Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques

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1 Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques Richard A. Poisel m Artech House Boston London

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xiii xv Chapter 1 Antijam Communications and Electronic Countermeasures Antijam Communications Networks Spread Spectrum Technology Low Probability of Detection Low Probability of Intercept Low Probability of Exploitation Antijam AJ Signal Types Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Time Hopping Hybrids Synchronization Frequency Range Effects Concluding Remarks 10 References 11 Chapter 2 Radio Signal Propagation Propagation of Signals in the VHF and Above Range Noise Free Space Propagation Propagation Close to the Earth SmoothEarth Effective Antenna Height Surface Roughness Diffraction Loss Propagation Into and Out of Buildings Terrain Irregularity Attenuation Due to Woodlands Multipath Reception Doppler Shift Indoor Propagation Oxygen Absorption at 60 GHz 43 Vll

3 viii Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques Propagation Models Propagation of Signals in the HF Range Noise Ground Wave SkyWave Concluding Remarks 66 References 68 Chapter 3 Signaling for Antijam Communications Communication System Model Signaling Performance in Interference and Noise Modulations Binary Signal Reception Frequency Shift Key Performance Phase Shift Key Performance Chaotic Shift Key Error Control Coding Techniques Block Coding Convolutional Coding Bit Interleaving Side Information Jammer State Information Channel State Information Processing Gain Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS Processing Gain Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Fast Frequency Hopping Slow Frequency Hopping DS and FH Hybrid Spread Spectrum Ultrawideband Communications Concluding Remarks 145 References 146 Chapter 4 Linear Feedback Shift Registers and Linear Recursive Sequences GaloisFields * Polynomials Shift Registers Maximal Sequences Correlation Functions 166

4 Contents ix 4.5 Properties of m-sequences Product Codes Gold Codes Kasami Codes LFRS Design Synthesis of /n-sequence LFRSs Other Ways to Generate m-sequences Applications FHSS DSSS Concluding Remarks 178 References 178 Chapter 5 Synchronization and Tracking in Spread Spectrum Systems DSSS Synchronization and Tracking DSSS Synchronization DSSS Tracking FHSS Synchronization and Tracking FHSS Synchronization FHSS Tracking Concluding Remarks 211 References 211 Chapter 6 Jamming Techniques Jamming Strategies Partial Dwell Jamming of FH Systems Noise Jamming Tone Jamming Swept Jamming Pulse Jamming Follower Jamming Smart Jamming Asset Sharing Look-Through Power Sharing Time Sharing Jamming-Power to Signal-Power Ratios R n Model JSR Ground Reflection Propagation JSR Nicholson JSR Egli Model JSR 254

5 X Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques 6.4 Jammer Platform Configurations Concluding Remarks 255 References 256 Chapter 7 Antijam Signal Detection Receivers Staring Receivers Scanning Receivers Detectors Matched Filter Radiometers Filter Bank Combiner Direct Sequence Signal-Specific Detection Nonsignal-Specific Detection Frequency Hopping FHSS Signal Sorting Performance Simulation Simulation Description Collected Statistics Results Concluding Remarks 307 References 307 Chapter 8 Jamming Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems Spectral Characteristics of DSSS BBN Jamming of DSSS Systems BPSK and QPSK ' BBN Jamming of Chaotic Systems PBN Jamming of DSSS Systems Pulse Jamming of DSSS Systems Pulsed Jamming of Uncoded DSSS Systems Pulsed Jamming of Repeat Coded BPSK DSSS Systems Tone Jamming of DSSS Systems Single-Tone Jamming Multitone Jamming Ultrawideband Signals BBN Jamming Multitone Jamming Pulsed Jamming Concluding Remarks 348

6 Contents XI References 349 Chapter 9 Jamming Fast Frequency Hopping Systems Multiple Dwells per Data Bit BBN Jamming of FFH Systems Follower Jamming of FFH Systems Follower/NBN Jamming Follower/Tone Jamming Summary for Follower Jamming PBN Jamming of FFH Systems PBN Jamming of Error-Coded Signals Narrowband Noise Jammer Single-Tone Jamming of FFH Systems Multiple Tone Jamming of FFH Systems Uncoded FFH MFSK Signals Coded FFH MFSK Signals Pulsed Jamming of FFH Systems Concluding Remarks 379 References 382 Chapter 10 Jamming Slow Frequency Hopping Systems BBN Jamming of SFH Systems Uncoded Coded PBN Jamming of SFH Systems Uncoded SFH MFSK Systems Coded SFH MFSK Systems Multitone Jamming of SFH Systems Uncoded SFH MFSK Systems Coded SFH MFSK Systems Follower Jamming of SFH Systems Noise Jamming Tone Jamming Comparison Coded MFSK Jamming Concluding Remarks 418 References 419 Chapter 11 Jamming Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems 11.1 Coherent Reception

7 xii Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques Coherent Asynchronous BPSK DS/SFH Systems Coherent Asynchronous QPSK DS/SFH Systems Coherent Synchronous BPSK DS/SFH Systems Coherent Synchronous QPSK DS/SFH Systems BBN Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems PBN Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems Multitone Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems NBN FoUower Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems Comparisons Noncoherent Reception Noncoherent Asynchronous DS/SFH Systems Noncoherent Synchronous DS/SFH Systems BBN Jamming Noncoherent DS/SFH Systems PBN Jamming Noncoherent DS/SFH Systems Multitone Jamming of Noncoherent DS/FHSS Systems Jamming DS/SFH Performance Comparisons Concluding Remarks 453 References 454 Appendix A Q-Function A.l Introduction A.2 Marcum's Q-Function A.2.1 Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind and Oth Order A.3 Generalized Q-Function References Appendix B Simulated Networks Listof Acronyms About the Author Index 477

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