Application Solution Guide

Transcription

1 IN ThIS ISSUE LTE downlink signals WLAN ac signals Interfering field signals DDR read and write signals AGILENT Application Solution Guide January May 2013

2 CONTENTS 4-5 Application: LTE Downlink Signals 6-7 Signal Analyzers 8 Signal Analyzer Applications and Software VSA Software 9 Signal Generators 10 EMI/EMC 10 Signal Studio Software 11 Power Meters Application: WLAN ac Signals AXIe & PXI Modular Instruments Application: Interfering Field Signals FieldFox Handheld Analyzers 21 Handheld Spectrum Analyzers 21 USB Power Sensors Application: DDR Read and Write Signals Oscilloscopes 26 DCA & Modules 26 Precision Waveform Analyzer 27 Optical Modulation Analyzers 28 Pulse Pattern Generators 29 Bit Error Ratio Testers Network Analyzers In this issue this debut issue of the Agilent Technology Partner (ATP) and International Designated Reseller (IDR) Applications catalog is intended to link you to applications that matter. Agilent s ATPs and IDRs are our technology partners uniquely qualified to help you with applications such as those highlighted in this issue. They provide live and local dedicated technical representatives to work directly with you for your measurement/ application questions and test equipment needs. We recognize that you face increasing technical and operational complexity. Agilent s technology partners help you anticipate these growing complexities so you can accelerate your ability to achieve both engineering and business goals. This bi-annual guide covers a variety of industries, including digital devices and interconnects, RF and microwave, cellular and wireless networking, and offers a variety of tips on utilizing the latest test and measurement technologies available. Quickly and Accurately Decoding LTE Downlink Signal Data on page 4 and Testing Very High Throughput (VHT) ac Signals on page 12 discuss the importance of tackling today s demanding test challenges with solution-specific toolsets. Using FieldFox Analyzers to Detect Interference in the Field on page 16 describes an actual customer experience in solving common interference problems and highlights a new class of integrated instruments that take lab precision out into the field. Lastly, as memory grows faster and denser, testing becomes ever more critical. Separating Read and Write Signals for DDR DRAM and Controller Validation on page 22 shows a new approach to one of the key problems in memory test. This is just a sample of the many industry- and application-specific solutions and resources available to you. The topics in this edition represent only a subset of our partners expertise which spans many industries enabling support for a wide breadth of test and measurement products, measurements and applications. You face increasing technical and operational complexity. Agilent measurement and application expertise helps you anticipate these growing complexities so you can accelerate your ability to achieve both engineering and business goals. Sincerely, Jeff Henderson Vice President EMG Worldwide Partner Channels 2

3 What s NEW FieldFox handheld analyzers 14 new FieldFox handheld analyzers deliver benchtop-instrument accuracy in field-test environments. Boost your readiness in the field. See pages X-Series signal generators New X-Series signal generators, MXG and EXG, provide unmatched performance in phase noise, output power, ACPR, EVM and bandwidth. See page 9 PXI vector signal generator The world s fastest vector signal generator in a PXI modular form factor. The M9381A is a 1 MHz to 3 or 6 GHz VSG that combines fast switching and excellent RF parametric performance. See pages PXIe CW source Agilent M9380A PXIe CW source is a new compact modular solution that provides frequency coverage from 1 MHz to 3 or 6 GHz. See pages

4 APPLICATION: LTE Downlink Signals Quickly & Accurately Decoding LTE Downlink Signal Data better understand the signal s structure and its impact on system operation. DL signal information is also valuable in diagnosing issues with unexpectedly low throughput rates. The construction of the LTE DL signal is thus far the most complex ever used in the implementation of a cellular system, making its analysis particularly challenging. The content of the transmitted signal is the result of a mixture of messages across several layers in the protocol stack, from the DL Control Information (DCI) to the Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Blocks (SIBs). The messages are built up to create a highly dynamic signal that changes on every subframe. To verify that the resulting DL signal has been constructed according to the standard, engineers often employ equally complicated measurement setups and error-prone processes. the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard delivers many compelling benefits, including increased peak data rates, improved spectral efficiency and reduced user-plane and control-plane latency. To deliver these performance improvements, however, LTE relies on extremely flexible and dynamic radio technologies that can present some significant decoding and debugging hurdles. The number and complexity of possible signal protocol, coupled with the need to ensure interoperability between devices from different vendors, introduces a multitude of design and test challenges. One of these is verifying the data content and RF structure of the downlink (DL) signal. Doing so is critical to ensuring LTE devices have been implemented according to the 3GPP Release 8 standard and to help ensure all base stations and mobile devices work together. Extracting vital information from the LTE DL signal Messages in LTE DL signals provide all the information needed for the base station and mobiles to work together, and extracting this information is necessary to independently verify baseband signals, to find out what is in a third-party base station signal feeding into a User Equipment (UE) receiver, to diagnose a low-level interoperability problem, or to just Simplifying the process with an integrated toolset Efficiently decoding and debugging the LTE DL signal requires a toolset that cross conventional diagnostic and test boundaries and has the ability to analyze the radio signal and the messages that determine the RF physical layer. Naturally, the toolset also has to be specifically designed to handle the LTE standard s complexity and be able to quickly adapt to its changing requirements. It should also be flexible enough to use in a software-only environment and with a variety of instruments, including signal analyzers, logic analyzers and oscilloscopes, to quickly find and isolate problems. With such capabilities in hand, you can examine the physical signals and the decoded information describing them, as well as the link between protocol messages and the actual RF signals they control. Agilent 89600B Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) software provides general-purpose and standards-based signal evaluation, along with troubleshooting tools that R&D engineers can 4

5 use to dig into signals and gather the data they need to successfully troubleshoot physical layer signal problems. Moreover, its highresolution spectrum analysis helps you verify the DL signal structure quickly and easily. Putting the software to work With the VSA software and a signal analyzer, you can perform a range of standards-based parametric measurements such as EVM, ACPR and in-band or out-of-band spectrum emission mask. The flexible graphical user interface makes it easy to measure and analyze LTE DL signals from a number of different perspectives in the time, frequency and modulation domains. After the DL signal has been constructed, the software can create a spectrogram view of the DL RF, which lets you examine the signal s spectrum and time structure for a fast, patternoriented basic check. You can then use the software s automatic decoding of the logical, transport and physical channels within the signal to verify configurations and resource allocations. Checking the DL signal spectrum and time structure By showing how the use of spectrum changes over time, spectrograms are a useful tool for verifying the DL signal s construction. As shown in the center right traces in Figure 1, you can quickly and accurately create a spectrogram view of the DL RF that lets you see each signal component down to the individual reference signal subcarriers. A logical view of the DL signal can also be generated that shows the resource block allocations (RB) detected either by power or from the downlink control information layer (see Figure 2). FIGURE 2. In this logical, detected-allocations view of the DL signal, the vertical scale is frequency, while the horizontal display is divided into subframes (1 ms each). For a number of signal types, it is possible to deduce the signal structure from the allocation of power throughout the DL frame. This view can also be helpful when checking the For UE transmission How to label its transmissions When the UE can transmit and where (on which resource blocks) Which modulation, transport block size and redundancy version (RV) to use Adjustments to align timing with enb For UE reception configuration messages. For more complex signals, the decoded allocation information is used for verification. Switching between the power-based and decoded-detection mode is an effective tactic when debugging new or unknown signals. Examining the content of the DL signal VSA s decoding capability can extract a wealth of information from the DL signal (Figure 3). Much of this information is used to make sure the UE is transmitting and receiving data where it is supposed to and in the correct format of the data. Information for a number of control loops is included, from power and MIMO control to uplink and DL HARQ processes. These brief examples are just a small sample of the questions that need to be answered during the decoding and debugging process. With tools that reach across signal domains and up and down the protocol stack, you ll be ready to extract the information you need to analyze LTE DL signals quickly and thoroughly. Which signals to listen for When and where the UE should listen for DL data. DL data may not be contiguous in frequency Which modulation, transport block size and redundancy version were used to send this data Is this downlink spatially multiplexed Whether or not to hop the PUSCH Transmit power level to use Transmit new block or re-transmit NACK d blocks For a spatially multiplexed DL, what pre-coding has been applied Which HARQ does this data belong to Is this new data or re-transmitted data FIGURE 3. Performing a detailed analysis of the LTE DL signal is crucial to addressing these key questions regarding transmission and reception at the UE. FIGURE 1. VSA software provides many correlated views of an LTE downlink signal, including the spectrogram in the right center and the detailed message decoding in the lower trace. For a demonstration of a VSA measuring a 5 MHz LTE downlink signal see: 5

