Fundamentals. Frequency Spectrum for Communication. Frequency spectrum for cellular mobile systems. Frequency Spectrum for Communication
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1 Frequency Spectrum fr Cmmunicatin Frequencies, Examples: Mbile Cmmunicatins Fundamentals Audi TV VLF LF HF VHF UHF IR UV XR Frequencies Mdulatin Antennas Mbility Management Walkie-Talkie 27 MHz Cellular GSM Paging g Cellular GSM Crdless DECT UMTS 900 MHz 930 MHz 1800 MHz 1880 MHz 2000 MHz Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 1 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 2 Frequency Spectrum fr Cmmunicatin Frequency spectrum fr cellular mbile systems Different applicatins use different frequency spectrum (carrier frequencies) e.g. FM-Radi 88,5 MHz 107,9 MHz e.g. crdless telephne DECT 1880 MHz 1990 MHz ITU-R regularly rganizes cnferences in rder t crdinate the frequency spectrum wrldwide e.g. FM-Radi (UKW) is apprximately the same in Germany and Cratia Hwever, there is n exact harmnizatin f spectrum ver the wrld, because spectrum is a natinal issue e.g. GSM Eurpe 900 and 1800 MHz e.g. GSM USA 1900 MHz Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 3 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 4
2 Frequency spectrum fr wireless LAN (WLAN) Mdulatin Digital Infrmatin is mdulated n a carrier frequency e.g. Amplitude mdulatin ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Frequency mdulatin FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) Phase mdulatin Phasen shift at binery 0 max. pwer [mw] Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 5 Phasenmdulatin PSK (Phase Shift Keying) 180 phase shift Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 6 Mdulatin: several bits per signal state I/Q-Mdulatin diagram There are variants f the mdulatin techniques which can transmit serveral bits at ne signal state change, e.g. amplitude with 4 levels Example: Oscillatin with stable amplitude (Magnitude) Plar diagram: Phase and Amplitude are spcified by a Q and I value Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 7 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 8
3 Mdulatin: several bits per signal state Amplitude and Phase mdulatin cmbined The signal changes fr every pair f bits between 4 states (10) (11) (00) -45 (01) A cmbinatin f 4 phases and tw amplitudes results in 8 different signal states, i.e. 3 bits can be transmitted in parallel Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 9 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 10 Mdulatin schemes fr mbile cmmunicatin Mdulatin schemes fr mbile cmmunicatin fr the efficient use f spectrum frequency, amplitude and phase mdulatin are cmbined, e.g. 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying), e.g. EDGE 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Mdulatin), e.g. High Speed Dwnlink Packet Access (HSDPA), 10Mbps UMTS 8-PSK 16-QAM Q I PSK cmbines 8 phases, at each phase change 3 bits can be transmitted Theretically, there can be any number f signal states (phases) Hwever, in reality it is difficult fr the receiver t distinguish tw states which are clse t each ther Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 11 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 12
4 Mdulatin schemes fr mbile cmmunicatin Mdulatin schemes fr mbile cmmunicatin Examples: BPSK ( = 2-PSK) pwer line cmmunicatin mdem QPSK ( = 4-PSK) UMTS/CDMA 8-PSK GSM/EDGE 16-QAM HSDPA 64-QAM HSPA (cat15/16), LTE, a GMSK GSM 256QAM Digital Vide Bradcast 1024QAM cabel mdem GSM uses GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) GMSK is a frequency ptimized FSK scheme GMSK is a mdulatin scheme that is rbust against radi disturbance uses the spectrum in a very efficient way (bandwidth per transmissin rate) facilitates highly effective signal amplificatin s that mbile statins with battery have lnger peratin Mre n mdulatin can be fund here, fr example: df/ e.pdf Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 13 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 14 Candidate fr future high bit rate Wireless Persnal Area Netwrks (WPANs). Ranges f <10m In rder t increase wireless capacity, it is necessary t be able t transmit mre kbps/m² (kil bit per secnd per square meter) Example capacity f transmissin systems: UWB desn t need it s wn frequency band, it c-exists as an verlay system with ther services can be perated license free and uses unused r used spectrum can be perated very inexpensively and energy efficient transmits at very high transmissin rate, multi channel and is rbust against interference because f lw PSD (Pwer Spectral Density), UWB cannt easily be detected by ther systems Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 15 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 16
