Preface... xv Acknowledgments... xix. Chapter 1 An Overview of Vacuum Tube Audio Applications... 1

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1 Contents Preface... xv Acknowledgments... xix Chapter 1 An Overview of Vacuum Tube Audio Applications... 1 The Evolution of Analog Audio... 1 Technology Waves... 3 Tube vs. Solid State Engineering Tradeoffs... 7 Continuing Development of Vacuum Tubes... 9 Standardization Nomenclature Fundamental Electrical Principles Reviewed The Atom Magnetic Effects Conductors and Insulators Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Electronic Circuits Static Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetic-Radiation Spectrum Audio Spectrum Decibel Measurement Dimensions of Hearing Chapter 2 Passive Circuit Components Resistors Wire-Wound Resistor Metal Film Resistor Carbon Film Resistor Carbon Composition Resistor Control and Limiting Resistors ix

2 x Contents Resistor Networks Adjustable Resistors Attenuators Capacitors Polarized Capacitors Nonpolarized Capacitors Polarized Capacitor Types and Construction Identification Inductors and Transformers Losses in Inductors and Transformers Air-Core Inductors Ferromagnetic Cores Shielding Diodes and Rectifiers The pn Junction Zener Diodes and Reverse Breakdown Varistor Indicators Electrical Conductors Effects of Inductance Skin Effect Coaxial Cable Cables for Audio Applications Chapter 3 Vacuum Tube Principles Characteristics of Electrons Electron Optics Magnetic Field Effects Thermal Emission from Metals Secondary Emission Types of Vacuum Tubes Diode Triode Tetrode Pentode Beam Power Tube Vacuum Tube Structure Vacuum Tube Design Tube Elements High-Frequency Operating Limits Tube Assembly Neutralization Electron Tube Characteristics Interpretation of Tube Data Tube Pinout... 81

3 Contents xi Chapter 4 Vacuum Tube Circuits Amplifier Types Operating Class Class A Voltage Amplifier Class A Power Amplifier Class AB Power Amplifier Class B Power Amplifier Cathode-Drive Circuits Phase Inverter Inverse Feedback Corrective Filter Tone Control Volume Control Noise in Electronic Devices Thermal Noise Hum Microphonics Shielding High-Voltage Power Supplies Silicon Rectifier Rectifier Tube Power Supply Filter Circuits Grid Voltage Screen Voltage Supply Supply Decoupling Protection Measures Chapter 5 Interconnection, Layout, and Operating Environment Wiring Practices Types of Noise Interfaces Physical Layout Considerations Hand-Wired or PWB? Chassis Thermal Properties Reliability Considerations Failure Mechanisms Failure Modes Vacuum Tube Life Fault Protection Thermal Cycling Shipping and Storing Vacuum Tubes Chapter 6 Construction Project Considerations Planning the Project Finding the Necessary Parts

4 xii Contents Sheet Metal Work Printed Wiring Boards Tools Soldering Contact Cleaner/Lubricants Test Equipment and Troubleshooting Digital Multimeter Signal Generator Frequency Counter Signal Tracer Distortion Analyzer Oscilloscope Tube Tester Power Supplies Troubleshooting Guidelines Safety Considerations Electric Shock First Aid Procedures Protective Eyewear Parts List Chapter 7 Tube Characteristics BC3A EU U8A X A (12AX7) Application Considerations Chapter 8 Project 1: Power Supply Circuit Description Parts List Construction Considerations DC Return Path Issue R9 Voltage Adjust Issue Initial Checkout Measured Performance Final Power Supply Design PWB Design

5 Contents xiii Chapter 9 Project 2: Audio Preamplifiers Phonograph Preamp Parts List Microphone Preamp Parts List Tone Control Amplifier Parts List Buffer Amplifier Parts List Construction Considerations Initial Checkout Measured Performance RIAA Equalization Final Preamplifier Design PWB Design Chapter 10 Project 3: 15 W Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Description Parts List Construction Considerations Initial Checkout Measured Performance Final Power Amplifier Design PWB Design Chapter 11 Project 4: 30 W Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Description Parts List Construction Considerations Initial Checkout Measured Performance Circuit Assessment Final Power Amplifier Design PWB Design Chapter 12 Putting It All Together The Big Picture Stereo Preamplifier Measured Performance W Stereo Amplifier Measured Performance W Stereo Power Amplifier Measured Performance About the Specifications Connections Speakers

6 xiv Contents Duty Cycle Build or Rebuild? Chapter 13 Final Thoughts Appendix Notes and References Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Index

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