6 SIGNAL ANALYZERS X-Series Signal Analyzers PXA, MXA, EXA, CXA X-Series signal analyzers are ready to evolve as technology changes. The PXA, MXA, EXA, and CXA allow you to move along the performance curve, today and tomorrow, without rewriting your test code. You can also optimize price and performance for whichever technologies you re pursuing and whichever X-Series analyzer you choose to use. For even more performance and capabilities check out the evolutionary N9030A PXA signal analyzer. Consistent measurement framework enables teams to move at a faster pace Broadest set of applications and software to address all your test needs. With a library of over 25 measurement applications, covering cellular communication, wireless connectivity, digital video, and general purpose. PowerSuite one-button power measurements included as standard LXI Core compliant, SCPI, and IVI-COM, USB 2.0, 1000 Base-T LAN, GPIB 100% programming remote language compatibility across X-Series, and backward compatible with PSA and ESA Key specifications MXA EXA CXA Frequency (min-max) 10 Hz to 26.5 GHz 10 Hz to 44 GHz 9 khz to 26.5 GHz DANL (1 GHz, preamp on) Phase noise at 1 GHz (10 khz offset) -166 dbm -163 dbm -163 dbm -165 dbm dbc/hz -102 dbc/hz -102 dbc/hz -106 dbc/hz 1 TOI (1 GHz) +20 dbm +15 dbm +19 dbm dbm +15 dbm 2 1 For N9010A option 532 (32 GHz) and 544 (44 GHz) 2 For N9000A option 513 and 526 See Page 8 Migration ESA to X-Series Signal Analyzers The X-Series signal analyzers were designed as evolutionary replacements to their in-class predecessors. Take advantage of the X-Series performance, flexibility, speed, modern connectivity, and backward compatibility in replacing the legendary HP/Agilent spectrum analyzers to achieve seamless migration. Benefits to upgrading or replacing your ESA: Over 25 embedded applications, including phase noise and noise figure Code compatibility and emulation between the ESA and X-Series ensures a smooth and economical migration X-Series provides many features as standard that are offered only as options on the ESA X-Series is up to 50 times faster than the ESA over GPIB; and increase X-Series speed by using USB ports or 1000Base-T LAN ESA-E model ESA-E frequency Equivalent EXA model Equivalent EXA frequency E4402B 100 Hz to 3.0 GHz N9010A Hz to 3.6 GHz E4404B 100 Hz to 6.7 GHz N9010A Hz to 7.0 GHz E4405B 100 Hz to 13.2 GHz N9010A Hz to 13.6 GHz E4407B 100 Hz to 26.5 GHz N9010A Hz to 26.5 GHz ESA-L model ESA-L frequency Equivalent CXA model Equivalent CXA frequency E4411B 9 khz to 1.5 GHz (50-Ω) N9000A khz to 3.0 GHz E4411B 1 MHz to 1.5 GHz (75-Ω) N9000A-503 (Opt C75) 9 khz to 3.0 GHz E4403B 9 khz to 3.0 GHz N9000A khz to 3.0 GHz E4408B 9 khz to 26.5 GHz N9000A khz to 26.5 GHz

7 SIGNAL ANALYZERS MXA X-Series Signal Analyzer N9020A The accelerator as you develop new wireless devices and deliver them to manufacturing and the marketplace. The MXA has the flexibility to quickly adapt to your evolving test requirements. 10 Hz to 3.6, 8.4, 13.6, or 26.5 GHz; internal preamplifier options up to 26.5 GHz 25 MHz (standard) or 40 MHz (optional) analysis bandwidth Analog baseband IQ (BBIQ) input (optional) covering up to 80 MHz bandwidth (I and Q) and 2 GB deep capture memory EXA X-Series Signal Analyzer N9010A A fast, flexible way to cover diverse needs with a single tool. The EXA provides a solid mix of speed and performance, plus the versatility of X-Series measurement applications. 10 Hz to 3.6, 7, 13.6, 26.5, 32 or 44 GHz; internal preamplifier options up to 3.6, 7, 32 or 44 GHz 25 MHz (standard) or 40 MHz (optional) analysis bandwidth Basic EMI pre-compliance measurement capability available, including CISPR bandwidths, detectors, amplitude correction factor, band preset, tune and listen at marker, and limit lines CXA X-Series Signal Analyzer N9000A The low-cost tool for essential signal characterization. The CXA helps you build a solid foundation for cost-effective testing. It s also an excellent teaching tool for RF and microwave technologies and signal analysis. 9 khz to 3.0, 7.5, 13.6 and 26.5 GHz frequency range Internal preamplifier options up to 26.5 GHz Optional built-in tracking generator up to 3 or 6 GHz Additional 75 Ω RF input connector for cable TV measurements 10 MHz (standard), 25 MHz (optional) analysis bandwidth 7

8 SIGNAL ANALYZER APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE X-Series Measurement Applications The X-Series measurement applications transform X-Series signal analyzers into standards-based RF transmitter testers. They provide fast, one-button RF conformance measurements to help you design, evaluate, and manufacture your devices and equipment, and enable you to stay on the leading edge of your design and manufacturing challenges. Library of more than 25 measurement applications for use in X-Series signal analyzers including cellular, wireless connectivity, digital video and general purpose Install at time of instrument purchase or order as a stand-alone item to upgrade an existing instrument Run applications such as MATLAB and VSA software inside an X-Series signal analyzer Featured applications Cellular Wireless connectivity Digital video General purpose Complete offering available at LTE FDD, LTE TDD, Multi-Standard Radio (MSR), W-CDMA/HSPA/HSPA+, GSM/EDGE/EDGE Evolution, TD-SCDMA/HSPA, cdma2000 /cdmaone, 1xEV-DO, iden/widen/mototalk e OFDMA (Mobile WiMAX ), d OFDM (Fixed WiMAX), WLAN Bluetooth CMMB, digital cable TV, DTMB (CCTB), DVB-T/H with T2, ISDB-T/Tsb with Tmm Analog demodulation with FM stereo/rds, phase noise, noise figure, VXA vector signal analysis, EMC, MATLAB, pulse, SCPI command language compatibility, remote language compatibility VSA Software The VSA software is a window into what s happening inside complex wireless devices. These software tools provide views of virtually every facet of a problem, helping you see the why? behind signal interactions. The industry s first multi-measurement capability gives users a way to create, execute, and display many measurements at the same time Test today s signals and be ready for tomorrow s with support for over 75 standards and modulation types with hardware connectivity to more than 40 different platforms including signal analyzers, modular instruments, logic analyzers and oscilloscopes Apply vector signal analysis virtually anywhere in your block diagram, including analog and digital baseband; IF, RF and microwave; narrowband to ultra-wideband; SISO and MIMO (up to 8x8) Gain greater troubleshooting clarity with the state of the art graphical user interface; view unlimited traces and unlimited markers for each trace See the why? with advanced troubleshooting tools including high-resolution FFT-based spectrum measurements, time-domain tools, and bit-level modulation analysis Featured applications Cellular Wireless connectivity Modulations Complete offering available at LTE-Advanced, LTE, W-CDMA HSPA+, GSM/EDGE Evolution, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA, MIMO and multi-channel test a/b/g/ac, n, OFDMA, WiMAX, Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB, RFID, MIMO and multi-channel test Custom APSK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM, StarQAM, APSK, VSB, Custom OFDM, SOQPSK 8

9 signal generators MXG X-Series Signal Generators N5181B Analog, N5182B Vector Fine-tuned to be your golden transmitter in R&D. Whether you re pushing for a linear RF chain or an optimized link budget, the MXG delivers what you need: phase noise, ACPR, channel coding, and much more. Reveal the true performance of your devices and test your designs within and beyond their limits with the MXG. Test radar receiver sensitivity or characterize ADC with industry-leading phase noise ( GHz; 20 khz offset) Characterize PA linearity with industry-leading power and ACPR (-73 dbc, WCDMA 64 DPCH) Test ac with < 0.4% EVM, or characterize multicarrier PAs with +0.2 db flatness across 160 MHz bandwidth Go beyond standard application requirements with sophisticated real-time and waveformbased Signal Studio software. Includes: LTE-Advanced, 3G, 2G, WLAN, GNSS, DVB and more. (See Signal Studio section for more information) Key specifications N5182B vector N5181B analog Frequency range (min. to max.) 9 khz to 6 GHz 9 khz to 6 GHz Output power +24 dbm +24 dbm SSB phase noise (1 GHz; 20 khz offset) -146 dbc/hz -146 dbc/hz ACPR (3GPP W-CDMA TM1 64 DPCH) -73 dbc N/A EVM LTE or ac 0.4% N/A Internal baseband generator RF bandwidth 160 MHz N/A NEW EXG X-Series Signal Generators N5171B Analog, N5172B Vector Achieve faster throughput and greater uptime with the cost-effective EXG X-Series signal generators, optimized for manufacturing test. With analog and vector models, the EXG provides the signals you ll need for basic parameter testing of components and functional verification of receivers. Get just enough test at the right price with the EXG. Increase test margins on the production line with industry leading ACPR Maximize throughput with < 800 μs simultaneous switching of frequency, power and waveform type Enable rapid, accurate tests using Signal Studio s predefined, standards-based waveforms or integrated multifunction generator inside of two rack unit height. (See Signal Studio section on page 10 for more information) Increase uptime with self maintenance strategy including: 3-year calibration cycle, no post repair calibration, and license key upgrades Key specifications N5172B vector N5171B analog Frequency range (min. to max.) 9 khz to 6 GHz 9 khz to 6 GHz Frequency switching 800 μs 800 μs Output power +21 dbm +21 dbm SSB phase noise (1 GHz; 20 khz offset) -122 dbc/hz -122 dbc/hz ACPR (3GPP W-CDMA TM1 64 DPCH) -73 dbc N/A Internal baseband generator RF BW 120 MHz N/A NEW For high-performance microwave signal generation, see PSG signal generators 9