5 Hw des it wrk? Traditinal systems use carrier frequencies and mdulate digital infrmatin n them Biplar mdulatin: a 1 is represented by a psitive (increasing) pulse, while a 0 is represented by the inverse (decreasing) Amplitude mdulatin: a 1 is represented by the full amplitude, while the 0 is represented by half f it UWB des nt use a carrier. The 0s and 1s are cded by very shrt bursts, by use f ne f the fllwing methds: Pulse psitin mdulatin: the time slt between tw signals varies, a delayed pulse represents a 0 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 17 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 18 Hw des it wrk? emitted transmissin signal pwer vs. used spectrum Why d the bursts ccupy wide frequency band? Furier transfrmatin says that every pulse frm can be apprximated by the weighted sum f sine curves e.g., a rectangular pulse can be generated by the sum f a Fundamental sine curve plus s called Harmnics Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 19 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 20
6 The shrter the pulse, the higher the frequency f the sine curve must be t reach apprximatin In the example belw the 4 Harmnics ccupy a higher bandwidth fr a shrt pulse cmpared t a lnger pulse Cmparisn between the spectrum ccupied by a 600 psec pulse cmpared by a that f a 300 psec pulse. Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 21 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 22 Example f a wireless HDMI device with UWB "Wireless HDMI Extender f Gefen range is 10m line f sight T date systems: transmit 480 Mbit/s ver 3m transmit 110 Mbit/s ver 10m transmitter receiver Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 23 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 24
7 Example usage scenari fr UWB Surces: tecchannel B4A8809EC588EEDF&pageNumber=1&catID=2 B4A8809EC588EEDF Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 25 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 26 Antennas: istrpic radiatr Antennas: directed and sectrized Radiatin and receptin f electrmagnetic waves Istrpic radiatr: equal radiatin in all directins (three dimensinal) - nly a theretical reference antenna Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/r hrizntally) Radiatin pattern: measurement f radiatin arund an antenna Antennas fr mbile cmmunicatin are ften cntructed in a way that they preferably transmit r receive in certain directins, e.g. transmissin and receptin alng a rail track y y z x z x directed antenna side view (xy plane) side view (yz plane) tp view (xz plane) Gain: maximum pwer in the directin f the main lbe cmpared t the pwer f an istrpic radiatr (with the same average pwer) z x z x sectred antenna Antenna tp view, 3 sectrs tp view, 6 sectrs Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 27 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 28
8 Antennas: samples Antennas The received pwer P r decreases with the distance between receiver and transmitter. It depends n the transmitted pwer P, the gain and the distance. P t G t P r G r P r G r L-band satellite receiver statin (DFD, Oberpfaffenhfen) L- and S-band receiver antenna d kilmeter d kilmeter P = energy (t/r = transmit/receive) P 2 t Pr Gt Gr d = wave length (c/frequency) G = gain c = speed f light Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 29 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 30 Antennas Antennas because f the frmula abve the higher frequency is used fr dwnlink and the lwer frequency fr uplink example 500 W Example GSM 900 0,8 W 2 W Mhz (uplink) 10 kilmeter 20 kilmeter Mhz (dwnlink) influenced by curvature f the earth relief features (muntains, etc.) buildings, trees, etc. atmsphere (in particular fr high frequencies, e.g. 60 GHz) Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 31 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 32
