one or few of them. Ideally, contributions should be from typewritten pages. Experimental details, except when not published previously, should be covered by citing the appropriate references. Polemic passages should be avoided but this does not include objective criticism. The publisher has tried to choose an editorial board which is representative not only of various topics but also of the various geographical regions of the world. Editors Publisher

6 Table of Contents 1 Introduction.. 2 General Section Ammunitions Normal Ammunition Primer Ingredients Powder Bullets and Cases Shot Shells (Shotgun Cartridges) Sequence of Events During Firing Diagonal Shots, Deviations from the Normal Pattern of Powder Soot Blackening Classification of Shot Range Zones Contact Gunshot (Shot with Muzzle Contact) Contact Shot on Naked Skin Muzzle Imprint Soot in the Bullet's Track Powder Particles in the Entrance Hole and the Bullet's Track Remarks on the Ranges at Which the Term Contact Shot is Valid. 3.2 Intermediate Range Gunshot 3.3 Distant Gunshot Qualitative Detection of the Signs of a Close Range Shot 4.1 Detection of Powder Tattooing Diphenylamine-Sulphuric Acid (OS) Reaction Lunges Reagent Detection of the Soot Element Ph Morphological Methods of Shot Range Determination 5.1 General Principles Infrared Photography

7 x Table of Contents 5.3 Sheet Printing Methods, Chemical Sheet Printing Method After Walker and also Mayer and Wolkart Sheet Printing Method After Leszczinski Sheet Printing Method After Suchenwirth Sheet Printing Method, Physical (Autoradiography) Determination from Powder Tattooing Imaging with X-Ray, X-Ray Fluorescence The Sampling Test Method for the Quantitative Determination of Shot Range Initial Remarks and Underlying Principles Emission Spectrum Analysis (ESA) General Comments Choice of Lines for Antimony and Iron Sample Taking Carbon Electrodes, Excitation Conditions Spectrograph Extending the Distance of the Shot Range Determination Atomic Absorption Spectrography (AAS) General Comment Apparatus, Detection Limits Taking the Samples, Preparation for Testing Comments on the Measuring Technique, Producing a Calibration Curve Neutron Activation Analyses (NAA) General Comments and Principle Method, Results Polarography Other Methods of Shot Range Determination Range Determination using the Bullet-Wipe Ring Possible Errors in Shot Range Determination The Vinogradov Phenomenon Back-Scattering Effect "Powder Soot Blackening" from Fragmentation of Bullets ("Ghost Powder Soot Blackening") Interference with the Detection of Soot Elements due to Various Physical and Chemical Effects Changes in the Pattern of Powder Soot due to a Muzzle Silencer Shot Range Determination for Shotguns General Remarks Characteristics of the Barrel, Choke. 73

8 Table of Contents XI 7.3 Shot Patterns-The Diameter of the Shot Pattern as a Function of the Range and Other Parameters Theory Experimentally Determinated Values of (J as a Function of the Shot Range and Other Parameters Practical Procedures of Shot Range Determination for Shotguns References and Further Readings Subject Index