10 Signal Studio software, EMI/EMC Signal Studio Software Accelerate your work with Signal Studio software, a flexible suite of signalcreation tools that reduces the time you spend on signal simulation. Its performance-optimized reference signals validated by Agilent enhance the characterization and verification of your devices. Connect your source to Signal Studio and simplify signal creation. Generate a wide range of application-specific test signals, at baseband, RF, and microwave frequencies using the vector signal generators and other products Create Agilent validated and performance optimized reference signals Configure signals in an easy-to-use, application-specific graphical interface Take advantage of the broad application coverage Scale the capability and performance to meet your specific test needs Validate your 3rd party interoperability Featured applications Cellular communications Wireless connectivity Audio/video broadcasting Detection, positioning, tracking and navigation General RF & microwave Complete offering available at W-CDMA/HSPA+, cdma2000/1xev-do, GSM/EDGE/Evo, TD-SCDMA/HSDPA, LTE/LTE-Advanced FDD, LTE/LTE-Advanced TDD Bluetooth, Fixed WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX, WLAN a/b/g/n/ac Broadcast radio, digital video Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNS), pulse building Jitter injection, multitone distortion MXE EMI Receiver and EMI Measurement Application N9038A, N/W6141A The MXE is more than an EMI compliance receiver it also includes X-Series signal analysis and graphical measurement tools that make it easy to examine signal details. With these diagnostic capabilities, the MXE complements your knowledge and helps you advise the designers if a device fails compliance testing. For pre-compliance, the N/W6141A EMI measurement application runs on all of the X-Series signal analyzers. N9038A MXE EMI Receiver is fully compliant with CISPR :2010 and MIL STD 461F Use built-in Scan, Search, and Measure algorithms that mirror CISPR-recommended methodologies Observe receiver measurements, DUT emissions scans, and suspect frequency lists on a single display Display up to six built-in limit lines at once with customer-selectable margins for each limit line Move seamlessly between EMI receiver and spectrum analyzer modes for rapid troubleshooting The N/W6141A EMI measurement application running on an X-Series signal analyzer brings the MXE feature set into the pre-compliance space with an identical user interface Key specifications N9038A MXE EMI receiver N/W6141A EMI measurement application Frequency range 20 Hz to 8.4 and 26.5 GHz 9 khz up to 50 GHz CISPR bandwidths 200 Hz, 9 and 120 khz, 1 MHz 200 Hz, 9 and 120 khz, 1 MHz 6 db bandwidths 10 Hz to 1 MHz, in decade steps 10 Hz to 1 MHz, in decade steps CISPR detectors Measurement detectors DANL Quasi-peak, EMI-Average, RMS-Average Peak, negative peak, sample, normal, RMS, average -167 dbm at 1 GHz, preamplifier and noise floor extension on Quasi-peak, EMI-Average, RMS-Average Dependent on X-Series signal analyzer Dependent on X-Series signal analyzer

11 Power Meters P-Series Power Meters N192xA Coupled with the N192xA wideband power sensors, the N1911A (singlechannel) and N1912A (dual-channel) P-Series power meters provides a measurement frequency range from 50 MHz to 40 GHz with an internal zero and calibration capability. They are compatible with the industry standard 8480 and E-series sensors, which provide a wide dynamic range (-70 to +44 dbm) and frequency coverage from 9 khz to 110 GHz. Key measurements: peak, average, peak-to-average ratio, rise time, fall time and pulse width 30 MHz video bandwidth Single-shot real-time capture at 100 Msample/s per second 22 predefined signal formats, including WiMAX, DME and HSDPA USB, LAN and GPIB standard; LXI Core compliant The P-series wideband power sensors are designed for use with the P-series power meters only. Sensor model Frequency range Dynamic range Connector type N1921A 50 MHz to 18 GHz -35 dbm to +20 dbm Type N (m) N1922A 50 MHz to 40 GHz -35 dbm to +20 dbm 2.4 mm (m) EPM & EPM-P Series Power Meters N191xA, E441xA This series provides high-performance, programmable power meters for CW, average and peak power measurements. The EPM Series measure average power over a -70 to +44 dbm range and a frequency range of 9 khz to 110 GHz. The EPM-P Series measure peak, average and time-gated power over -65 to +20 dbm up to 18 GHz using E932xA power sensors. EPM Series N1913A (single-channel) and N1914A (dual-channel) meters offer measurement speeds up to 400 readings/second and feature a color LCD screen that simplifies viewing and analysis Frequency range 9 khz to 110 GHz (sensor dependent); dynamic range -70 to +44 dbm (sensor dependent); LAN LXI Core and USB connectivity; compatible with wide range of current and legacy sensors EPM-P Series E4416A (single-channel) and E4417A (dual-channel) power meters provide for peak, average, peak-to-average ratio and time-gated measurements (using the E9320 peak and average power sensors) 20 Msample/s per second sampling rate; time-gated and free run power measurements; 8 pre-defined wireless formats 5 MHz video bandwith 11

12 APPLICATION: WLAN ac SIGNALS Testing Very High Throughput (VHT) ac Signals Major changes in ac Moving well beyond the 100 Mbit/s speed of n, ac specifies a minimum 500 Mbit/s single link and 1 Gbit/s overall throughput, running in the 5 GHz band. And in contrast to the 20 MHz channel bandwidth of earlier variants, ac mandates an 80 MHz bandwidth, with optional wider bandwidths of 160 and MHz. See Figure 1. While the first implementations of ac will likely have a maximum of 80 MHz bandwidth and no more than the maximum 4x4 multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) specified in n, follow-on implementations are expected to use the wider bandwidth options and up to 8 MIMO streams. bles are intended to be received by non-ht and non-vht stations for backwards compatibility. The initial Legacy Short and Long Training Fields (L-STF and L-LTF) and signal field (L-SIG) are similar to the same fields in a/b/g, while the difference in the 4th field (symbols 6 and 7) identifies the frame as either n or ac. The remaining fields in the preamble are intended only for VHT devices. The VHT-STF is used to improve automatic gain control estimation in MIMO transmission. Next are the long training sequences that provide a means for the receiver to estimate the MIMO channel between the transmit and receive antennas. There may be 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 VHT-LTFs depending on the total number of space-time streams. The mapping matrix for 1, 2 or 4 VHT-LTFs is the same as in n, with new ones added for 6 or 8 VHT-LTFs. VHT-SIG-B field describes the length of the data and the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for single or multi-user modes. To support these new capabilities while maintaining backward compatibility, the frame structure is changing in ac as well. Figure 2 compares the n and ac preambles. The first four fields in both pream- with wireless LAN becoming the primary connectivity choice for a growing array of consumer, commercial and industrial systems, wireless standards keep evolving to provide the data rates needed to support this migration away from wired networking. The next enhancement to the standard will be Very High Throughput (VHT) ac, scheduled to be finalized by the beginning of Feature Mandatory Optional Channel bandwidth 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz 160 MHz, MHz FFT size 64, 128, Data subcarriers/pilots 52/4, 108/6, 234/8 468/16 Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 256 QAM MCS supported 0 to 7 8 and 9 Spatial streams and MIMO 1 2 to 8 Tx beamforming, STBC Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) Operating mode/ppdu format Very high throughput (VHT) FIGURE 1. Here are the key specifications of the VHT ac standard, with the major differences between n and ac in BOLD n PPDU L-STF L-LTF L-SIG (Mixed Mode) 2 symbols 2 symbols 1 symbol, BPSK ac VHT PPDU L-STF L-LTF L-SIG 2 symbols 2 symbols 1 symbol, BPSK 1 symbol = 4 µs PPDU = PLCP Protocol Data Unit PLCP = Physical Layer Convergence Procedure HT-SIG HT-STF HT-LTFs HT-DATA 2 symbols, QBPSK 1 symbol 1 symbol/ltf, 4 LTFs max VHT-SIG-A VHT-STF VHT-LTFs VHT-SIG-B VHT-DATA 1 sym BPSK, 1 sym QBPSK 1 symbol 1 symbol/ltf, 1 symbol 8 LTFs max FIGURE ac modifies the preamble frame format to support new capabilities while retaining compatibility with older versions of the specification. 12

