Technology Transfer: From Invention to Innovation

Transcription

1 Technology Transfer: From Invention to Innovation

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institute Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology I Global Environment Change Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies 2. Environment 3. High Technology 4. Science and Technology Policy 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers Springer-Verlag / Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via a CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German ( WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM contains the AGARD Aerospace Database. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. 4. Science and Technology Policy - Vol. 19

3 Technology Transfer: From Invention to Innovation edited by Annamaria Inzelt IKU Innovation Research Centre, Budapest, Hungary and Jan Hilton Vuman Ltd., University of Manchester, Manchester, Great Britain " ~ Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Technology Transfer: From Invention to Innovation Budapest, Hungary Novembar 1998 A C.I.P. Catalogue record lor this book is available Irom the Ubrary of Congress. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcoverreprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999 No part of the material protectecl by this copyright notice may ba reproducecl or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface... ix Introduction... xi Acknowledgements... xiii Chapter I - Knowledge Transfer and Transmission... 1 Are Transition Countries 'Insiders' or 'Outsiders' of the Knowledge-Based Economies?... 3 Annamaria Inzelt Knowledge and Technology Transfer Jacques de Bandt Technology-Knowledge Diffusion Patterns in the United States Lawrence Rausch and Jennifer Sue Bond Technology Transfer from RTOs: Definition/Setting the Scene G. G. Huylebroeck On the Need of New Mechanisms for the Protection of Intellectual Property of Research Universities P. Conceir;iio, M V Heitor and Pedro Oliveira Cyclic Cross-Border Technology Transfer for Multinational Innovations Sherman Gee Chapter II - The Best Practices of Knowledge Transfer (National and Enterprise Level) Evolution ofa Successful Western European Technology Transfer Organisation E.J Duff and Jan Hilton Best Practice in Technology Transfer Management: Strategies for the Promotion of Innovation in Eastern Economies... III Thomas Gering v

6 vi Re-development of a Former East-Berlin Military Site into a Site of Science and Technology Helge Neumann Facilitating the Growth of SMEs: The Strategic Role of Science Parks George Kiriakidis Transforming Inventions into Innovations as a Major Concern of the Philips Research Laboratories Management: A Historical Perspective Marc 1. de Vries The Future of Research within the Biotechnology Revolution R. Fears Chapter III - The Role of Codified Knowledge (patents) and Other Intellectual Property Rights Evolving Systems ofintellectual Property Rights: Collaborative R&D as a Generator of New IP Structures Hugh Cameron How Useful are Patent Databases to SMEs as a Source of Technical Information? Anthony Arundel Intellectual Property Rights: What they are and how to use them Keith Hodkinson R&D Capabilities of Eastern Asian Countries - Centering on Asian NIES Takabumi Hayashi Chapter IV - Monitoring Central and East European Experiences of Knowledge Transfer during the Transition Period Excellence and Social Relevance in Hungarian Higher Education Andras PatMs Innovation Policy and Technology Transfer as Part of Structural Policy in Poland 265 T. Markowski Technological Transformation and Organizational Changes in Ukrainian Aviation & Belorussian Electronic Industries: Two Different Strategies I. Egorov and A. Slonimski

7 Barriers to Innovation in Bulgaria: Some Results of a Survey (July 1997) Rossitsa Chobanova Protection of Intellectual Property in Romania: Exploitation of Industrial Property and Technological Transfer Mircea Valer Pusca, Ruxandra Rimniceanu and Stephan Cocos Technology Transfer in Russian Industry Irina Kuznetsova vi, Chapter V - Ideas for Further Co-operation Introduction Annex: List of Participants

8 PREFACE Advanced and emerging economies are increasingly based on knowledge and information. The importance of knowledge and technology diffusion requires better understanding of knowledge and technology transfer, and their networks. On November 1997 NATO Advance Research Workshop held in Budapest was devoted to these issues. The papers presented in this book were among those contributed by participants from a wide variety of backgrounds at the workshop on "Technology Transfer: from Invention to Innovation". This NATO ARW was initiated and organised by Vuman Ltd. (University of Manchester) and IKU Innovation Research Centre (Budapest University of Economic Sciences). The workshop was arranged to bring together social scientists, technology transfer managers, specialists in intellectual property rights, primarily from NATO countries and Partner countries. Discussions focused on the institutional framework of knowledge and technology transfer; intellectual property rights as sources of information and tools for cooperations; international, national and regional aspects of knowledge and technology dissemination, diffusion; networking. The papers selected reflect these topics and show the current situation as it appeared at the workshop. Annamaria Inzelt Budapest Co-directors Eddie Duff and Jan Hilton Manchester ix

