Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 283. Editors: M. Thoma M. Morari

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1 Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 283 Editors: M. Thoma M. Morari

2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo

3 Christopher Fielding, Andras Varga, Samir Bennani, Michiel Selier (Eds.) Advanced Techniques for Clearance of Flight Control Laws With 244 Figures 13

4 Series Advisory Board A. Bensoussan P. Fleming M.J. Grimble P. Kokotovic A.B. Kurzhanski H. Kwakernaak J.N. Tsitsiklis Editors Christopher Fielding Msc. Aerodynamics (W427D) BAE Systems Warton, Preston PR4 1AX England, UK Dr.-Ing. Andras Varga Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt German Aerospace Center DLR - Oberpfaffenhofen Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics Wessling, Germany Dr. Samir Bennani Michiel Selier Msc. Delft University of Technology National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Flight Mechanics Department Kluyverweg 1 Anthony Fokkerweg HS Delft, The Netherlands 1059 CM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Advanced techniques for clearance of flight control laws / Christopher Fielding... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Tokyo : Springer, 2002 (Lecture notes in control and information sciences ; 283) (Engineering online library) ISBN ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Digital data supplied by author. Data-conversion by PTP-Berlin, Stefan Sossna e.k. Cover-Design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper SPIN /3020Rw

5 Preface In recent years, a major aim of flight control systems research has been to achieve a high level of performance and safety by improving the design methods. Researchers and academia have concentrated their activities on the synthesis aspects of flight control systems, in particular by demonstrating the applicability and strengths of novel, robust, multivariable synthesis tools. Significantly less research effort has been spent on the global assessment of the achieved designs, which represents a key activity for the certification of today s aircraft, which are equipped with safety-critical, highly complex flight control systems. Currently, the aeronautical industry is faced with the formidable task of clearance of the flight control laws. Before an aircraft can be tested in flight, it has to be proven to the authorities that the flight control system is safe and reliable, and has the desired performance under all possible operational conditions, and in the presence of failures. This motivated the research presented in this book: an exploration of the benefits of new analysis techniques for the clearance of flight control laws. It is a first step towards a better and deeper understanding of the industrial flight clearance process, with the objective to provide recommendations on how analysis techniques should evolve in order to improve the efficiency and reliability of this process. The Group for Aeronautical Research and Technology in Europe (GARTEUR) provided an ideal framework to bring together research institutes, academia and industry and pursue such a relevant research objective. This book is a result of a research effort performed by GARTEUR Flight Mechanics Action Group 11 FM(AG11). It would not have been possible without all individuals and organisations that have contributed to this group. GARTEUR FM(AG11) is also very thankful to all people from outside the group that have contributed with their constructive comments in the form of reviews or industrial evaluations. June 2002 The Editors

6 Table of Contents Part I Industrial Clearance of Flight Control Laws 1 Introduction Michiel Selier, Udo Korte Tasks and Needs of the Industrial Clearance Process Udo Korte Part II Tutorial on Analysis Methods 3 The Structured Singular Value and µ-analysis Declan G. Bates, Ian Postlethwaite The ν-gap Metric and the Generalised Stability Margin John Steele, Glenn Vinnicombe A Polynomial-Based Clearance Method Leopoldo Verde, Federico Corraro Bifurcation and Continuation Method Mark Lowenberg Optimisation-Based Clearance Andras Varga Part III The HIRM+RIDE Benchmark 8 The HIRM+ Flight Dynamics Model Dieter Moormann The RIDE Controller David Bennett Selected Clearance Criteria for HIRM+RIDE Federico Corraro

7 VIII Table of Contents Part IV LFT Modelling of Uncertainty Models 11 An Overview of System Modelling in LFT Form Jean-François Magni, Samir Bennani, Jean-Paul Dijkgraaf Physical Approach to LFT Modelling Jean-Paul Dijkgraaf, Samir Bennani, GertJan Looye, Jean-Francois Magni Uncertainty Bands Approach to LFT Modelling Thomas Mannchen, Klaus H. Well Flatness Approach to LFT Modelling Franck Cazaurang, Loïc Lavigne, Benoît Bergeon Part V Analysis Results 15 Baseline Solution Tobias Wilmes µ-analysis of Linear Stability Criteria Declan G. Bates, Ridwan Kureemun, Martin J. Hayes, Ian Postlethwaite µ-analysis of Stability Margin Criteria Thomas Mannchen, Klaus H. Well ν-gap Analysis of Stability Margin Criteria John Steele, Glenn Vinnicombe Polynomial-Based Clearance of Eigenvalue Criteria Leopoldo Verde, Federico Corraro Bifurcation-Based Clearance of Linear Stability Criteria Mark Lowenberg, Thomas Richardson Optimisation-Based Clearance: The Linear Analysis Andras Varga Optimisation-Based Clearance: The Nonlinear Analysis Lars Forssell, Andreas Sandblom

8 Table of Contents IX Part VI Conclusions and Recommendations 23 Industrial Evaluation Fredrik Karlsson, Chris Fielding Considerations for Clearance of Civil Transport Aircraft Robert Luckner Concluding Remarks Michiel Selier, Rick Hyde, Chris Fielding A Nomenclature and Acronyms Index