13 FIGURE 3. In this example of digital predistortion, the original stimulus signal is shown in green, while the blue trace shows the output of the power amplifier without DPD and the red trace shows the results with DPD. Some of the new requirements in the ac standard will result in significant challenges for design and test. The following sections take a brief look at four of these and identify the Agilent products best suited to address a particular challenge. Testing 256QAM modulation The new 256QAM modulation format ac requires better error vector magnitude (EVM) or constellation error in the transmitter and receiver than in n. EVM problems may be caused by imperfections in the IQ modulator, phase noise or error in the LO, or amplifier nonlinearity. Vector signal analysis is a valuable tool for measuring and identifying causes of poor EVM, and Agilent s VSA software provides detailed analysis of ac signals, with support for all bandwidths and modulation types and up to 4x4 MIMO. For single channel analysis, Agilent s N9077A-4FP X-Series measurement application supports ac signals up to 160 MHz bandwidths. Improving amplifier linearity Improving amplifier linearity is another key challenge, and digital predistortion (DPD) is one technique to address this. Agilent s SystemVue design automation software provides an application that simplifies and automates digital predistortion design for power amplifiers. The software generates a stimulus waveform that is downloaded to an RF signal generator and applied to the power amplifier. The system captures the amplifier s response using a signal analyzer and compares the result with the desired signal to create the predistortion matrix. The predistorted signal is then sent to the power amplifier and the response is checked. Figure 3 shows an example of DPD using an 80 MHz ac signal. Generating and analyzing wider bandwidth signals Verifying ac compliance requires the ability to generate and analyze 80 and 160 MHz signals, well beyond the range used in earlier iterations of the standard. For generating 80 MHz signals, many RF signal generators do not have a high enough sampling rate to support the typical minimum 2x oversampling ratio, which can result in images in the signal due to aliasing. However, with proper filtering and oversampling of the waveform file, it is possible to generate 80 MHz signals with good spectral characteristics and EVM using an Agilent N5172B EXG, N5182A MXG, or M9381A vector signal generator. The N5182B MXG signal generator and M9381A PXIe vector signal generator provide 160 MHz bandwidth RF signals with excellent EVM performance. Another solution is to use a wideband arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) such as the Agilent 81180A or M8190A to create the analog I/Q signals, and these can be applied to the external I/Q inputs in a vector signal generator such as the EXG, MXG, or E8267D PSG for upconversion to RF frequencies. It is also possible to create a 160 MHz signal by using MHz mode to create the two 80 MHz segments in separate EXG or MXG signal generators and then combining the RF signals ac waveforms can be created using the SystemVue W1917 WLAN Library, which as of release , provides a working baseband reference design for both transmit and receive signal processing paths. An open EDA implementation allows more intimate access and control inside of the block diagram for baseband developers. It also allows ideal or precisely impaired signals of all bandwidths and modulation types to be downloaded to arbitrary waveform generators and signal generators for RF verification. For dedicated, standalone waveform generation, N7617B Signal Studio for WLAN provides fully coded waveform files with up to 160 MHz bandwidth for use with the EXG, MXG, PSG and M9381A signal generators, as well as the N5106A PXB baseband generator and channel emulator. Signal Studio also supports MHz mode using two EXGs or MXGs. For signal analysis, signals up to 160 MHz bandwidth can be analyzed using the VSA software in combination with the N9030A PXA signal analyzer, M9392A PXI microwave VSAs, Wideband MIMO PXI vector signal analyzers, or Infiniium or Infiniivision oscilloscopes. The M9392A can analyze up to 250 MHz bandwidth signals, while the Wideband MIMO PXI vector signal analyzers cover up to 800 MHz bandwidth and the oscilloscopes can support bandwidths beyond 1 GHz. These wider bandwidth instruments can be used in digital predistortion applications, which typically require measurement of signals that are three to give times the bandwidth of the signal being linearized. Verifying MIMO designs Before n, wireless LAN standards specified only one stream of data between the access point and a device n introduced MIMO transmission, which included new requirements where the access point and device could communicate using two or more completely separate transmit/receive chains and take advantage of cross-coupling between them. The primary goal is to increase the data rate that a single user can expect from a wireless connection. MIMO capability is a function of the device s design, so it will not change from one device to another. Manufacturing test will thus be limited to the individual receiver chains. Proving the design, however, is absolutely necessary. Multi-channel signal generation and analysis can be used to provide insight into the performance of MIMO devices and assist in troubleshooting and design verification. CONTINUED ON PAGE 14 13

14 AXIe & PXI MODULAR INSTRUMENTS Performance, innovation and measurement expertise in the PXI form factor Through a growing range of PXI and PXIe modular products, Agilent provides the quality, performance and measurement expertise that help you customize test systems quickly and cost effectively. Plus, you can develop systems using your software platform of choice, taking advantage of a comprehensive portfolio of instrument drivers, documentation and examples. Comprehensive range of instrumentation modules, from scopes, signal analyzers, and digitizers to signal generators, digital multimeters, and bit error rate testers. Complementary modules include switches, digital I/O, attenuators, and signal conditioning Drivers, documentation and examples for Microsoft Visual C/C++, C#, or Visual Basic, MATLAB, VEE, LabVIEW and LabWindows/CVI Portfolio of AXIe and PXI instruments PXI chassis & controller PXI bit error rate testers (BERTS) PXI data acquisition & switching PXI digital input output PXI digital multimeters (DMMs) PXI digitizing scopes & digitizers PXI digital to analog converters PXI function & arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) PXIe optical extenders PXI spectrum & signal analyzers PXI signal generators (VSG) See full modular catalog online at: PXI 18-slot chassis (M9018A) with PCI Express Gen 2 performance, 16 PXI hybrid slots, and an innovative cooling design that saves rack space and has lower maintenance cost (PXIe controller, M9036A). Products include a BERT, a digital communications analyzer, a pattern generator, and a PXI synthesizer. The PXI data acquisition and switch modules deliver high-performance signal connections with high-speed, 500 μsec multiplexers, 300 W GP switches and high-density wire matrix modules. RF and microwave switches also deliver low insertion loss and VSWR for excellent RF signal integrity and dynamic range. PXI digital IO modules are designed for digital sensing and control of simple devices, digital functional testing and digital IO for system monitoring and controlling devices such as external relays. PXI DMMs deliver market-leading speed at their price points, measure common parameters such as DCV, DCI, ACV, ACI, 2- and 4-wire resistance, capacitance, temperature and frequency. PXI modular digitizers offer analog-to-digital converters that are easy to integrate and are designed to provide very high-speed measurements on wideband signals while keeping high acquisition quality. PXI D/A converters and V/I sources are capable of supplying high and low voltage levels and source currents on one or multiple channels. PXI AWGs deliver unprecedented performance for creation of complex wideband waveforms. High-sampling rate and high-bit resolution provided in a single instrument enable designers to create ideal waveforms for accurate test of radar, satellite and frequency agile systems. PXIe optical extenders for Instruments can transmit RF or microwave signals without the power loss of coaxial cables and undesired mixing products of downconversion techniques. PXI family of vector signal analyzer modules offer complete solutions including software and programming examples for communications, radar and avionics signals. Product offering includes vector signal analyzer solutions in single, dual and wideband MIMO configurations with modules consisting of IF digitizers, local oscillators, downconverters and signal conditioning. The new PXIe VSG provides exclusive baseband tuning technology innovation that combines switching speed as low as 10 μs with excellent RF parametric performance. AXIe modules AXIe modular products are designed for high-performance, scalable instrumentation and offer fast data transfers to the host controller. AXIe s product portfolio includes: chassis and controllers, multi-channel digitizers, arbitrary waveform generators, logic analyzers, PCI Express protocol analyzers, HDMI protocol analyzers, MIPI D-PHY protocol analyzer/exerciser. APPLICATION WLAN ac Signals CONTINUED For testing receivers, MIMO signals can be created with both the SystemVue WLAN library and Signal Studio. Multiple EXG or MXG signal generators can be synchronized to simulate the output of a MIMO transmitter. The effects of the fading channel can also be included in the waveform files to provide simulation of the signals at the receive antennas. For MIMO transmitter test, the VSA software can be used with an Infiniium or Infiniivision oscilloscope or a wideband MIMO For additional information see YouTube video: PXI vector signal analyzer, using the M9362A- D01 PXIe Quad Downconverter to provide analysis of up to four channels, including EVM and IQ measurements for all channels as well as cross-channel metrics such as the frequency response of each channel and the channel matrix. Two M9392A PXI microwave VSAs can be configured for independently tuned, twochannel measurements up to 250 MHz analysis bandwidth. Figure 4 shows an example of a two-channel ac measurement made with the VSA software and a DSO91304A Infiniium oscilloscope. FIGURE 4. This two-channel ac measurement was made using the VSA software and a X-Series oscilloscope. The displays show the constellation for both streams, as well as the EVM and IQ errors. 14

15 PXI Chassis & featured modules PXIe Chassis & PXIe Embedded Controller M9018A, M9036A The Agilent M9018A PXIe Chassis and M9036A PXIe embedded controller make a perfect starting point to build a high-performance, compact PXIe system. When you combine the 16 PXI hybrid slots, Gen 2 performance chassis with the mid-performance Intel Core i5 dual-core processor with Hyper-Threading Technology embedded controller, it is ideal for applications in high-performance multitasking environments. M9018A PXIe chassis features an advanced PCIe switch fabric that provides twelve x4 and four x8 links to modular slots and operates up to a 4 GB/s data rate and has an innovated cooling design that allows the chassis to fit into 4U of rack space M9036A embedded controller features a 160 GB solid state drive and up to 8 GB RAM, has a Gen 2 PCIe backplane switch which enables the x8 slots in the M9018A chassis to communicate peer-to-peer at Gen 2 speeds without involving the CPU, and is preloaded with Agilent I/O libraries, operating system and chassis drivers to reduce system development time PXI RF Signal Generators M9300A, M9380A, M9381A Effective testing of today s complex products requires a balanced mix of time, coverage and cost-per-dut. Success starts with the right combination of speed and performance. The M9381A PXIe vector signal generator accelerates throughput without compromising high performance in your test system. Also available are the M9380A PXIe CW source and M9300A PXIe frequency reference. NEW Frequency range (min. to max.): 1 MHz to 3 or 6 GHz Frequency switching (list mode): < 10 to 220 µs Level accuracy (at 1 GHz): ± 0.4 db Output power (maximum at 1 GHz): +19 dbm Internal baseband generator RF bandwidth: 40, 100 or 160 MHz PXI High-Speed Digitizers M9202A, M9210A, M9211A The PXI high-speed digitizers are analog-to-digital converter versatile cards designed to measure high frequency and wideband signals while providing high measurement fidelity. Picosecond-level accuracy between multiple cards enables multichannel synchronization. M9202A PXIe 12-bit wideband IF digitizer: one-slot PXI Express wideband IF digitizer running at 2 GS/s, with 1 GHz instantaneous analog bandwidth; real-time digital downconversion and data streaming capability M9210A 10-bit high-speed digitizing scope: one-slot PXI-Hybrid high-speed digitizing scope featuring 2 channels with 1.4 GHz analog bandwidth and up to 4 GS/s real-time sampling rate when interleaving channels M9211A PXI-H 10-bit UWB high-speed IF digitizer: one-slot PXI-Hybrid single-channel ultra-wideband IF digitizer able to capture signals at up to 3 GHz and running at up to 4 GS/s PXI high-speed digitizers are ideal for very high-frequency signal capture in applications such as A&D radar test and military mobile repair stations, telecommunications, and semiconductor testing The M9703A AXIe high-speed digitizer provides ultimate performance in a compact space for multi-channel measurement applications. 15

