USING TRANSISTORS. Macmi1lan Education. D. J. w. SJOBBEMA. POPULAR SERlES
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1 USING TRANSISTORS
2 USING TRANSISTORS BY D. J. w. SJOBBEMA POPULAR SERlES Macmi1lan Education
3 Translated bv P. J. Arthem, London Publisher's note: This book contains viii pages and 142 illustrations Other editions of this book in Philips Technical Library in the French, German, Spanish. Dutch and Danish language U.D.C. NT : Original Dutch N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven. The Netherlands English N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven. Tbe Netherlands, 1964 Softcoverreprintofthe hanicover 1steditim ~72~ ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / First published in 1960 Second enlarged edition 1961 Reprinted 1961, 1963 Third enjarged edition 1964 Reprinted 1967, 1974 No representation or warranty is given that the matter treated in this book is free from patent rights; not hing herein should be interpreted as granting. by implication or otherwise, a Iicence under any patent rights.
4 FOREWORD Ten years after the announcement of its discovery, the transistor has ensured for itself an extremely important place in electronic techniques. This is due, to no small extent, to its special characteristics, which in many cases make the use of the transistor preferable to that of the thermionic valve. There are even applications in which the transistor has already completely or partially displaced the therrnionic valve, in portal.'lle radio receivers, computers and satellites for example. The result is that a continually increasing number of technicians are being confronted with the transistor, either directly or indirectly. The principal object of this book is thus to introduce technicians and students to the transistor, its specific characteristics and the present state of circuit techniques. With this object in view, the material is approached from the practical angle, so that the reader will find a number of hints on the construction and repair of transistor circuits, but no detailed mathematical treatment. I should like to express my gratitude to Mr. P. J. Arthern for his English translation. D. J. W. SJOBBEMA November FOREWORD TO TUE TmRD EDITION In the light of the rapid development of transistor techniques, I have not only revised the ex am pies of chapter IX but also included an appendix giving a survey of certain other much used electronic components and a sketch of the manufacturing techniques in use at present. September D. J. W. SJOBBEMA
5 CONTENTS Chapter I. Page INTRODUCTION 1 The construction of the junction transistor The transistor compared with the thermionic valve 2 3 Chapter 11. BASIC PHYSICAL IDEAS 6 The concept of semiconductors. 6 Atomic linkages 8 N germanium and P germanium 12 The PN junction 15 How a transistor works. 17 Chapter III. TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 21 The three basic circuits 21 The I c-v ce characteristic 25 The h-v be characteristic 26 Current amplification 27 Voltage amplification 29 Power amplification 31 The input resistance 32 The output resistance 34 Chapter IV. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON THE BEHA VIOUR OF TRANSISTORS 36 Chapter V. CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES 40 I. Amplifier circuits for audio-frequency signals. 40 Volume control 51 The output stage. 52 The dass A output circuit 53 The push-pull circuit with two transistors in class B 56 The single-ended push-pull circuit 60 Tone control. 62 Negative feedback. 64
6 CONTENTS VII Page 11. Amplifier circuits for radio-frequency signals. 66 Intermediate-frequency amplijiers 67 I J J. Oscillator circuits 70 IV. Mixer circuits. 71 V. Detector circuits 73 VI. Automatie ga in control 75 Chapter VI. PRACTICAL HINTS FOR MOUNTING AND SERVICING 77 Chapter VII. MEASUREMENTS Determination of the I c-v ce characteristie Determination of a' The h-vbe characteristic The input resistance The output resistance Determination of l' co The cut-off frequences ft:a' 85 Chapter VIII. PULSE TECHNIQUES 89 Chapter IX 1. Circuit with battery and resistor Circuit with battery, resistor and capacitor The differentiator network The transistor as a switch 'he astable multivibrator The bistable multivibrator The blocking oscillator 102 EXAMPLES OF TRANSISTOR CIRCUlTS. J A signal tracer J A telephone amplifier. J An internal telephone A hearing-aid with 4 transistors 108
7 VIII CONTENTS 5. An amplifier for children's gramophones A 200 mw gramophone amplifier for use with a 6 V battery A 2.5 watt amplifier Temperature control for an oil bath A simple pocket-radio A portable battery receiver A d.c. converter A control relay using a photo-sensitive transistor A revolution ~ounter for petrol engines A supply unit for 6 to 16 V, 0.7 A A sensitive d.c. voltmeter 125 APPENDIX 127
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In data sheets and application notes which still contain NXP or Philips Semiconductors references, use the references to Nexperia, as shown below.
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Important notice Dear Customer, On 7 February 2017 the former NXP Standard Product business became a new company with the tradename Nexperia. Nexperia is an industry leading supplier of Discrete, Logic
In data sheets and application notes which still contain NXP or Philips Semiconductors references, use the references to Nexperia, as shown below.
Important notice Dear Customer, On 7 February 2017 the former NXP Standard Product business became a new company with the tradename Nexperia. Nexperia is an industry leading supplier of Discrete, Logic
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