Wideband HF Radio. Third-Generation and. Communications. John Nieto. William N. Furman Mark Jorgenson ARTECH. Eric E. Johnson Eric Koski HOUSE

Transcription

1 Third-Generation and Wideband HF Radio Communications Eric E. Johnson Eric Koski William N. Furman Mark Jorgenson John Nieto ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Preface ix HF Radio HF Radio Transmissions HF Antennas Transmitting Antennas Receiving Antennas Antenna Polarization HF Radio in the Computer Age Summary 6 References 6 The HF Channel Surface-Wave Propagation Skywave Propagation The Ionosphere Ionospheric Propagation Near Vertical Incidence Skywave Skywave Fading Noise in the High-Frequency Band Models of the HF Communication Channel Propagation Prediction The Watterson Model Midterm Variation Summary 20 References 20 Data Transmission in 3-kHz Channels Introduction Data Waveforms Design Space PSK Serial-Tone Waveforms 33 v

3 3.2.3 MIL-STD B and STANAG ARQ for HF Radio Data Links Introduction to ARQ Protocols for HF Radio Links FED-STD STANAG Channel Sharing Media Access Control Options HF Token Protocol 59 References 60 CHAPTER 4 Automatic Link Establishment Introduction ALE Signal Structure ALE Modem ALE Word Forward Error Correction ALE Addressing Automatic Channel Selection Scanning Sounding Link Quality Analysis ALE Protocols Frame Structure Individual Calling Protocol Net Calling Protocol Group Calling Protocol Other One-to-Many Calling Protocols Timing ALE Performance Requirements Orderwire Functions Linkin g Protection Requirements LP Technique Application Levels and Algorithms Time Synchronization 83 References 85 CHAPTER 5 Third-Generation Technology Introduction to the 3G HF Technology Suite Burst Waveforms Generic Structure of the Burst Waveforms Burst Waveform 0 (BWO) Burst Waveform 1 (BW1) 92

4 vii Burst Waveform 2 (BW2) Burst Waveform 3 (BW3) Burst Waveform 4 (BW4) Burst Waveform 5 (BW5) Third-Generation Automatic Link Establishment Synchronous Operation G Frequency Management G-ALE Addressing Fast Link Setup Robust Link Setup G ALE Performance Traffic Management TMPDUs TM Protocol Operation Data Transfer G Data Link Protocols: A New Approach LDL: Low-Latency Data Link Protocol High-Throughput Data Link Protocol HDL+ Data Link Protocol G Data Link Performance Automatic Link Maintenance ALM PDUs ALM Protocol Operations G Multicasting Introduction P_MUL MDL MDLN Protocol Conclusion G Performance in Internet Applications Characteristics of Internet Applications Interaction of Internet Protocols with HF Data Links Field Testing Summary of 3G HF Technology 183 References 184 smm Wideband HF Introduction The Need for Higher Data Rates Large Files to Fast Movers Surveillance Video Common Operating Picture (Surface-Wave) Achieving Higher Data Rates kHz Waveforms Multichannel Waveforms 191

5 viii Contents Wider Contiguous Bandwidth Waveforms Best Approach for WBHF Standardization of Wideband HF Technology in the United States Design Goals WBHF Waveform Design WBHF Data Modulations Synchronization Preamble Data Blocks and Miniprobes Interleaving FEC Standardized Feature Packages WBHF Performance Requirements WBHF Application Performance Estimated Application Performance: File Transfer Estimated Application Performance: Video Over HF Skywave Estimated Application Performance: Common Operating Picture Robust Voice Communications On-Air Testing Harris On-Air Testing Rockwell-Collins On-Air Testing Operational Considerations 226 References 228 Future Directions Wideband ALE Wideband ALE Design Considerations A Conceptual WBALE System Spectrum "Sense and Avoid" Demonstrated A "Hybrid Simulation" Experiment WBALE Summary Staring ALE 238 References 238 Acronyms and Abbreviations 241 About the Authors 245 Index 247