16 APPLICATION: Interfering Field Signals Using FieldFox analyzers to detect interference in the field Two common categories of interference are uplink interference and downlink interference. Uplink interference or reverse link interference affects the base transceiver station (BTS) receiver and the associated communications from the mobiles to the BTS. Once the BTS is compromised, the cell site s entire service area may experience degraded performance. Uplink interference determines the capacity of each cell site. in any wireless system, interference is found in the wireless channel which may degrade the reception of desired signals. When the received power levels of an interfering signal are large relative to the desired signal, a wireless system will experience degradation or possibly an interruption of service. When multiple wireless systems attempt to coexist across the radio spectrum, it is possible that an interference event may occur. The IEEE defines an interference event as a circumstance in which a quantified threshold level of interference has been exceeded, and the threshold level can be set as a function of amplitude, frequency, time, and/or system performance. When investigating the types and origins of electromagnetic interference in a dynamic wireless environment, highperformance RF and microwave analyzers such as FieldFox are necessary tools when measuring the power levels of interfering signals as a function of time, frequency and location. As interference testing often requires measurement and data collection in the environment surrounding a wireless system, a lightweight, battery-operated analyzer provides a convenient method for field testing in these rugged environments. Downlink interference is an interference corrupting the downlink communications typically between a BTS and a mobile device. Because of the relatively widely-spaced distribution of mobile devices, downlink interference only affects a minority of mobile users and has a minimal effect on the communication quality of the system as a whole. Downlink interference most often acts as co-channel interference and has a large effect on the quality of service. Customer application A consulting firm received a contract from one of the largest service providers to troubleshoot their network. Interference between their 2G and 3G cell sites had caused a shut down that lasted nearly two months resulting in a substantial loss of revenue. The consulting company s president brought in a FieldFox unit to perform interference hunting measurements. Using FieldFox s built-in spectrum analyzer the consultant was easily able to perform a spectrum scan that detected interference in the site s uplink. The interference analyzer s fast sweep quickly identified intermittent interference generated by GSM signals. With the help of the spectrogram and waterfall displays, the consultant was able to monitor the system over a long period of time to find the intermittent signals. FieldFox s cable and antenna analyzer helped identify faults along the feedline. This enabled the consultant to uncover a damaged filter that was causing poor system return loss which was contributing to the network s coverage issues. FieldFox 16

17 enabled the consultant to uncover and resolve multiple network problems quickly and easily in a single visit. After replacing the filter and re-tuning the network, the consultant was able to get the base station back up and running within a day. He also used FieldFox to monitor the site for an additional two weeks to ensure the site was running smoothly and providing uninterrupted service. FIGURE 1. A spectrogram display of a frequency hopping signal and a measurement sweep (yellow trace) superimposed over the spectrogram. to the amplitude of the signal. In a spectrogram, each frequency trace occupies a single, horizontal line on the display. Elapsed time is shown on the vertical axis resulting in a display that scrolls upwards as time progresses. In the figure, the red color in the spectrogram represents the frequency content with the highest signal amplitude. The spectrogram may provide an indication to the timing of the interference and how the signal bandwidth may change over time. Time markers can be placed on the spectrogram to determine the timing characteristics of the signal. The spectrogram shown in Figure 1 exhibits a random-like frequency pattern for the hopping carrier and also shows that the fixed carrier, shown on the left, has constant amplitude over time. Waterfall display Similar to the spectrogram, the waterfall display also provides a visual history of the measured spectrum. The waterfall display is a 3D color-coded history of the amplitude levels as a function of frequency and time. Time progression moves diagonally up and to the right of the display. Figure 3 shows a typical waterfall display of a time varying signal with the highest amplitude levels shown in red and the lowest in blue. The signal shown in the figure was captured to the memory of FieldFox. The analyzer s trace record and playback capability allow signal monitoring and analysis over long time periods. Traces can be recorded continuously, with a specified number of traces or when triggered by a user-specified power and frequency mask. FIGURE 2. The measurement of a frequency hopping signal as displayed in standard mode (blue trace) and MaxHold mode (yellow trace). It was observed that the signal to the left was stationary. When using FieldFox, the spectrogram can be used to detect interference. Figure 1 shows the spectrogram display of the frequency hopping signal shown in Figure 2. For this spectrogram measurement display, the standard measurement trace (yellow) is superimposed on the spectrogram. A spectrogram is a unique way to examine frequency, time, and amplitude on the same display. The spectrogram shows the progression of the frequency spectrum as a function of time, where a color scale maps FIGURE 3. Waterfall display of a time varying signal. How will the FieldFox quickly find interference issues in the field? You can scan up to 26.5 GHz with the built-in spectrum analyzer to detect internal and external interference With the spectrogram and waterfall displays you can quickly and easily detect and monitor intermittent interference signals You can record signal traces into its internal memory or external flash device to play back for offline processing Learn techniques for precise interference analysis and more with our application note series: 17

18 FIELDFOX HANDHELD ANALYZERS FieldFox RF and microwave analyzers and combination analyzers, RF and microwave vector network analyzers, and microwave spectrum analyzers Carry precision with you: Microwave models deliver Agilent-quality measurements wherever you need to go. Boost your readiness: Every operating mode is flexible to meet the needs of novices and experts alike with our RF units Accurate Get precise measurements that agree with benchtop results Flexible Configure as cable and antenna analyzers, vector network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, or all-in-one combination analyzers Easily upgrade and extend your initial configuration with additional functionality in the future via a software key Combination analyzers are the most flexibile all FieldFox options are available and upgradeable; start with cable and antenna analysis and add spectrum and network analysis later Rugged Dust-free design with no fans, no vents Fully-compliant with MIL-PRF-28800F Class 2 and MIL-STD-810G (type tested for operation in explosive environments) Water-resistant, viewable in direct sun/darkness 3-year warranty Portable Compact and light weight (6.6 lbs), long battery life (3.5 hrs) Wide operating temperature of -10 to +55 C (14 to 131 F) Maximum frequency range Cable and antenna analyzer N9913/ 4/5/6/7/8A 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 18, 26.5 GHz X N9925 /6/7/8A 9, 14, 18, 26.5 GHz X N9935 /6/7/8A 9, 14, 18, 26.5 GHz VSWR and reflection N9912A N9923A 4, 6 GHz 4, 6 GHz Vector network analyzer X X X* X Spectrum analyzer, interference analyzer X X X Tracking generator, independent source X X X Vector voltmeter, compare phase and electrical length X X X* X Built-in power meter X X X X Power meter with USB sensor X X X X X * Subset of full functionality X X Turn your analyzer into an accurate power meter via USB port. See page

19 FIELDFOX HANDHELD ANALYZERS FieldFox RF & Microwave Combination Analyzers N9913/4/5/6/7/8/A Capability up to 26.5 GHz. Most flexible FieldFox units all microwave options are available and upgradeable any time. Capabilities include cable and antenna, vector network, and spectrum analysis. Additional options include vector voltmeter, variable DC source, built-in power meter and internal GPS receiver and more. NEW Cable and antenna analyzer (CAT), vector network analyzer (VNA) 30 khz to 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz CAT: Distance-to-fault, return loss, cable loss, line sweeping, VSWR VNA: S11, S21, S22, S12, magnitude and phase Spectrum analyzer and interference analyzer 5 khz to 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz Measure channel power, OBW, ACPR, field strength, antenna to antenna isolation Full-band tracking generator, spectrogram and waterfall displays Independent source 30 khz to 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz; CW, CW coupled, and tracking FieldFox Microwave Vector Network Analyzers N9925/6/7/8A Up to 26.5 GHz, these analyzers provide: full 2-port S-parameters (S11, S21, S12, S22 magnitude and phase), two-port QuickCal, time domain, cable and antenna, vector voltmeter, and built-in power meter. NEW Vector network analyzer (VNA) 30 khz to 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz Flat output power (± 1 db) across whole frequency range, adjustable in 1 db steps Transmission/reflection (S21, S11), or full two-port (S21, S11, S12, S22) Cable and antenna analyzer 30 khz to 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz Distance-to-fault, return loss, cable loss CalReady, QuickCal, full 2-port cal FieldFox Microwave Spectrum Analyzers N9935/6/7/8A Up to 26.5 GHz these analyzers offer: full-band tracking generator, full-band preamplifier, interference analyzer and spectrogram, reflection measurements, and built-in power meter. NEW Spectrum analyzer 5 khz to 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz ± 0.6 db amplitude accuracy, full band, -10 to +55 C (14 to 131 F) InstAlign delivers unprecedented absolute amplitude accuracy across the full band, with no warm-up required Tracking generator 30 khz to 9, 14, 18 or 26.5 GHz VSWR and reflection measurements Power measurements Channel power, occupied bandwidth and adjacent channel power ratio 19