9 INTRODUCTION Transfer of knowledge is as old as civilisation. Tremendous historical examples illustrate well the dangers for society by failing in the transfer of knowledge. It was a burden to people learning about our Planet in medieval ages, that the Catholic Church blocked the dissemination of Galileo Galilee's discovery. In this age of rapid global changes in communication we have to face again the problem of poor social capabilities to transfer knowledge efficiently. Technology transfer has expanded rapidly over the past twenty years within Western Europe, North America and the Pacific Rim. Industry in these areas recognises that the cost of high quality research is very high and some estimates suggest that some 50% of new products and processes will originate from outside the primary developer. Academic and other research institutions are obvious sources of much of this new technology. Science and technology may be inspired by science, by technology, by society and disseminate inside and among generations, inside and among organisations and nations. Knowledge dissemination may exist intra-and interdisciplinary, from one or a set of disciplines to technology(ies) and products. Cross-fertilisation of scientific thinking by dissemination of knowledge is the key factor of scientific development. International mobility, correspondence, any ways of exchanging ideas are important in scientific thinking and development. Knowledge diffusion among disciplines may result in a new track in a science or new sciences (e.g. biophysics, biochemistry, physic-chemistry, cybernetics) Cross-fertilisation among technologies resulted in a new fundamental type of innovation: technology fosion. A new technology can be created through the organic fusing of several technical breakthroughs in a number of different fields. Typical cases of fusion include : mechatronics, biotechnology, new ceramics, and optoelectronics. Collaborative work, continuous interaction, feedback have a growing importance in this process. These changes add other dimension to the innovation model. xi

10 xii We tend to place ownership of knowledge into two categories :- public and private. Codified knowledge can be both, but tacit knowledge is always private. Intellectual property rights as codified knowledge are important tools of knowledge dissemination. We know that there are tremendous problems with linkages on international, national and enterprise levels. In NATO Co-operating countries, technology transfer is in its infancy; it is crucial for wealth creation and improvement in the quality of life to develop this mechanism. Therefore the aim of this book entitled "Technology Transfer: from Inventions to Innovation" (supported by NATO ARW Science Programme and Co-operation Partners) was to discuss these issues, to identify crucial research issues for science and technology policy researchers and, as a conclusion, to make some policy recommendations. The authors of this book are from NATO member countries (14), from Partner countries (7), from other parts of the world (1) and from international organisations (1). This book contains selected papers and some recommendation for further co-operation. The first chapter discusses some key issues of knowledge transfer and transmission. The second chapter presents the best practices of knowledge transfer (national and enterprise level). The third chapter goes into detail on the role of codified knowledge (patents) and other intellectual property rights. The fourth chapter monitors Central and East European experiences of knowledge transfer during the transition period, identifying critical issues. The fifth chapter summarises the idea on further cooperation, such as setting up of new networks, collaborative research groups, etc.

11 Acknowledgements The co-directors of the workshop are grateful to the NATO Science Committee for its grant to organise a workshop for 61 participants and to the Hungarian government organisation, the OMFB (National Committee for Technological Development) for its in-kind contribution. We would like to express our thanks to the rapporteurs of the workshop: Duro Kutlaca and Frantisek Bernadic, assistants to the rapporteurs: Noemi Gal and Peter Cserna and language correctors: Elaine Antalffy, Peter Welsh and Marcus Hopwood for their careful and diligent work. Our grateful thanks also go to Beryl Mooney for her patience and attention to detail in the work of formatting and compiling the contents of the book. As well as participants, other distinguished scientists helped the editors as referees. We also would like to thank their generosity: Alexandreu Balaban (Academia Romana) and Janos Gacs (IIASA). Our grateful thanks also go to Larry Rausch, Keith Hodkinson and Jacques de Bandt for their helpful feedback to Chapter V. xiii