9 Signal prpagatin Multipath prpagatin Prpagatin in free space always like light (straight line) Receiving pwer prprtinal t 1/d² in vacuum much mre in real envirnments (d = distance between sender and receiver) Receiving pwer additinally influenced by fading (frequency dependent) d shadwing reflectin at large bstacles refractin depending n the density f a medium scattering at small bstacles diffractin at edges Signals can take many different paths between sender and receiver due t reflectin, scattering, diffractin? results in additinal backgrund nise Is a particular prblem fr mdulatin schemes with high bitrate, e.g. 64-QAM shadwing seflectin scattering diffractin Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 33 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 34 Multipath prpagatin effects Multipath prpagatin effects The interference is lcatin and frequency dependent example f a measurement f received signal strength vs. distance t the sender example f a measurement f received signal strength vs. Frequencs (lcatin is fixed) surce: surce: Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 35 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 36
10 Multipath prpagatin effects OFDM (Orthgnal Frequency Divisin Multiplexing) example f a measurement f received signal strength by frequency and distance Separatin f a high speed bit tream int several lw speed nes verlap f frequency bands Frequency SNR (Signal t Nise Rati) is a measure f signal strength surce: sem/index htm Frequency Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 37 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 38 OFDM (Orthgnal Frequency Divisin Multiplexing) OFDM (Orthgnal Frequency Divisin Multiplexing) Eliminatin f verlap interference by rthgnal frequencies sub channel frequencies are chsen in a way such that the maximum n an scillatin at ne frequency cincides with the zer lcatin f the neighburing frequencies Each sub carrier can use its wn mdulatin scheme cmmn schemes: BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM und 64 QAM OFDM is used in HSDPA, a and n adaptive wrt signal quality Time Signal quality SNR (Signal/Nise Rati) BPSK QPSK 16QAM Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 39 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 40
11 OFDMA (OFDM Access) Cellular netwrks Each sub carrier can be assigned t a different user fr multiplexing l i purpses OFDM tutrial e.g.: frequency the further transmitter and receiver are apart frm each ther, the higher h the energy necessary t transmit at the same data rate (assuming the envirnmental influences remain stable) because f limited battery capacity energy cnsumptin f mbile devices shuld be kept limited therefre the range is limited Hw can we build a wide area mbile netwrk? cellular netwrk frequency Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 41 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 42 Mbility Management Mbility Management: Registratin Questins: Wh is where? Hw can I reach him/her? May I access a freign netwrk? Hw? Hw can I be handed ver frm ne access pint t the next ne... Hme (sub-)netwrk hme data base the fundamentals f mbility management are very similar ver different netwrk types Freign (sub-)netwrk Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 43 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 44
12 Mbility Management: Cnnectin establishment Mbility Management hme data base Freign (sub-)netwrk 4 3 Hme (sub-)netwrk 2 1 Fundamentals f mbility management are very similar ver different netwrk types. The hme data base has different names, and it can be several data bases: Hme Lcatin Register (HLR) in GSM/UMTS Hme Subscriber Server (HSS) in 3GPP-IMS Hme Agent (HA) bei MbileIP SIP-Prxy in Vice ver IP (VIP) services AAA-Server (Authenticatin, Authrizatin and Accunting) etc. The hme data base can be n ne s wn server (PC) at hme, such as in Mbile IP, r it can be a data base at a mbile netwrk peratr with whm ne has a cntract, such as in GSM. Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 45 Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 46 Mbility Management: Challenges The challenges and the cmplexity f Mbility Management in real systems result, amng ther things, frm the fllwing: may the user access a freign netwrk? the user is mbile, i.e. he/she mves and therefre has t change access pint nce in a while (handver), hw can, at the same time the cnnectins be retained seamlessly? hw des the accunting take place, when users mve t freign netwrks? hw can it be insured that privacy is preserved, while the user is mving? n which rutes, ver which gateways, with which technlgy and resurces perates the cmmunicatin? Mbile Cmmunicatin Fundamentals 47
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