20 FIELDFOX HANDHELD ANALYZERS FieldFox RF Analyzer N9912A Up to 6 GHz, these RF analyzers provide basic spectrum and network analysis (S11 magnitude and phase; S21 magnitude only). Cable and antenna analyzer (CAT) and vector network analyzer (VNA) 2 MHz to 4 or 6 GHz CAT: Distance-to-fault, return loss, cable loss, line sweeping, VSWR VNA: S11 magnitude, phase, Smith Chart, S21 magnitude Spectrum analyzer and interference analyzer 5 khz to 4 or 6 GHz Measure channel power, OBW, ACPR, field strength, antenna to antenna isolation Full-band tracking generator, spectrogram and waterfall displays Independent source 2 MHz to 4 or 6 GHz; CW, CW coupled, and tracking FieldFox RF Vector Network Analyzer N9923A Up to 6 GHz, these VNAs provide full 2-port S-parameters (S11, S21, S12, S22 magnitude and phase). Vector network analyzer (VNA) 2 MHz to 4 or 6 GHz Transmission/reflection (S21, S11) or full two-port (S21, S11, S12, S22) Time domain analysis with gating Cable and antenna analyzer (CAT) 2 MHz to 4 or 6 GHz Distance-to-fault, return loss, cable loss, line sweeping, VSWR 20

21 Handheld spectrum analyzers & USB Power Sensors Handheld Spectrum Analyzers (HSAs) N9342/43/44C If you are making basic spectrum analyzer measurements in the field, the HSA family makes your job easier. Covering frequencies up to 20 GHz, the HSAs have the features you need for operating in tough field environments and the measurement performance gives you the confidence the job s been done right. These portable analyzers let you automate routine tasks to save time and ensure consistent results. Rugged design, without fans or vents, for tough field environments Benchtop performance in a handheld instrument Task planner reduces setup time by up to 95% while enabling test automation and improving consistency Optional software applications for interference analysis and spectrum monitoring N9342C N9343C N9344C Frequency range 9 khz to 7 GHz 9 khz to 13.6 GHz 9 khz to 20 GHz DANL, -164 dbm -155 dbm -155 dbm normalized to 1 Hz Phase noise -89 dbc at 30 khz -119 dbc at 1 MHz -89 dbc at 30 khz -119 dbc at 1 MHz -89 dbc at 30 khz -119 dbc at 1 MHz TOI 10 dbm 12 dbm 15 dbm Full span sweep time < 0.4 s < 0.7 s < 0.9 s Optional measurement features Channel scanner, spectrum monitor, built-in GPS receiver and GPS antenna, built-in tracking generator and cable antenna tester, U202X and U2000 Series USB power sensor support, AM/FM/ASK/FSK modulation, time-gated sweep and security features USB Power Sensors U2000, U2020 USB power sensors plug directly into your PC or USB-enabled Agilent instrument and give you the capability to measure power in a compact and portable form factor. All models feature Internal zeroing to eliminate external calibration. Setup is fast and easy: just connect and start measuring immediately with the included N1918A power analysis manager software. NEW U2000 Series average power sensors 9 khz to 40 GHz, -60 to +44 dbm dynamic range, up to 1,000 readings/second Built-in trigger function Type-N or 3.5 mm connectors U2020 X-Series average and peak power sensors 50 MHz to 18 GHz; -30 to +20 dbm (peak/gated) -35 to +20 dbm dynamic range Greater than 3500 readings/second Built-in trigger in/out function eliminates the need for an external module or power supply 30 MHz video bandwith

22 APPLICATION: DDR Read and Write Signals Separating Read & Write Signals for DDR DRAM & Controller Validation Conventional methods of separation The traditional methods used to separate read and write signals offer varying degrees of reliability. For example, in some cases, you can isolate the data signals by triggering on the read or write preamble width. From the DDR specification, the read preamble width ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 of the clock period. The write preamble width is specified to be larger than 0.35 of the clock period but has no upper limit. Thus, you need to first determine the preamble width before setting the trigger condition. If the preamble widths are distinctive, then the method can separate read and write data. the second and third generations of Double Data Rate (DDR) memory continue to improve on data rates, but these performance enhancements bring some interesting test and measurement challenges. Analyzing the signal integrity of DDR signals requires differentiating the complex traffic on the data bus to independently measure the signal performance for both the DDR chip and the memory controller. One of the most challenging measurement issues is separating the read and write signals, given that read and write data transfers are bidirectional on the same data bus (Figure 1). Read data transfer comes from the DRAM chip, whereas write data comes from the memory controller. However, this method has several weaknesses. First, these widths are loosely defined in the standard and vary with different ASIC/DIMM vendors. Also, since the upper limit of the write preamble is not defined, it could have the same width as the read preamble. If these values are too close, separating the read and write signals will be difficult or impossible (Figure 2). Second, the write signal with a preamble of 0.5 clock cycle has a width similar to that for one data bit period. When this occurs, the hardware trigger cannot differentiate the write preamble bit from the normal bit. Third, as the DDR data rate gets faster, the clock period gets narrower, greatly reducing the preamble width for the write signal. For example, the minimum preamble width for DDR is about 200 ps, and an oscilloscope may not be able to trigger on such a narrow pulse width. FIGURE 1. Read and write data transfers use the same data bus. The read signal aligns with the strobe edges whereas the write signal straddles it. 22

23 Read and write preamble widths are too close, making it difficult to differentiate the width trigger. FIGURE 2. Separating the read and write signals by preamble width is difficult when the preambles have similar widths. Another conventional method relies on the fact that the read and write signals typically have different amplitudes (Figure 3). With this approach, you try to isolate them by triggering on the signal with the larger amplitude. However, the larger amplitude is not exclusive to the read or write signal, so while you might be able to trigger on the larger signal, you cannot choose which of the two signals this is. Moreover, this method is ineffective in those situations when the read and write signals have very similar amplitudes. Triggering on zones with InfiniiScan InfiniiScan, a capability available on Agilent oscilloscopes, provides zone triggering, which lets you separate the read and write cycles based on the distinctive pattern of the waveforms. Simply draw zones on the screen to visually determine the event identification condition. You can define up to four zones and specify whether the waveform must intersect or not intersect each zone. The DDR signal (Figure 4) shows a distinctive read and write signal pattern in infinite persistence mode. No silicon signals have similar electrical characteristics, which explains the difference in the signal pattern on the DQS signal. In addition, you can observe the DDR waveforms in different states, DOS read or write normal bits Idle state DOS read or write normal bits DOS read or write normal bits allowing you to take away the signal condition that you do not want to observe. This ensures that you are triggering on the correct signals. In Figure 4, the DQS waveform is the yellow waveform and the DQ waveform is green. When the hardware edge trigger is set on the DQS signal, the DQ shows that the read and write signal pattern overlap each other. Using the zone trigger, you can draw zones to easily separate the read and write patterns. To identify a read or write burst, check the edge relationship between the DQS and DQ edges. For read bursts, the edges of DQS and DS are aligned; for write bursts DQS is centered on DQ. With this new capability, you can get around the difficulties and ambiguities of the conventional methods and stay in control of DDR measurements, even as the technology continues to evolve. Idle state Using zone trigger capability, you can track the read or write cycle Must not intersect zone Must intersect zone FIGURE 4. With InfiniiScan, you can draw up to four zones of any size with must/must not intersect settings to track or remove signals. FIGURE 3. Triggering on amplitude can enable you to catch the signal with the higher amplitude, but you can t choose whether that is the read or the write signal. Read this application note in its entirety: 23

24 Oscilloscopes Infiniium High-Performance Oscilloscopes 90000A Series Oscilloscopes engineered for unmatched real-time measurement accuracy. Use your jitter budget in your design, not on your oscilloscope, pass today s demanding compliance tests more quickly, and debug your toughest designs with confidence. (The DSA90000A Series models add serial data analysis, EZJIT+, and 50 M memory to the equivalent DSO90000A products.) Unmatched real-time measurement accuracy, based on combination of bandwidth and the industry s lowest noise floor The deepest memory in the industry (up to 1 Gpts) Generous 12.1-inch display with color-coded channel controls for easier operation and viewing Full-bandwidth probing solutions and hardware-accelerated de-embedding and equalization techniques Streamline your debug and analysis tasks with the industry s widest selection of application software, including a wide range of complete compliance measurement applications Real-time bandwidth (4 chan) Maximum sampling rate (4 chan) Memory: std*/max Noise floor at 100 mv/div 90254A 2.5 GHz 20 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 1.27 mvrms 90404A 4 GHz 20 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 1.56 mvrms 90604A 6 GHz 20 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 1.92 mvrms 90804A 8 GHz 40 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 2.22 mvrms 91204A 12 GHz 40 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 2.80 mvrms 91304A 13 GHz 40 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 3.37 mvrms *DSA models come with 50 Mpts standard. Infiniium Oscilloscopes X-Series & Q-Series Whether you re analyzing widebandwidth RF signals, validating your digital designs, or investigating transient phenomena, the combination of correct bandwidth and high signal integrity is critical. For applications that demand high real-time bandwidth and industry leading signal integrity; Infiniium X-Series and Q-Series scopes deliver. Up to 63 GHz true analog bandwidth Up to 160 GS/s sample rate for ultra-low noise Jitter measurement floor: 75 fs Full 30 GHz probing system Comprehensive selection of debug, analysis, and compliance software Bandwidth X-Series Q-Series 8, 13, 16, 20, 25, 28 or 33 GHz (two channels); 8, 13, 16 GHz (four channels) 20, 25, 33, 50 or 63 GHz (two channels); 20, 25, 33 GHz (four channels) Channels 4 4 Sample rate 80 GSa/s 2 channel 160 GSa/s 2 channel* 40 GSa/s 4 channel 80 GSa/s 4 channel Memory depth 20 Mpts standard (50 Mpts on DSA models) Up to 2 Gpts available 20 Mpts standard (50 Mpts on DSA models) Up to 2 Gpts available Noise floor 2.10 mvrms at 63 GHz and 50 mv/div 3.35 mvrms at 63 GHz and 50 mv/div Maximum probing bandwidth 30 GHz 30 GHz *Only available on 50 and 63 GHz bandwidth models. 24

25 Oscilloscopes Infiniium DSO & MSO Oscilloscopes 9000 Series The 9000 Series are three instruments in one for debugging or verifying complex, cross-domain systems: a powerful scope with superior performance, a logic analyzer with fast deep-memory digital channels to show you critical data values and timing relationships and a protocol analyzer to let you quickly move between protocol and physical layers. DSO models (4 analog channels): 600 MHz; 1, 2.5 or 4 GHz MSO models (4 analog channels + 16 digital channels): 600 MHz; 1, 2.5 or 4 GHz Wide range of application-specific software for debug, analysis and compliance testing Responsive deep memory with up to 1 Gpts/channel Advanced triggering with intuitive graphical setup DSO9064A MSO9064A DSO9104A MSO9104A DSO9254A MSO9254A DSO9404A MSO9404A Analog bandwidth 600 MHz 1 GHz 2.5 GHz 4 GHz Analog bandwidth 4 GHz 20 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 1.56 mvrms upgradability Analog sample rate 6 GHz 20 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 1.92 mvrms (2 chan, 4 chan) Memory depth 8 GHz 40 GSa/s 20 Mpts/1 Gpts 2.22 mvrms Infiniium 9000/90000 Series Application Software The Infiniium Series scopes are supported by the largest range of application software packages in the industry, giving you multiple ways to extend your scope s capability with application-specific solutions for debugging, analysis and compliance testing. These applications are engineered to quickly and easily provide exceptional insight into your signals. Compliance testing DDR, DVI, DisplayPort, Ethernet, Fully Buffered DIMM, GDDR, HDMI, MHL, MIPI, PCI Express, Secure Digital, Serial ATA I/II, USB, Wireless USB, XAUI Debugging and analysis CAN, communication mask test, enhanced measurement & analysis, Ethernet, FPGA Debug, FlexRay, InfiniiScan, InfiniiSim, I²C, JTAG (IEEE ), jitter analysis, MATLAB, MIPI, PCI Express, power measurement, protocol triggering and decode, RS-232, SATA, SPI, SVID, serial data analysis, UART, USB 25

26 DCA & modules Infiniium DCA-X Series Wide-Bandwidth Oscilloscopes 86100D This modular platform provides accurate and precise measurements on high-speed digital designs from 50 Mb/s to more than 80 Gb/s. Configure the 86100D DCA-X mainframe by selecting from a variety of plug-in modules that perform precision optical, electrical, and TDR/TDT measurements. Supports up to 16 channels Mix and match modules to obtain the desired bandwidth, filtering and sensitivity for your measurement needs. Perform precision measurements on high-speed signals at the touch of a button, including scope mode, eye/mask mode, TDR/TDT mode, and jitter and amplitude mode Powerful analysis features include integrated de-embedding, embedding and equalization capability; jitter spectrum and PLL analysis; and jitter analysis on long patterns such as PRBS31 Lower the cost of test by using eye mask hit ratio technique and auto mask margin 86100D hardware options Trigger options (select one only) STR: Standard ETR: Enhanced Remote connection options (select one only) GPI: GPIB card interface installed GPN: No GPIB card 86100D Infiniium DCA-X mainfrme 86100D software options (select any) 061/062 Add MATLAB analysis package 200 Enhanced jitter analysis 201 Advanced waveform analysis 202 Enhanced impedance and S-parameters 300 Advanced amplitude analysis / RIN / Q-scale 500 Productivity package SIM InfiniiSim-DCA de-embedding / embedding 86100DU 400 PLL & jitter spectrum analysis 86100DU 401 Advanced Eye-jitter on PRBS31 Electrical/PLL 1 to 12 Gb/s 86112A Dual channels, BW>20 GHz 83496B Electrical clock recovery (#100, 200, 300) DCA plug-in modules (for typical applications) Optical 1 to 12 Gb/s 86105C 9 GHz optical channel, 20 GHz electrical channel 86107A Precision timebase (#40) Electrical/PLL 1 to 32 Gb/s (highest precision) 86108B Dual channels, BW >35/50 GHz with integrated precision timebase and clock recovery Electrical 1 to 32 Gb/s (highest channel count) N1045A Dual/Quad channels, up to 16 channels/ mainframe, BW >60 GHz 86107A Precision timebase N4877A Clock recovery Optical 20, 40 Gb/s 86116C 65 GHz optical channel, 80 GHz electrical channel 86107A Precision timebase (#40) TDR/TDT 54754A Differential TDR/TDT, dual 18 GHz channels Electrical 20, 40 Gb/s (highest bandwidth) 86118A Dual remote heads, BW >70 GHz 86107A Precision timebase (#40) Precision Waveform Analyzer 86108B The 86108B module for the 86100D system provides accurate jitter analysis, eye diagram, and waveform characterization on signals from 50 Mbps to 32 Gb/s. Integrated clock recovery enables a triggerless single-connection measurement and continuous data rate coverage for next generation designs. High-bandwidth (50 or 35 GHz models) low-noise receiver Integrated precision timebase provides < 50 fs residual jitter (typical) Integrated hardware clock recovery with continuous data rate coverage from 50 Mb/s to 32 Gb/s Unmatched flexibility and value reduces product development times and costs Advanced analysis capability helps to validate designs more quickly

27 Optical Modulation AnALyzers Optical Modulation Analyzer N4391A This analyzer offers comprehensive characterization of amplitude and phase modulated optical signals for 400 Gb/s to 1 Tb/s transmission systems and advanced research for terabit transmission. The analysis software is based on the industry standard Agilent VSA software package, the workhorse in RF and mobile engineering labs around the world, with adoptions for optical requirements. Performance verification within minutes Wide-bandwidth polarization-diverse coherent optical receiver technology with real-time detection Seamless integration of Agilent s high-speed real-time data acquisition unit, the Infiniium Q Series oscilloscope Also available as standalone software package for offline analysis True analog bandwidth Symbol rate Analysis span Optical analysis wavelength range Specified typical system noise floor Up to 33 GHz Up to 60 Gbaud Up to 62.5 GHz 1528 nm to 1630 nm 1.8% rms EVM Integrated Optical Modulation Analyzer N4392A The N4392A is an ultra-compact, portable, fully-integrated optical modulation analyzer. It is optimized for daily R&D work and designed to offer the most affordable performance verification in manufacturing and component test for 40/100G components, modules and systems. Based on the proven Agilent VSA vector signal analysis software Designed for best price-performance balance Compact and portable, without external cabling Large 15 inch display for easy viewing First optical modulation analyzer with built-in performance verification and recalibration Maximum detectable baud rate Maximum detectable bit rate for DP-QPSK Optical receiver signal bandwidth Sample rate Wavelength range 42 Gbaud 172 Gbit/s 23 GHz 63 GSa/s C- or L-band

28 Pulse Pattern Generators Pulse Pattern Generators 81110A, 81130A These instruments generate all the standard pulses and digital patterns needed to test current logic technologies (CMOS, TTL, LVDS, ECL, etc.). With the optional second channel on all of the models from 80 to 660 MHz, multi-level and multitiming signals can be obtained using the internal channel addition feature. Timing values can now be swept without the danger of misleading pulses or dropouts that could cause measurement errors. Pattern mode on all models from 165 to 660 MHz, including pseudo-random binary sequence. Add second output channel to create multi-level, multi-timing signals Variable pulse parameters in pattern mode (81110A) Use sequencing and looping to deep, complex patterns (81130A) Frequency range Variable delay range Period RMS jitter Width range 81110A mainframe: with 1 or A output channel(s) with 1 or A output channel(s) 1 mhz to 330 MHz 1 mhz to 165 MHz 6.06 ns to s ns to s 0.00 ns to s 0.00 ns to s 3.03 ns to s ns to s Amplitude range 100 mv to 20.0 V* 100 mv to 3.8 V Transition time range (10/90) 2.00 ns to 200 ms 800 ps or 1.6 ns (selectable) 81130A mainframe: with 1 or A output channel(s) with 1 or A output channel(s) 1 khz to 400 MHz 1 khz to 660 MHz 2.5 ns to 1 ms 1.5 ns to 1 ms 0.00 ns to 3.00 µs 0.00 ns to 3.00 µs 1.25 ns to (period-1.25 ns) 750 ps to (period-750 ps) 100 mv to 3.8 V 100 mv to 2.5 V 800 ps or 1.6 ns (selectable) 500 ps (fixed) *Depends on selected impedance. Pulse Function-Arbitrary- Noise Generators 81150A, 81160A These instruments are single- or dual-channel precision pulse generators enhanced with versatile signal generation, modulation, distortion and optional pattern generation capabilities. With all these signal creation and shaping tools at your disposal, you can create the unique and complex signals needed to stress your designs to the limit. High-precision pulses with unbeatable timing stability Versatile arbitrary waveforms and modulation using internal or external sources Deterministic white Gaussian noise with selectable crest factors Arbitrary bit-shaped pattern generator (optional) to create both ideal and real-world patterns Glitch-free change of timing parameters (delay, frequency, transition time, width, duty cycle) Programmable language compatible with 81101A, 81104A and 81105A models 81150A 81160A Pulse generation 1 µhz to 120 MHz with variable rise/fall time 1 µhz to 330 MHz with variable rise/fall time Sine waves 1 µhz to 240 MHz 1 µhz to 500 MHz Arbitrary waveforms 14-bit, 2 GSa/s with 512k samples of memory per channel 14-bit, 2.5 GSa/s with up to 256k samples of memory per channel Noise Output amplitude (50 Ω into 50 Ω) Transition time range (10/90) Selectable crest factor, signal repetition time of 26 days 50 mvpp to 5 VPP (high bandwidth amp) 100 mvpp to 10 VPP (high voltage amp) 2.5 ns to 1000 s (high bandwidth amp) 7.5 ns to 1000 s (high voltage amp) Selectable crest factor, signal repetition time of 20 days 50 mvpp to 5 VPP 1.0 ns to 1000 s 28

29 Bit Error Ratio Testers J-BERT High-Performance Serial BERT up to 7 Gb/s & 12.5 Gb/s with complete jitter tolerance N4903B The most complete jitter tolerance test for embedded and forward clocked devices, it is the ideal choice for R&D and validation teams characterizing and stressing chips and transceiver modules that have serial I/O ports up to 7, 12.5 or 14.2 Gb/s. Data rates 150 Mb/s to 7 or 12.5 Gb/s pattern generator and error detector (Option to extend data rate to 14.2 Gb/s pattern generator) >0.5 UI calibrated, compliant and integrated jitter injection: RJ, RJ-LF, RJ-HF, PJ1, PJ2, SJ, BUJ, ISI, sinusoidal interference, triangular and arbitrary SSC and residual SSC Excellent signal performance and sensitivity Built-in clock data recovery with tunable and compliant loop bandwidth Serial BERT 32 Gb/s and 17 Gb/s N4960A This affordable and compact serial BERT is available in 4-17 Gb/s and 5-32 Gb/s configurations. It is the perfect solution to test multiple channels from 25 to 32 Gb/s for 100 gigabit ethernet applications and other multi-channel high-data rate devices operating either synchronously or asynchronously. Available for 4 to 17 Gb/s or 5 to 32 Gb/s configurations Pattern generation and error detection Integrated clock source with jitter injection capability PRBS and user definable pattern, common telecom/datacom test patterns Remote heads place the signal very close to DUT Serial BERTs up to 12.5 Gb/s N4906B, N4962A, N4965A These 12.5 Gb/s serial BERTs are single-channel or multi-channel pattern generators and error detectors for cost effective testing. They are ideal for cost-effective test in manufacturing of optical transceivers up to 12.5 Gb/s and other high-speed digital communication components and systems. Up to 12.5 Gb/s pattern generator and error detector Differential or single-ended inputs and outputs Selectable PRBS pattern length, mark-space density 1 to 4 channels (N4965A) Integrated clock recovery (N4906B-102) 29

30 network analyzers PNA-X Series Network Analyzers N5241A, N5242A, N5244A, N5245A, N5247A The world s most highly integrated and flexible microwave test engine for measuring active devices such as amplifiers, mixers and frequency converters. With a combination of two internal signal sources, a signal combiner, S-parameter and noise receivers, pulse modulators and generators, and a flexible set of switches and RF access points, you can replace an entire rack of equipment with a single network analyzer. Five frequency models: 13.5, 26.5, 43.5, 50 or 67 GHz with 2-/4-port Make a wide range of linear and nonlinear measurements through a single connection to your DUT Frequency coverage up to 1.1 THz with millimeter-wave modules 130 db system dynamic range, 141 db receiver dynamic range at 20 GHz +14 dbm output power at 20 GHz PNA Series Network Analyzers N5221A, N5222A, N5224A, N5225A, N5227A Industry-highest performance for microwave passive and active device test. A combination of superior hardware and powerful measurement applications to characterize a broad range of devices quickly and accurately. All network analyzer models are available in 2-port single-source and 4-port dual-source versions. Five frequency models: 13.5, 26.5, 43.5, 50 or 67 GHz with 2-/4-port Most accurate S-parameter measurements with the widest power range in the market Frequency coverage up to 1.1 THz with millimeter-wave modules 127 db system dynamic range, 139 db receiver dynamic range at 20 GHz +13 dbm output power at 20 GHz PNA-L Series Network Analyzers N5239A, N5231A, N5232A, N5234A, N5235A Budget-friendly, general-purpose, mid-range microwave network analyzers optimized for S-parameter and simple nonlinear testing to 50 GHz. The enhanced user interface, crisp display with touch screen, and flexible remote interfaces maximize productivity in both design and production environments. Five frequency models: 8.5, 13.5, 20, 43.5, or 50 GHz S-parameters, gain compression, conversion gain/loss Compatible with Agilent physical layer test system software, material test equipment and scanning microwave microscope 114 db system dynamic range, 124 db receiver dynamic range at 20 GHz +8 dbm output power at 20 GHz 30

31 network analyzers ENA Series Network Analyzer E5072A The E5072A has a more flexible platform and enhanced capabilities that can meet your evolving measurement needs in a wide range of applications. The configurable test set provides access to the signal paths between the internal source, receivers, bridges and the analyzer s test ports, which improves instrument sensitivity as well as the ability to add components or peripherals for a variety of applications. The E5072A is suitable for full performance characterization of passive and active components. Versatile, fast and fully compatible, all-in-one solution at an affordable price 30 khz to 4.5 or 8.5 GHz, 2-port with configurable test set (direct receiver access) Output power -85 to +16 dbm (spec), -109 to +20 dbm (settable) Dynamic range 123 db (extended 151 db) Supports all functionalities of industry-standard E5071C ENA Series Network Analyzer E5071C The E5071C offers fast, accurate measurements for multiport components such as duplexers and couplers. The built-in balanced measurement capability lets you test advanced handset components such as balanced SAW filters. Mixed-mode S-parameter measurements with a fixture simulator function include matching circuit embedding, fixture de-embedding and impedance conversion capabilities. Best-in-class performance for accurate and high-cost performance tests and measurements Test set configurations: 9 khz to 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 14 or 20 GHz; 2- or 4-port Wide dynamic range: > 123 db Fast measurements: 8 full 2-port cal, 401 points Low trace noise: db 70 khz IFBW ENA Series Network Analyzer E5061B The E5061B addresses a broad range of measurement needs of electronic components and circuits from low to high frequencies. Configured with RF network analyzer options, the E5061B provides solid performance network analysis for testing RF components, including cellular BTS filters/antennas, MRI coils, RFIDs and CATV components. Configured with LF-RF NA option, it provides versatile network analysis from 5 Hz to 3 GHz, with LF capabilities fully integrated into the RF network analyzer. RF NA options: Solid performance network analysis; 100 khz to 1.5 or 3 GHz; 50 or 75 ohm LF-RF NA options: General-purpose network analyzer with comprehensive functionality; 5 Hz to 3 GHz; gain-phase test port; DC bias source; optional impedance analysis software Agilent RF and microwave test accessories Quickly identify and thoroughly research the industry s highestquality RF and microwave test accessories. 2012/2013 Agilent RF & Microwave Test Accessory Catalog High quality accessories Free copy

32 Bluetooth and the Bluetooth logos are trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc., U.S.A. and licensed to Agilent Technologies, Inc. cdma2000 is a US registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Microsoft, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual Basic are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. PCI Express is a US registered trademark of PCI-SIG WiMAX is a US trademark of the WiMAX Forum. Complex Component and Receiver Development Needs Met Development of components and receivers requires meeting the complex challenges of mitigating interference, speeding data throughput and increasing signal quality for applications such as radar, military communications and consumer wireless. Agilent s new MXG and EXG products (available in analog and vector models) provide unmatched performance in phase noise, output power, ACPR, EVM and bandwidth to meet these complex needs. Radar To provide the pure and precise signals needed to detect weak signals at long distances for enhanced radar performance, the MXG uses an innovative triple-loop synthesizer to deliver phase noise performance of -146 dbc/hz at 1 GHz and 20 khz offset. For developers of radar components such as mixers and analog-to-digital converters, the MXG also features industry-leading spurious performance of -96 dbc at 1 GHz. WLAN ac For designers developing faster data streaming, the MXG is the only solution with factory-equalized 160 MHz RF bandwidth and ±0.2 db flatness. For those seeking to enhance range, mitigate interference and boost component performance, both the MXG and EXG deliver three industry-leading capabilities: low EVM, output power up to +27 dbm, and ACPR of up to -73 dbc (W-CDMA test model 1, 64 DPCH). See page 9. Technical data and pricing subject to change without notice. Printed in Spain January 1, 2013 Agilent Technologies, Inc EEE